7/29/2019 Racism Exposition
1/2
INTRODUCTIONOur work is about racism and the discrimination and
how this affected the population of USA from the beginning of their
history. Wethink it is a relevant topic because it has marked the
history of the USA and around the world.The first that you need to
know is what racism is and what racism people are.Racism is a human
behavior showing superiority above people of other ethnic groups
and races. These people discriminate, exploiteconomically and take
advantage of their supposed inferiority. This history event is
associated with slavery and apartheid.BEGINNINGS OF RACISME
Native Americans, who have lived on the North American continent
for at least 10,000 years, had an enormously complex impacton
American history and racial relations. During the colonial and
independent periods, a long series of conflicts were waged,
with
the primary objective of obtaining resources of Native
Americans. Through wars, massacres, forced displacement (such as
inthe Trail of Tears), and the imposition of treaties, land was
taken and numerous hardships imposed. In 1540, the first racial
strifewas with Spaniard Hernando de Soto's expedition who enslaved
and murdered in many New World communities. In the early
18thcentury, the English had enslaved nearly 800 Choctaws. After
the creation of the United States, the idea ofIndian removal
gainedmomentum. However, some Native Americans chose or were
allowed to remain and avoided removal whereafter they weresubjected
to racist institutions in their ancestral homeland. The Choctaws in
Mississippi described their situation in 1849, "we havehad our
habitations torn down and burned, our fences destroyed, cattle
turned into our fields and we ourselves have beenscourged,
manacled, fettered and otherwise personally abused, until by such
treatment some of our best men have died. Joseph B.Cobb, who moved
to Mississippi from Georgia, described Choctaws as having "no
nobility or virtue at all," and in some respect hefound blacks,
especially native Africans, more interesting and admirable, the red
man's superior in every way. The Choctaw andChickasaw, the tribes
he knew best, were beneath contempt, that is, even worse than black
slaves.Ideological expansionist justification (Manifest Destiny)
included stereotyped perceptions of all Native Americans as
"mercilessIndian savages" (as described in the United States
Declaration of Independence) despite successful American efforts at
civilizationas proven with the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, and
Choctaw. An egregious attempt occurred with the California gold
rush, thefirst two years of which saw the deaths of thousands of
Native Americans. UnderMexican rule in California, Indians were
subjectedto de facto enslavement under a system ofpeonage by the
white elite. While in 1850, California formally entered the Union
asa free state, with respect to the issue ofslavery, the practice
of Indian indentured servitude was not outlawed by the
CaliforniaLegislature until 1863.Military and civil resistance by
Native Americans has been a constant feature of American history.
So too have a variety of debatesaround issues of sovereignty, the
upholding of treaty provisions, and the civil rights of Native
Americans under U.S. law.Discrimination, marginalizationOnce their
territories were incorporated into the United States, surviving
Native Americans were denied equality before the law andoften
treated as wards of the state.Many Native Americans were relegated
to reservationsconstituting just 4% of U.S. territoryand the
treaties signed with themviolated. Tens of thousands of American
Indians and Alaska Natives were forced to attend a residential
school system whichsought to reeducate them in white settler
American values, culture and economy, to "kill the Indian, save the
man.Further dispossession of various kinds continues into the
present, although these current dispossessions, especially in terms
ofland, rarely make major news headlines in the country (e.g.,
theLenape people's recent fiscal troubles and subsequent land grab
bythe State of New Jersey), and sometimes even fail to make it to
headlines in the localities in which they occur. Through
concessions for industries such as oil, mining and timber and
through division of land from the Allotment Act forward,
theseconcessions have raised problems of consent, exploitation of
low royalty rates, environmental injustice, and gross
mismanagementof funds held in trust, resulting in the loss of $1040
billion.The Worldwatch Institute notes that 317 reservations are
threatened by environmental hazards, while Western Shoshone land
hasbeen subjected to more than 1,000 nuclear explosions.
