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ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 1
SECTION 16140
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS
PART 1 GENERAL
1.01 SECTION INCLUDES
A. Electrical Raceways and accessories including, but not limited to, the following:
1. PVC Conduits.
2. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT).
3. Rigid Steel Conduits.
4. Flexible Conduits.
5. Surface/Floor Cable Trunking.
6. Cable Trays.
7. Cables Ladders
8. Three Compartment Trunking.
1.02 RELATED SECTIONS
A. Section 01039 Coordination and Meetings.
B. Section 01300 Submittals.
C. Section 01600 Materials and Equipment.
D. Section 01740 Warranties.
E. Section 16010 Basic Electrical Requirements.
F. Section 16030 Electrical Identification.
G. Section 16110 MV Cables and Accessories.
H. Section 16120 LV Cables and Wires.
I. Section 16150 Electrical Boxes and Fittings.
J. Section 16160 Equipment Connections and Supports.
K. Section 16180 Underground Electrical Services.
1.03 REFERENCES
A. NFPA 70 NEC Chapter 3; Wiring Methods and Materials.
B. ANSI C 80.1-83 Rigid Steel Conduits, Zinc Coated.
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 2
C. ANSI C 80.3-83 Electrical Metallic Tubing, Zinc Coated.
1.03 SUBMITTALS
A. Comply with Section 01300.
B. Submit manufacturer's data on all types of electrical raceways, together with samples of the
proposed materials.
1.04 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Manufacturers: Firms regularly engaged in manufacture of raceways of types and ratings
required, whose products have been in satisfactory use in similar service for not less than 10
years. Preference shall be given to local manufacturers and agents/suppliers.
B. Installer: Firms regularly engaged and qualified with at least 5 years of successful installation
experience on projects with electrical installation work similar to that required for the project.
C. Electrical Raceways shall generally be manufacturer’s standard construction and materials.
Where this contradicts any part of the Specifications, the Contractor shall state so at the
time of tender.
1.05 DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING
A. Comply with Section 01600.
B. Provide colour-coded thread protectors on the exposed threads of metal conduit, handle
raceways carefully to prevent end-damage and avoid scoring the finishes.
C. Where possible the raceways shall be stored indoors. If necessary to store outdoors, the
raceways shall be elevated well above ground and enclosed with durable waterproof
wrapping.
1.06 WARRANTY
A. Comply with Section 01740.
PART 2 PRODUCTS
2.01 PVC CONDUITS
A. All PVC conduits and fittings shall be uPVC heavy gauge, rigid, direct buried or encased
buried type as applicable, complying with BS 6099-2.2 / IEC 614-2-2 heavy gauge in all
respects, and may be used where ambient temperatures do not exceed 75 oC.
B. All PVC conduits and accessories shall be obtained from the same manufacturer.
C. No conduit shall be less than 20 mm diameter.
D. Fittings and accessories for PVC conduits shall include, but not be limited to, the adapters,
junction/pull boxes, bushings, couplings, elbows, nipples, plugs, seals, etc.
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 3
E. Conduit boxes shall be of the circular pattern with appropriate spout entries and 50.8 mm
accessory fixing centres.
F. All connections and terminations of the PVC conduits and fittings shall be by means of the
manufacturer's standard adaptor.
G. All boxes shall have brass thread inserts for the fixing of accessories or covers.
H. All tees shall be made using conduit tee boxes. Tangential entry boxes shall be used where
appropriate. Multiple conduits may necessitate the use of large uPVC adaptable boxes for
junctions.
I. All saddles shall be of the spacer bar type and from the same manufacturer as that of the
conduit which they are being used to secure.
J. All wall mounted accessory boxes shall have one adjustable fixing lug to facilitate final
leveling of accessories.
2.02 ELECTRICAL METALLIC TUBING (EMT)
A. All Electrical Metallic Tubings (EMT) and accessories shall conform to NEC article 348
Part-B and ANSI C 80.3; not less than 20 mm (¾”) diameter.
B. All EMT and accessories shall be completely free from rust or other defects and shall have
same finish throughout the installation.
C. Fittings and accessories for EMT shall include, but not be limited to, adapters, junction/pull
boxes, bushings, connectors, couplings, elbows, expansion joints, gaskets, hubs, locknuts,
nipples, plugs, seals, etc.
