Rack Distilled Spirits Protection - National Fire Protection …/media/0820CC06DCAC453E9D8… · · 2018-02-28Large-Scale Design FM Global [Public] 2017 NFPA Conference & Expo Large-Scale

2017 NFPA Conference & Expo 4 June 2017

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Rack‐Stored Distilled Spirits Storage Protection

Presented by:

Jaap de Vries

John A. LeBlanc

FM Global

June 4, 2017

2017 NFPA Conference & Expo

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Rack-Stored Distilled Spirits Storage Protection

Jaap de Vries

John A. LeBlanc

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Overview

Introduction and history

Discussion of rack storage testing

Standards development discussion


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Path to Defining Protection

2015 NFPA Conference– Palletized storage

• 7 tier high in a 30 ft (9 m) roof– Leakage testing

– Fire development

– Water transport

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Alcohol Filled

Water Filled

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Palletized Results

Open area fraction is critical

Open area fraction = 6.7% Open area fraction: 13.5 - 17%

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Palletized Array Recommendation

Open Area Fractions = 13.5 – 17%– Palletized storage of distilled spirits ≤ 75% alcohol

– Stored up to seven tiers high in a 30 ft (9 m) roof

– Ceiling only protection• Wet systems

• K14.0 (K200), QR, 155oF (68oC), pendent sprinklers

– Density = 0.60 gpm/ft2 (24 mm/min)


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Rack Storage

Unknowns– Open area fraction

– On-side barrel failure modes

– Impact of greater ceiling heights – 40 ft (12 m)

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ObjectivesFind adequate protection for… 9-tier-high Rack-stored distilled spirits 75% or greater alcohol content Oak-wood barrels 40 ft (12 m) ceilingUsing… Wet (1) or dry (2) pipe ceiling only sprinklers, or In-rack sprinklers (3)

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Rack Storage vs Palletized?

Fire loading

Barrel failure (vertical vs horizontal, barrels size)

Open Area Fraction (water transport)

Initial fire growth

Effect of increased ceiling height


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Fire Loading

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Fire Loading Comparison

Liquid loading Total fire loading

12 tier (8-8) 7 tier 8 tier Palletized0

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Oak wood + Liquid (75% alcohol)

7 tierpaletized

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Single Barrel Tests


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Single Barrel Tests

54 gal(200 L)

80 gal(300 L)

92 gal(350 L)

132 gal(500 L)

Four barrel sizes tested

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Single Barrel Tests Barrel protection is an industry-wide problem

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Barrel Surface Analysis

100% HD Camera 100% IR Camera50/50


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Single Barrel Fire Test Results

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54 gal (200 L) barrel tests 132 gal (500L) barrel tests80 gal (300 L) barrel tests

Leak rate does not lead to “catastrophic” increase in heat release rate

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Open Area Fraction

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Open Area Fraction

30 ft(9.1 m)

24 ft(7.3 m)

156 in(396 cm)

152 in(386 cm)


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Open Area Fraction

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180 s

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Open Area Fraction

Open area fraction range between 16-18%

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Fire Development


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Fire Development

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Findings, Palletized Versus Rack-StoredRack Stored (9 tier high) Palletized (7 tier high)

Fire Loading, BTU/ft2 (MJ/m2)

3.4 x 106 (3.8 x 104) 5.8 x 106 (6.6 x 104 )+74%

Fire Loading, gal/ft2 (L/m2 )

79 (1945) 129 (3173) +63%

Open Area Fraction

16%-18% 7%-17% ~Similar

Fire Growth

Comparable

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Ceiling Height

Rack Stored (9 tier high) Palletized (7 tier high)

Ceiling Height, ft (m)

40 (12) 30 (9.1) -25%

Increased ceiling height would impose the greatest uncertainty. Higher ceilings require higher water flows.


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Selection of Initial Protection Point Protect barrels under a 40 ft (12 m) ceiling

– Ceiling only, wet pipe protection

– Flow set to 0.85 gpm/ft2 (34 mm/min )

– K14.0 (K200) or greater orifice FM-Approved sprinklers with a 165ºF (74ºC) operating temperature.

This protection option requires a full scale validation test.

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Large-Scale Design

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BackgroundLarge-Scale Test Design

[in.]cm


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BackgroundLarge-Scale Test Design[in.]cm

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Large-Scale Test Design

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BackgroundLarge-Scale Test Design


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BackgroundLarge-Scale Test Design, Commodity• Wood type: Oak,

• Formula: CH1.7O0.72N0.001

• Density: 35 lb/ft3 (560 kg/m3 )

• Hcomb: 7,300 BTU/lb (17.1 kJ/g )

• Capacity: 59 gal (225 L)

• Length: 37 in. (94 cm)

• Head diameter: 23 in. (58 cm)

• Bilge diameter 27 in. (68 cm)

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Additional Single Barrel Testing

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Protection design for first test

Test 1• K-factor: 14 gpm/psi1/2 (200 lpm/bar1/2 ) • Orientation: Pendent• RTI 45 ft1/2s1/2 (25 m1/2s1/2), QR• Temperature rating 165◦F (74◦C)• # sprinklers installed: 64• Sprinkler spacing: 10 ft x 10 ft (3.0 m x 3.0 m)• Discharge pressure: 37 psi (2.6 bar) • Per sprinkler discharge: 85 gpm (322 lpm)• Design density: 0.85 gpm/ft2 (34 mm/min )

Large-Scale Test Design, Test 1

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4510 gal (17000 L ) of 75/25% mixture

Tier 5-7Tier 1-4 Tier 8-9



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• 72 in. x 72 in pan (1.8 m x 1.8 m )

