Rachel ParkerLacie Parke

Anderson Shore

Pilot ProjectMay 29, 2008

VotingRecyclingGas Prices

Greenhouse GasesEndangered Species

http://www.ehs.unr.edu/website/ProgramAreas/EnvironmentalAffairs/Recycling/HistoryoftheRecycleProgram/tabid/184/Default.aspx

http://science.howstuffworks.com/recycling1.htm http://members.aol.com/Ramola15/timeline.html

10,000 BC- Garbage becomes an issue as people first begin to establish permanent settlements.400 BC- The first municipal dump is established in ancient Athens.200 AD- The first sanitation force is created my the Romans. Teams of two men walk along the streets, pick up garbage, and throw it into a wagon.1690- The Rittenhouse family establishes the first paper recycling mill on the banks of Wissahickon Creek near Philadelphia.1776- The first metal recycling in America occurs when patriots in New York City melt down a statue of King George III and make it into bullets.

1885- The first garbage incinerator in the U.S. is built on Governors Island in New York Harbor. 1965- The federal government realizes that garbage has become a major problem and enacts the Solid Waste Disposal Act.1970- The EPA is established, and on April 22, the first Earth Day, introducing the concept of recycling to the general public.1974- The first city-wide use of curbside recycling bins occurs in University City, Missouri, for collecting newspapers.1976- The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act is passed, which requires all dumps to be replaced with “sanitary landfills”.

http://www.co.cass.mn.us/esd/solid_waste/images/recycling_message2.gif

http://www.shropshire.gov.uk/res.nsf/07E9BA9D5C3F68AD80257385004D7BDD/$file/how-to-recycle-new.jpg

http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00539.x

A social trap is a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. In the case of recycling, the two conflicting parties would be those who take the initiative to recycle (Group 1), and those who are too lazy to take the extra steps to recycle (Group 2). Group 1 is intrinsically motivated, and wants to help protect the environment. Group 2 has no motivation, and believes that it won’t make a difference for the environment whether they decide to recycle or not. Even though recycling has been made easier for residents by the use of curbside pickup, Group 2 still does not participate. They fail to realize that even though they’re just one person, it does make a difference. If everyone had the attitude of “I’m just one person, it doesn’t matter”, then nobody would recycle.

California Polytechnic State University conducted a field experiment to help them better understand the psychology of recycling. The university had two different control groups: Group 1- non-recyclers who received persuasive communication advocating recycling and special recycling bags, and Group 2- non-recyclers who had the special recycling bags and communication left at their door. Through the experiment it was found that Group 1 had a larger response by the number of residents that began to recycle.

http://www.carboncommentary.com/wp-includes/images/hillary-clinton.jpg

http://www.changethethought.com/obama/24x36/jpeg_previews/obama_24x36_5e.jpg

http://www.flaglerelections.com/kids/history.htm

1776- Voting rights were bases on property ownership. This typically meant that those voting were white males over the age of 21 of the Protestant religion.1830- Many states had dropped religion and property ownership as requirements for voting.1868- The 14th Amendment recognizes African Americans as citizens, giving them the right to vote. However, state officials continue attempts to deny this right.1870- African Americans were given the right to vote in the 15th Amendment. It prohibited any state or local government from denying that right.

1913- Voting power is expanded with 17th Amendment, calling for the popular election of U.S. senators.1920- The 19th Amendment was added to the Constitution, giving women across the nation the right to vote. 1947- All states grant Native Americans the right to vote.1964- The 24th Amendment declares that no person should be denied the right to vote because they cannot pay a “poll tax”.1965- An amendment to the Voting Rights Act bans the use of literacy tests, poll taxes, and other obstacles designed to keep people from voting.1971- The voting age is lowered to 18.

http://myoccupiedterritory.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/vote_1.jpg

http://willamettevalleynorml.org/gallery/USam_VoteL.jpg

http://www.ssri.duke.edu/anes/voting.html

A social trap is a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. The main factors that determine who a citizen will vote for fall into two broad categories, those internal v. external to the minds of voters. Internal factors include: 1) predispositions that are in place before a campaign, and 2) cognitive and affective reactions to events during the campaign.

External factors include: 1) campaign events that are created be the candidates, their staffs, political parties, or other organizations and that are focused mainly on influencing the election outcome, 2) events that occur around the country and the world that are most likely not influenced by the campaign or the upcoming election, such as changes in the national economy or the outbreak of war between two foreign nations, and 3) the behaviors of individuals and groups in the immediate vicinity of a voter, especially the others’ reactions to the upcoming election or to recent national or world events.