D. The fittings and accessories for EMT shall be compression type. Pot metal or die-cast type
and "sock-on” or “drive-on” type fittings shall not be used.
E. Only standard manufactured fittings and accessories for EMT shall be used. Adaptation
between EMT and PVC or RSC shall be through metal boxes.
F. All saddles for surface mounted installation of EMT shall be of the space-bar type and of
the same finish as that of the EMT, which they are being used to secure.
G. All necessary boxes shall have one adjustable fixing lug to facilitate final levelling of
accessory.
2.03 RIGID STEEL CONDUITS (RSC)
A. All Rigid Steel Conduits (RSC) and accessories shall be heavy gauge welded steel
complying with NEC article 346, not less than 20 mm diameter.
B. RSC and fittings shall be hot dipped galvanized, complying with ANSI C 80.1, providing
heavy protection both inside and outside. The steel shall be galvanized after cutting and
threading.
C. All conduits and fittings shall be threaded, free from rust or other defects and shall have
same hot dipped galvanized finish throughout the installation.
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 4
D. Fittings and accessories for RSC shall include, but not be limited to, adapters, junction/pull
boxes, bushings, connectors, couplings, elbows, expansion joints, gaskets, hubs, locknuts,
nipples, plugs, seals, breathers, etc.
E. Fittings and accessories for RSC shall be of malleable iron or a mixture of grey iron and
cast steel.
F. All bushes shall be hexagonal headed, heavy duty, long threaded brass bushes complete
with serrated tempered shakeproof washers. All bends shall be cold set. All tees shall be
made using circular tee conduit boxes.
G. All saddles for surface mounted installation of RSC shall be of the spacer bar type and of
the same finish as that of the conduit which they are being used to secure.
H. A tapped earth connection facility shall be provided in every box.
I. All accessory boxes shall have one adjustable fixing lug to facilitate final levelling of
accessory.
J. PVC coated RSC and fittings shall be used for cables extending to outside of building and
where above grade extensions of PVC Conduits required a transition from PVC to RSC.
K. PVC coated rigid steel conduits and fittings shall conform to ANSI C 80.1, NEMA RN 1,
and shall be UL-listed for 90 0C conductors. The thickness of the PVC coating shall be a
minimum of 40 mil. A PVC jacketed coupling shall be provided with each length of
conduit. A PVC sleeve equal to the outside diameter of the conduit shall extend 37 mm
inches from each end of coupling. All fittings and accessories shall be provided with type
304 stainless steel hardware.
2.04 FLEXIBLE CONDUITS
A. Flexible conduits shall be liquid-tight, constructed from galvanized steel core and
continuous liquid-tight PVC jacket in accordance with NEC article 351 Part-A, not less
than 20 mm diameter.
B. Flexible conduit shall only to be used for final connection to items of fixed equipment
subject to vibration or movement.
C. All flexible conduits shall comply with UL1 and shall have a liquid-tight PVC jacket
capable of withstanding 90 oC cable operating temperatures.
D. All fittings and accessories for liquid-tight flexible steel conduits shall be nylon jacketed.
E. Nylon jacketed brass adaptors shall be provided for connection at either end of the flexible
conduit and should be of the compression type.
2.05 SURFACE/FLOOR CABLE TRUNKING
A. Surface/floor cable trunking shall be used with prior approval of the Engineer, wherever
possible to replace multiple conduit runs.
B. Metal surface/floor cable trunking shall comply with NEC and shall be manufactured from
galvanised steel sheets.
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 5
C. Only purpose made bends, tees, risers, end stops, fittings, connectors, covers and
accessories by the same manufacturer as the trunking shall be used and finished in hot
dipped galvanized steel. Site fabrication shall not be permitted.
D. Tinned copper earth straps shall be provided at every joint of the metal surface/floor
trunking.
E. Covers for surface type cable trunking, suspended for fixed on surface of wall or under
raised floor, shall be of the overlapping type and secured to the trunking by an approved
type of fastening arrangement such as clips, etc.
F. In outdoor locations and areas subject to corrosive atmospheres, all trunking shall be
painted with chlorinated rubber paint or PVC/Epoxy coating as approved by the Engineer.