Assimilation efforts into American societyThe government
appointed agents, like Benjamin Hawkins, to live among the Native
Americans and to teach them, throughexample and instruction, how to
live like whites. Washington formulated a policy to encourage the
"civilizing" process. Washingtonhad a six-point plan for
civilization which included:1. impartial justice toward Native
Americans2. regulated buying of Native American lands3. promotion
of commerce4. promotion of experiments to civilize or improve
Native American society
5. presidential authority to give presents6. punishing those who
violated Native American rights.The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans. Prior to the
passage of the act, nearly two-thirds of Native Americans were
already U.S. citizens. The earliest recorded date of Native
Americans becoming U.S. citizens wasin 1831 when the Mississippi
Choctaw became citizens after the United States Legislature
ratified the Treaty of Dancing RabbitCreek. Under article XIV of
that treaty, any Choctaw who elected not to move to Native American
Territory could become an
American citizen when he registered and if he stayed on
designated lands for five years after treaty ratification.
Citizenship couldalso be obtained by:
1. Treaty Provision (as with the Mississippi Choctaw)2.
Allotment under the Act of February 8, 18873. Issuance of Patent in
Fee Simple4. Adopting Habits of Civilized Life5. Minor Children
6. Citizenship by Birth7. Becoming Soldiers and Sailors in the
U.S. Armed Forces8. Marriage9. Special Act of Congress.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_warshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Sotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destinyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_gold_rushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_boarding_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allotment_Act&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwatch_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Shoshonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hawkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hawkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Shoshonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwatch_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allotment_Act&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_boarding_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_state_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_gold_rushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destinyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Sotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transferhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States
7/29/2019 Racism Exposition
2/2
The 1930s: Education: Overview
Few African Americans in the South received any education at all
until after the Civil War, as slaves were prohibited from
beingeducated. Slaves had been prohibited from being educated, and
there were generally no public school system for white
children,either. The planter elite paid for private education for
its own children. Legislatures of Republican freedmen and
whitesestablished public schools for the first time during
Reconstruction. Many public schools in the South were segregated
from thispoint forward; it was a condition that freedmen agreed to
in order to get agreement to establish the system.
After the Caucasian Democrats regained power in southern states
in the 1870s, during the next two decades they imposed legalracial
segregation and Jim Crow laws. They disfranchised most blacks and
many poor whites by various voter registration andelectoral
requirements. Services for black schools (and any black
institution) routinely received far less financial support than
white
schools. In addition, the South was extremely poor for years in
the aftermath of the war and dependent on an agricultural
economydespite falling cotton prices. Into the 20th century, black
schools had fewer books, worse buildings, and teachers were paid
less.
In Washington, DC, however, because public school teachers were
federal employees, African American and Caucasian teacherswere paid
the same.
The Virginia Constitution of 1870 mandated a system of public
education for the first time, but the newly established schools
wereoperated on a segregated basis. In these early schools, which
were mostly rural, as was characteristic of the South, classes
weremost often taught by a single teacher, who taught all subjects,
ages, and grades. Chronic underfunding led to constantly
over-populated schools, despite the relatively low percentage of
African American students in schools overall. In 1900 the average
blackschool in Virginia had 37 percent more pupils in attendance
than the average white school. This discrimination continued
forseveral years, as demonstrated by the fact that in 193738, in
Halifax County, Virginia, the total value of white school property
was$561,262, contrasted to only $176,881 for the county's black
schools.
In the 1930s the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People launched a national campaign to achieve equalschools
within the "separate but equal" framework of the U.S. Supreme
Court's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. White hostility
towards this campaign kept black schools from necessary
resources. According to Rethinking Schools magazine, "Over the
firstthree decades of the 20th century, the funding gap between
black and white schools in the South increasingly widened.
NAACPstudies of unequal expenditures in the mid-to-late 1920s found
that Georgia spent $4.59 per year on each African-American childas
opposed to $36.29 on each white child. A study by Doxey Wilkerson
at the end of the 1930s found that only 19 percent of 14-
to17-year-old African Americans were enrolled in high school. The
NAACP won several victories with this campaign, particularlyaround
salary equalization.
PERSONAL VIEW
I think racism is only peoples fears and insecurity and they
need to give the fault to other people. They think that they are
superioronly because in the deep of them they know that they are
not.In the end of all we all gone to a hole with sand and the only
thing that it gone remain is happiness and joy we felt in all our
life.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Southhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_County,_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_but_equalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_but_equalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_County,_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._South