Lacie Parke

Stanford’s 3rd periodGas Prices

Greenhouse GasesEndangered Species

Gas Prices(Psychology)

“A social trap is any situation that rewards immediate actions that will have undesired effects in the long run.” The rising of gas prices in an exact product of wanting “rewards” now with the

consequences later. People would rather pay high prices for gas just as long as they get to do what they need to. Car pooling,

public transportation and other ways to get around seem inconvenient compared to driving your own car. This makes the

demand of gas way higher than supply creating a rise in the prices. Also, whenever the prices are low, people tend to buy

fancy SUV’s not considering the amount of gas it will require or the price of gas actually rising.

http://virgil.azwestern.edu/~dag/lol/SocialTraps.html

Greenhouse Gases(Psychology)

“A social trap is any situation that rewards immediate actions that will have undesired effects in the long run.” Greenhouse gases are

social traps because people don’t consider the consequences of their daily actions. Emitting the gases causes no short term effects

and most people don’t consider the future before they act. Burning fossil fuels, releasing CFCs and nitrous oxides are all part

of daily life and each individual doesn’t stop to think that while they are releasing these greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, millions of other are too. The earth is already warming and recent

emissions haven’t even played their part yet.

Endangered Species(Psychology)

“A social trap is any situation that rewards immediate actions that will have undesired effects in the long run.” There is no problem with killing animals that aren’t on the endangered species list..

Right? Wrong. The reason that animals get on the list is because they are being killed of by humans, their food is being killed off, or their habitat is being destroyed. Tragedy of the Commons occurs regularly with endangered animals. All animals are limited, but most people think, “Well, it wont matter if I kill this one buffalo,

there are plenty more.” Obviously, if everyone thought that, than everyone would be killing the buffalos and soon there would be

none left. Poachers and hunters are only thinking about the current time, forgetting that other poachers and hunters could be

hunting the same thing, slowly but surly killing off a single population.

http://ed.fnal.gov/entry_exhibits/bison/endangered.html)

AP Psychology

Mrs. Cavanaugh

2nd Period

http://zfacts.com/p/35.html

• History has repeated itself due to the demand of gas demand. In the 1970’s there was a oil crisis and gas prices soared due to the cut off of oil from the middle east. Before, people didn’t ever think about how gas was not expensive, but once there was a gas shortage and there were a lot of days when gas stations did not have gas, the people started to not take gas for granite. In today’s age the prices of gas have started to rise again due to complications in the middle east and the continuous high demand for gas. Now that the production of gas is a problem, people have started to try and discover new ways to run a car and figure out how to conserve gas.

http://cr.middlebury.edu/es/altenergylife/70's.htm

• “In 1859 John Tyndall, intrigued by the recently discovered ice ages, took to studying how gases may block heat radiation. Since the work of Joseph Fourier in the 1820s, scientists had understood that the atmosphere might hold in the Earth's heat. Tyndall immediately went on to study other gases, finding that carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and water vapor in particular also block heat radiation.”

• In the 1960s and 1970s scientist found that there was a variety of sources of methane in the atmosphere.

• “In the 1950s, a small amount of research did get underway on how various atmospheric chemicals behaved, but only because their interactions were responsible for urban smog.”

• “In 1980, Ramanathan published a surprising estimate of the contribution to global warming from miscellaneous gases — methane, N2O, and ozone along with CFCs — produced by industry and also by agricultural sources such as fertilizer.”

• “In 1990, a report by an international panel of scientists put the idea in a revised form more useful for policy decisions: the "Global Warming Potential.”

• Middle East carbon dioxide emissions from burning of fossil fuels increased 35%, Africa increased 12%, and Eastern Europe increased rates by 75% from 1990-1995.

• In 1996, carbon dioxide world emissions increased by 2.8%.  The U.S. reported a 3.3% increase in CO2

http://www.aip.org/history/climate/othergas.htm

http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse.htm

• An endangered species is defined as a species at risk of extinction because of human activity, changes in climate, changes in predator-prey ratios, etc., esp. when officially designated as such by a governmental agency such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

• In 1966 the United States Congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act.

• Many animals have been placed on to the Endangered Species list like the bald eagle, bison, killer whale and black bear.

• The bison once had a population of an estimate 60 million. Bison then became a very resourceful animal to the Native Americans and were killed for food, clothing and tools. The fur trade began in the 1600s and in the 1800s 200,000 bison were being killed a year. From 1830 to 1860 bison were being killed left and right and by 1893 there was approximately only 300 buffalo left. A society was created in order to save the American bison species.

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/endangered%20species

http://www.ti.org/ESAHistory.html

http://www.buffaloexpress.com/buffexp/bison.cfm