G. Surface/Floor Cable trunking shall be single or multi-compartment as required. Where
multi-compartment is used, vertical dividers shall be provided between the compartments
which shall be welded to the trunking prior to galvanising.
H. Heavy Duty uPVC trunking with clip on lid (all insulated) shall be used, if shown on the
Drawings or specified elsewhere, to replace multiple conduit runs. All PVC cable trunking
and accessories shall be obtained from the same manufacturer. Only standard accessories
fabricated by the manufacturer shall be used and no site fabrication shall be allowed.
I. Floor trunking and covers shall be standard products of an approved manufacturer with
modular sections to provide flexibility of installation to suit any site situation. The floor
trunking and cover shall be suitable for surface or embedded installation as per actual site
requirements. The construction and dimensions of the floor trunking and cover for
embedded installation shall match with the floor finishing pattern having special provision
of accepting floor tiles, carpet, etc. within the recess of the cover provided in accordance
with the site requirements.
2.06 CABLE TRAYS
A. All cable trays shall be of heavy duty perforated type with return flange in non plenum
areas an non perforated type with cover in air plenum.
B. All cable trays shall be manufactured from hot-dip zinc coated galvanized steel, with a
standard heavy duty galvanizing coating of 350 g/m2 and Z2 bending grade.
C. All accessories and fittings such as bends, tees, elbows, cross units and angles shall be of
the same specification as that of the cable tray finish and shall be standard products from
the same manufacturer as the cable tray. Site fabrication shall not be permitted.
D. Cable trays and accessories shall be of a thickness of not less than:
1. 1.5 mm up to 305 mm width.
2. 2.0 mm above 305 mm width.
E. All fixing brackets, nuts and bolts shall be finished by hot dip galvanising.
F. Tinned copper earth continuity straps shall be provided at every joint of the cable tray.
G. Where cable tray crosses building expansion joints, the tray shall be installed suitably to
provide expansion / contraction with the building expansion.
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 6
H. Where cable tray carries 13.8 kV cable, a tray lid shall be installed.
I. In outdoor locations and areas subject to corrosive atmospheres, all cable trays shall be
painted with chlorinated rubber paint or PVC/Epoxy coating, as approved by the Engineer.
2.07 CABLE LADDERS
A. All cable ladders shall be heavy duty gauge (>2 mm), manufactured from hot-dip
galvanized steel with a standard heavy duty galvanizing coating of 350 g/m2 and Z2
bending grade.
B. All accessories and fittings such as couplers, bends, tees, elbows, etc. shall be by the same
manufacturer as the ladder.
C. Ladder system supports shall be determined in accordance with the manufacturer's
structural information to ensure that undue stress or bending shall not occur.
D. Tinned copper earth straps shall be provided at every joint of cable ladders.
E. In outdoor locations and areas subject to corrosive atmosphere, the ladders shall be painted
with chlorinated rubber paint or PVC/Epoxy coating, as approved by the Engineer.
2.08 THREE COMPARTMET TRUNKING
A. The trunking shall be made of extruded uPVC and shall have 3 compartments within its
profile with provision for an interlocking extension trunking compartment. The central
compartment shall carry power cables and shall be in a position to accommodate boxes to
mount wiring accessories. The dimensions of the system shall be 170x 50 mm.
B. The system shall be modular to the extent that covers and bases are supplied separately
The trunking shall be such that all electrical energy requirements can be satisfactorily
contained and visually coordinated with the system, it should also allow heavy
concentration and mixture of outlets possibly requiring changes to their location at a later
date. The system must have all accessories either mains of ELV positioned adjacent to one
another.
C. The system shall have a comprehensive range of couplers, end plates, inside and outside
corners, both horizontal and vertical. The Accessories shall have a finish compatible to the
main trunking.
There shall be complementary range of flat angles and Tees to allow the trunking to follow
its profile along the vertical face.
D. The system must be fabricated from non-flame propagating materials in accordance with
BS 6099 and BS 4678 part 4. The extruded products shall have a class 1Y rating, while the
moulded material shall conform to IEC 695 – 2 –1.
