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CLIMATE CHANGE:
GLOBAL CHALLENGE FOR SURVIVAL
ESTER AGUILAR, EMBESTER AGUILAR, EMBESTER AGUILAR, EMBESTER AGUILAR, EMB----CARCARCARCAR
OUTLINE
�Global Scenarios
�Climate Change
�Causes (Natural and Artificial)
� Impacts
�Global Response to Climate Change
�Philippine Response to Climate Change
�What can be done?
The Thames Barrier, a major flood defense system
in London designed to be used once every two to
three years is now being used six times a year due to increased rainfall.
Mean annual temperature across Australia for 2008 was the 14th warmest on record (0.41°C above normal).
In China, 6 million people suffer from persistent drought in SW China's Yunnan
Some areas face drought after January saw as little as 10 percent of average rainfall, frozen lakes are melting and trees are blossoming in the capital Beijing
� Darfur, Sudan:
� world’s 1st war triggered by climate change
� rainfall decline by 20%
� Drought & intense friction over land
U.N. Statistics show that rainfall has diminished by 20%
in Sudan the past 20 years, causing drought and intense
friction over access to land.
Myanmar
In May 2008,
Cyclone Nargis
devastated
Myanmar
resulting in
death toll of
22,000 Source: Asia News
In February of 2006, an estimated 1,500 to 2,500 people died after a school and an estimated 500
houses in the village of Guinsaugon, St. Bernard, Leyte was buried by mudflow.
This mudslide happened after heavy rains dumped
459.2 millimeters of rain on the area in the span of
3 days.
In September 28, 2006, super typhoon Milenyo – the strongest
typhoon to hit Metro Manila in seven years, cut across Luzon, leaving at
least 18 people dead
In June 21 2008, Typhoon Frank lashes the Philippines
The capsized MV Princess of the Stars in Romblon
(800 passengers killed)
Typhoon ONDOY (September 2009) brought the
heaviest rains and floods since 1967.
(410 mm – 9 hour)
Marikina Cainta, Rizal
•Typhoon PEPENG
(October 2009)
affecting Cordillera
Administrative Region
(675 mm – 24 hr)
•City Camp Lagoon
•Puguis, La Trinidad
•Balili Bridge
Dec 17, 2011 –SENDONG
(Cagayan De Oro & Iligan)
CLIMATE CHANGE = CHANGE IN CLIMATE
attributable directly to human activity that alters the composition
of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
CLIMATE CHANGE
GLOBAL WARMING
(Increase in Global Temperature)
GLOBAL WARMING (Increase in Green House Gases)
The Greenhouse Effect It’s a good thing!
PFCs
HFCs
SF6
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap heat from the sun to keep the Earth warm.
H2O
Water vapor
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
CH4
Methane
NO2
Nitrous Oxide
CO2
CH4
N2O HFCs
PFCs SF6
CO2 CO2
CH4 CO2 N2O CH4
HFCs
SF6 SF6
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2 CO2
CH4
N2O
Increasing levels of GHGs in the atmosphere make for a warmer world leading to abrupt changes in climate!
The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Gas Sources
TOTAL: 100,738 kt
CO2
Source: 1994
Philippine GHG
Inventory
Greenhouse Gases
CO2
burning of
carbon-based fuels
Carbon Dioxide Methane
Hydro fluorocarbons Nitrous Oxide
CH4
anaerobic bacteria in rice fields, cows,
sewage,garbage
CFCs
Refrigeration and spray cans
N2O
Fossil fuels and fertilizers
CARBON DIOXIDE METHANE
NITROUS OXIDE
- Bacterial Breakdown of Nitrogen in Soils and Ocean
CARBON DIOXIDE - Burning of Fossil Fuels
(Oil, Coal) by Power plants, Industries and
Vehicles
Accounts for 60% of warming effect
Methane - Decomposition of Garbage and Agricultural Waste
Materials, Leaks in Coal Mining and Natural Gas Production
Accounts for 20% of additional greenhouse effects; 21 times more potent than CO2
Nitrous Oxide: • Accounts for 7% of the warming effect •Bacterial Breakdown of Nitrogen in Soils and Oceans • Fertilizer and Pesticides (Agriculture) • Biomass Burning • Combustion Process Vehicles • Acid Production
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
Reduced ability of Ecosystem to Absorb Greenhouse Gases
RAPID INCREASE IN EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES
� Carbon Dioxide--------------------- 30%
� Methane ----------------------------- 145%
� Nitrous Oxide ---------------------- 15%
INCREASE
in 200 Years
20th Century Global Warming
�1990’s = Warmest Decade
�1998 = Warmest Year Since 1861
� 1890 – 1990 = 0.5 – 1.° F
� 2000 – 2100 = 2.0 – 6.° F
Increase in Global Temp.