• 100% ethanol

• 20 gal (76 L) spill

• Centered among 4 sprinklers


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BackgroundLarge-Scale Result, Test 1

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Protection design for first testTest 2• K-factor: 16.8 gpm/psi1/2 (240 lpm/bar1/2 ) • Orientation: Upright• RTI 214 ft1/2s1/2 (118 m1/2s1/2 ), SR• Temperature rating 286◦F (141◦C )• # sprinklers installed: 64• Sprinkler spacing: 10 ft x 10 ft (3.0 m x 3.0 m)• Discharge pressure: 25 psi (1.7 bar)• Per sprinkler discharge: 85 gpm (322 lpm)• Design density: 0.85 gpm/ft2 (34 mm/min)• Delay 40 seconds

Large-Scale Design, Test 2 (Dry Pipe)


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BackgroundLarge-Scale Result, Test 2

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Protection design for first testTest 3, Ceiling• K-factor: 11.2 gpm/psi1/2 (160 lpm/bar1/2 ) • Orientation: Upright• RTI 199 ft1/2s1/2 (110 m1/2s1/2), SR• Temperature rating 286◦F (141◦C)• # sprinklers installed: 64• Sprinkler spacing: 10 ft x 10 ft (3.0 m x 3.0 m)• Discharge pressure: 25 psi (1.7 bar )• Per sprinkler discharge: 30 gpm (114 lpm)• Design density: 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12 mm/min)• Time delay 40 seconds

Large-Scale Design, Test 3 (IRAS)

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Protection design for first testTest 3, IRAS• K-factor: 8.0 gpm/psi1/2 (115 lpm/bar1/2 ) • Orientation: Upright• RTI ~45 ft1/2s1/2 (~25 m1/2s1/2), QR• Temperature rating 155◦F (68◦C)• # sprinklers installed: 13• Sprinkler spacing: 4 ft (1.2 m) on line• Discharge pressure: 32 psi (2.2 bar)• Per sprinkler discharge: 45 gpm (170 lpm)• Time delay 40 seconds

Large-Scale Design, Test 3 (Dry Pipe)


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BackgroundLarge-Scale Design Test 3 (IRAS)

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BackgroundLarge-Scale Test Result Test 3

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BackgroundTest SummaryTest # Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

First/Last Ceiling Sprinkler Operation (min:s)

1:03/3:20 1:49/2:30 2:16/3:19

Total Ceiling Sprinklers Opened 4 15 3 (IRAS)

Peak Gas Temperature, oF (oC)and Time

497 (258)@ 1:03

1783 (973)@2:06

750 (399)@ 3:17

Maximum Steel TC Measurement and Time, oF (oC)

178 (81)@ 7:45

477 (248)@ 2:43

197 (92)@ 3:17

Test Termination Time Ignition (min:s)

30:00 10:00 12:00


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Defining New Protection Standards

Palletized storage arrangements– 7 tiers high

– 30 ft (9 m) roof

– On-end barrels

– < 75% alcohol

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Palletized storage arrangements– Creating open area fraction

• 13.5 - 17%

• Mandatory flue spaces– 6 in (150 mm) between all pallet rows

– Aisle spill fire protection• Dual sprinkler design

– 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min) over aisle + draft curtain

• Band drums on pallet– One ceiling system

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Palletized storage arrangements– Ceiling design

• K14.0 (K200), QR, 165oF (74oC), pendent sprinklers

• Density = 0.60 gpm/ft2 (24 mm/min)

– Wet and dry sprinkler system designs• Wet systems

– K14 (K200) / QR / 165oF (74oC)

• Dry systems– K16.8 (K240) / SR / 286oF (140oC)

– ????


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Rack storage array– 9 tiers high / 30 ft (9 m )

– 40 ft (12 m) roof

– On-side oak barrels

– < 75% alcohol

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Standard metal frame rack– Metal walkways

– Open area fraction• 16-18%

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Standard metal frame rack– Ceiling only protection

• Wet system– K14.0 (K200), QR, 165oF (74oC), pendent sprinklers

– 37 psi (2.5 bar) / 0.85 gpm/ft2 (34 mm/min)

• Dry system– 40 second water delivery

– K16.8 (K240), SR, 286oF (140oC), upright

– 25 psi (1.7 bar) / 0.85 gpm/ft2 (34 mm/min)


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Standard metal frame rack• Ceiling + in-rack protection

– Ceiling

» Dry system (40 second delay)

» K11.2 (K160), SR, 286oF (140oC)

» 25 psi (1.7 bar) / 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12 mm/min)

– In-rack

» 1 level above 8th tier / 30 ft (9 m)

» Dry system (40 second delay)

» K8.0 (K115), QR, 155oF (68oC)

» 32 psi (2.2 bar) / 45 gpm (95 L/min)

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Standard metal frame rack• Ceiling + in-rack protection

– Extension to higher roof/storage heights

– Use a layer of in-rack sprinklers at a lower level

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Rack storage array• Rick type

– Wooden frame, multiple floors

– Wooden walkways

» Loading aisle

» Sample aisles


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Rick storage array– Ceiling + in-rack protection

• Wooden walkways– IRAS below all

– Horizontal fire spread

• Metal grate walkways????– Use metal rack in-rack design

– Sprinklers below loading aisles

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Questions?


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Documents

Rack Distilled Spirits Protection - National Fire Protection …/media/0820CC06DCAC453E9D8… · · 2018-02-28Large-Scale Design FM Global [Public] 2017 NFPA Conference & Expo Large-Scale