E. The trunking system must be non corrosive and not affected by seawater and should be
resistant to mineral acid, alkalis and detergents.
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 7
PART 3 EXECUTION
3.01 INSPECTION
A. Comply with Section 01039.
B. All Electrical Raceways including conduits and fittings shall be free from objectionable
lines, striations, bubbles, welds, and other manufacturing defects that would impair the
service of the raceways. The bore of the conduits shall be circular in cross-section with
smooth interior surfaces free from rough and flaky areas. The electrical raceways and
fittings shall be free from all substances that injuriously effect any wire or cable covering.
C. All the Electrical Raceways including conduit runs are shown diagrammatically on the
Drawings to outline the general routing only. Any interference with pipes, HVAC ducts,
structural members or other equipment shall be inspected and coordinated well before
commencement of the installation of raceways. Deviations shall be made in accordance
with the approval of the Engineer, at no extra cost to the Contract.
3.02 PVC CONDUITS INSTALLATION
A. PVC conduits shall be used only where cast into slabs, built or chased into walls etc. Where
conduits are surface run in ceiling voids, shaft spaces, plant rooms etc. galvanised RSC or
EMT shall be used. Adaptation between PVC and metal conduits shall be through metal
boxes.
B. PVC conduits shall not be installed in locations exposed to direct sun light.
C. Where conduit boxes are not to be fitted with accessories, they shall be fitted with cover
plates which shall be overlapping where flush boxes are used.
D. PVC conduits shall be jointed and terminated utilising the following appropriate
components as supplied by the conduit manufacturer:
1. Purpose made adaptors and accessories.
2. Permanent adhesive - Solvent cement to produce a rigid watertight joint when used
with standard couplers and accessories.
3. Flexible adhesive - A non-hardening adhesive to be used where expansion facilities
are required in long conduit runs, in conjunction with expansion coupler. Not to be
used at building movement joints.
E. PVC conduits up to 25 mm diameter may be bent cold with the use of the appropriate
bending spring obtained from the conduit manufacturer. For larger size conduits, it is
necessary to use heat or appropriate manufacturer's standard ready made bends.
F. Adequate allowance shall be made for linear expansion and contraction of the conduits
under normal working temperature variations, as follows:
1. Expansion couplers shall be used on all straight runs of conduit exceeding 6 m in
length.
2. Conduit shall be free to slide within saddles.
3. Allowance for expansion in cast in-situ installation is normally only required to effect
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 8
structural movement at building expansion joints.
G. Conduit shall be supported at intervals of 1.5 m in isolated positions or 1 m in accessible
situations. Where working temperatures are high, this spacing shall be reduced accordingly.
H. Multiple conduits may necessitate the use of large PVC adaptable boxes for junctions,
which shall be readily accessible at all times.
I. Care shall be taken in the support of totally enclosed lighting fittings. Where excessive
temperatures are likely to occur, special heat resistant boxes shall be used, i.e. of a pattern
specifically designed to improve weight loading characteristics at high temperatures.
J. Spacing/fill factors shall be applied to all conduits in accordance with NEC Chapter 9,
Table-1.
K. Do not install PVC conduits closer than 75 mm to pipes of other services.
L. "Draw-in" boxes shall be installed in all conduit runs exceeding 3 m in length at a
maximum 12 m spacing and shall be readily accessible at all times.
M. Inspection elbows, bends or tees shall not be permitted for flush installation.
N. Use extension rings where boxes are found to be not flush with the finished surface. Care
shall be taken to prevent water, dirt, dust or debris from entering the conduit system.
O. All bends shall be made so that the PVC conduits shall not be damaged, and the internal
diameter of the conduits shall not be effectively reduced.
P. Not more than four 90 degree bends nor a total of 360 degree bends shall be made in one
conduit run between outlets, fittings or outlet bodies including any bends located
immediately at the start or end.
Q. Install concealed conduits such that only two crossings at a given point are allowed within
the slab to prevent any damage or cracking of slab.
R. No conduit shall be allowed to run in the floor screed of toilets, kitchen, bathroom or any
other wet area.
S. Where cables pass through ducts or sleeves entering buildings, seal the ends of the ducts or
sleeves using a special caulking compound of a putty-like consistency. It shall be workable
with the hands at temperatures as low as 1.7 oC, and shall not slump upto a temperature of
149 oC or less. It shall not be hardened materially when exposed to air.
3.03 METAL CONDUIT INSTALLATION
A. Metal conduits either Rigid Steel Conduits (RSC) or Electrical Metallic Tubings (EMT)
shall be installed in exposed locations as required.
B. EMT shall be used inside buildings, generally above suspended ceiling, with the exceptions
of below grade within the building structure or external underground or at exposed
locations liable to be damaged mechanically. RCS shall be installed exposed on surface at
all such locations where conduits are liable to be damaged mechanically.
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 9
C. Threads for RSCs shall be of sufficient length to allow conduits to butt together within
couplers. A minimum engagement of five (5) full threads shall be made at all fittings and
accessories.
D. Remove oil and grease from all threads of RSCs.
E. Support all metal conduits at intervals of 1.5 m in isolated positions or 1 m in accessible
situations.
F. Do not install metal conduit closer than 75 mm to pipes of other services.
G. All conduit boxes not to be fitted with accessories shall have metal cover plates which shall
be overlapping where flush boxes are used.
H. 'Draw in' boxes shall be provided in conduit runs exceeding 3 m in length. 'Draw in' boxes
shall be at a maximum 12 m spacing and readily accessible at all times. Adaptable junction
boxes shall also be accessible at all times for inspection and maintenance.
I. Exercise care shall be taken to prevent water, dirt and debris from entering the conduit
system.
J. Use extension rings where boxes are found not to be flush with the finished surface.
K. Protect conduits and conduit accessories from rust and mechanical damage. Exposed
conduit threads and damaged or rusty portion of metal conduits shall be painted, using an
oxide undercoat and aluminium paint, after being cleaned to bare metal.
L. Conduits installed in areas subject to corrosive atmospheres shall be painted with
chlorinated rubber paint after the installation is complete.
M. Under no circumstances, shall any metal conduit be used as a circuit protective conductor
(CPC). Every final sub-circuit shall incorporate its own separate Cu/PVC CPC.
N. Apply spacing/fill factors to all metal conduits in accordance with NEC Chapter 9, Table-1.
O. Field bends shall be made with a hand bender for 1-1/2” (38mm) and smaller diameter
metal conduits only. Larger size conduits shall be bent with a machine bender or be factory
supplied. Heating of metal conduits to facilitate bending is not permitted.
P. All bends shall be made so that metal conduits shall not be damaged, and the internal
diameter of the conduit shall not be effectively reduced. The inner edge radius of all field
bends shall not be less than the minimum allowable radius as per NEC.
Q. Not more than four 90 degree bends nor a total of 360 degree bends shall be made in one
conduit run between outlets, fittings or outlet bodies including any bends located
immediately at the start or end.
R. Conduits and elbow used for cables extending to outside of building shall be PVC coated
rigid steel extending one meter from building foundation. A concrete encased PVC adapter
shall be used in case cable extending will run in PVC ducts. Bells shall be provided on PVC
horizontal stub outs.
S. PVC conduits shall not be extended above grade. Where extensions of PVC conduits above
grade are required, a PVC coated rigid steel transition bend having PVC/steel coupling on
one end and threaded male or female adaptor on the other end. The PVC coated rigid steel
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 10
transition bend or conduit shall extend minimum 150 mm above grade. A concrete envelope
100 mm high shall be formed around such risers to minimize corrosion at point of
emergence. The top of the envelope shall be sloped for drainage.
T. Verify exact stub up location and termination requirement for items and equipment being
served, for all necessary power and control wiring.
U. Where cables pass through ducts or sleeves entering buildings, seal the ends of the ducts or
sleeves using a special caulking compound of a putty-like consistency. It shall be workable
with the hands at temperatures as low as 1.7 oC, and shall not slump upto a temperature of
149 oC or less. It shall not be hardened materially when exposed to air.
V. Where conduits turn out of, or penetrate, a slab, they shall be not less than 65 mm on
centers.
W. Location and sizing of conduit sleeves passing through floors and walls that are not shown
on the Drawings shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. All sleeves shall be rigid
galvanized steel unless indicated otherwise, extended 150 mm above floor and capped when
not in use. Space between conduits and sleeves shall be filled with ductseal to a minimum
of 50 mm deep at top and bottom of conduit sleeve.
X. All metal conduits entering any gasketed boxes or gasketed equipment enclosure shall be
provided and terminated with gasketed hubs with bonding screws. Whereas the metal
conduits entering non-gasketed sheet-metal boxes or enclosures shall be provided and
terminated with general purpose hubs.
Y. Provide supports to alleviate stress on cables where they enter a conduit or other enclosure
from the tray.
3.04 FLEXIBLE CONDUITS INSTALLATION
A. All flexible conduits and fittings used shall be liquid-tight.
B. Flexible conduits shall only be used in short lengths, of less than 1000 mm, in cases
where a final connection is required to be made to a fixed item of equipment which is
subject to vibration or thermal expansion.
C. Flexible conduits shall be 1.25 x L in length, L being the direct distance between
connection unit and fixed appliance, up to maximum length of 1 m.
D. Purpose made glands shall be used on the ends of all lengths of flexible conduits.
E. A separate Cu/PVC circuit protective conductor shall be included in all lengths of flexible
conduits.
F. Flexible conduits shall be installed so as not to incur undue mechanical strain, damage or
excessive temperatures.
3.05 SURFACE/FLOOR CABLE TRUNKING INSTALLATION
A. Cable trunking shall be fixed securely to the building structure at intervals not exceeding
1.5 m.
B. Where vertical runs of trunking exceed 3 m in length, pin racks shall be fitted.
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 11
C. Spacing/fill factors shall be applied to all cable trunking in accordance with NEC
requirements.
D. For metal trunking installations, earth continuity shall be ensured by means of tinned
copper earth straps bolted across each joint. Flexible braided straps shall be used for
expansion joints.
E. Metal trunking cut during installation shall have the cut ends painted with an oxide
undercoat and an aluminium top coat.
F. Where metal trunking is installed in areas subject to corrosive atmospheres, the complete
trunking installation shall be painted with a chlorinated rubber paint after the installation is
complete.
G. Expansion joints with gaps shall be incorporated in all cable trunking runs in excess of 6 m
in length. External couplings shall have elongated slots and fixing holes shall be drilled
oversize to give freedom of linear movement. Internal couplings shall be securely fixed at
one end by use of thixotrophic adhesive leaving the other end free for linear movement.
H. Bare copper or aluminium cables shall not be run in metal trunking.
3.06 CABLE TRAYS/LADDERS INSTALLATION
A. Where practical, cable trays/ladders shall be run horizontally and flat or vertically and shall
be supported at distances not exceeding 1.5 m to the building structure using mild steel
brackets. These brackets shall be secured to the building structure using expanded bolts and
washers or built into the building structures during construction.
B. Where cable tray/ladder is suspended, 2 drop rods shall be used at each suspension point to
an angle iron or channel support to which the cable ladder is bolted. The spacing of
suspension points shall be determined in accordance with the manufacturer's structural
information such that undue stress of defection does not occur.
C. Where cable tray/ladder is cut, the open ends shall be painted using an oxide undercoat and
an aluminum top coat. Where the finish is PVC, a top coat of liquid PVC solution shall be
applied after the completion of the cable ladder installation.
D. Cable trays/ladders run parallel with walls shall not be mounted closer than 75 mm to the
wall.
E. Secure all cables to cable trays/ladders at distances in accordance with NEC requirements
F. Do not run bare copper or aluminum cables run on cable tray/ladder.
G. Ensure earth continuity by means of tinned copper earth straps bolted across each cable
tray/ladder joint. Flexible braided straps shall be used for expansion joints.
3.07 DADO TRUNKING INSTALLATION
Trunking shall be laid in straight lines between each 3 mtr lengths along with the necessary
trunking couplers, and changes in direction to be made with the help of Inside/Outside
ELECTRICAL RACEWAYS 16140 - 12
corners as per manufacturer recommendations.
All joints between trunking and the accessories along with the service outlets shall be properly
secured to prevent loosening.
All accessories are hard wired to respective positions as shown in the installation guide to
ensure a clean and neat hand over.
END OF SECTION 16140