�TEMPERATURE INCREASE IN 100 YEARS UNPRECEDENTED
�90% CERTAINLY THAT TEMPERATURE INCREASE DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES
�SEA LEVEL TO RISE BY 0.18- 0.38 METER BY 2100
(0.3◦C to 0.56◦C)
(1.1◦C to 3.3◦C)
Global atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2O have increased as a result of human activities since 1750.
11 of the last 12 years
(1995-2006) rank among
the 12th warmest years
since 1850.
GHG Pre. Indl 2005
CO2 280 ppm 379 ppm
CH4 700 ppb 1774 ppb
N2O 270 ppb 319 ppb
OVERALL WARMING OF THE PLANET, BASED ON AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OVER THE ENTIRE
SURFACE (IPCC)
� ACCELERATE MELTING OF GLACIERS
� INCREASE OF SEA LEVEL
Inundation/ Flooding of Low Lying Areas and Small Islands
� Global Warming will melt polar ice caps and glaciers. Arctic temperature twice the global rate.
� 13,500 sq. km. ice shelves disintegrated in Antarctica
� Threaten Earth’s permafrost
Greenpeace Photo taken at Blomstrandbreen Glacier in a remote Arctic island
Flight of polar bears on melting ice
>FLOODING
�EFFECTS OF SEA LEVEL RISE
� Longer droughts have been observed since the
1970’s
CALAMITIES AND DISASTERS
VARIABILITY IN TEMPERATURE > EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
VARIABILITY IN TEMPERATURE
DISRUPT CYCLE OF
PLANTING AND
HARVESTING
DISRUPTS FEEDING HABITS,
MIGRATION AND
REPRODUCTIVE PATTERN OF ANIMALS
DEVASTATIONS FROM EL NINO AND LA NINA
�LOW PRODUCTIVITY AND
FOOD SHORTAGE
�LOSS OF INCOME OF POOR FARMERS AND FISHERMEN
EFFECT TO RESILIENCE OF ECOSYSTEMS
� Changing weather patterns alter migration and reproduction
patterns of species
� HEALTH RISKS:
VARIABILITY IN TEMPERATURE > HEATWAVES & EXTREME COLD FRONTS
--- HIGH RISK FOR THE OLD, THE SICK, CHILDREN AND THE POOR
�Typhoons and Floods
The Philippines is located in the typhoon belt. An average of 20 typhoons visit the country every
year
Source: PAGASA
LANDSLIDES MUD FLOWS
32,400 Kilometers, Longest Coastline
����INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) ESTABLISHED BY UNITED NATIONS IN 1988:
-- PROVIDE SCIENTIFIC PROOF OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- ASSESS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT -- FORMULATE RESPONSE STRATEGIES
1990 – IPCC SCIENTIFICALLY CONFIRMED EXISTENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
•UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
(UNFCCC) SIGNED BY 154 HEADS OF STATES/REPRESENTATIVES IN RIO DE
JANEIRO IN 1992:
•ENTERED INTO FORCE IN MARCH 1994
•AGREEMENT TO STABILIZE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
•DEVELOPED COUNTRIES COMMITTED TO REDUCE THEIR GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS TO 1990 LEVEL BY YEAR 2000.
•MANDATED ALL MEMBERS TO HAVE INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS AND DEVELOP STRATEGIES/PROGRAMS TO ADAPT TO AND
MITIGATE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
•Provided flexibility to developed
countries in meeting their emission
reductions.
•Established the Clean Development
Mechanism or CDM,
•Allows Developed Countries to Offset
their Greenhouse Gas Emission by
buying Equivalent amount from projects
intended to absorb Greenhouse Gases
•Majority of Projects are in Developing
Countries
���� KYOTO PROTOCOL ADOPTED BY 10,000 DELEGATES IN KYOTO, JAPAN
-- ENTERED INTO FORCE In FEBRUARY 2004 PRESENTLY, 169
COUNTRIES HAVE RATIFIED THE
PROTOCOL
-- PROVIDE FOR CLEARER AND
BIGGER TARGET OF 5%
REDUCTION IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES BY 2012
-- NO REDUCTION REQUIREMENT
FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Addressing Climate Change:
Adaptation Measures PREVENT/MINIMIZE LOSS OF LIVES, DAMAGE TO
PROPERTIES AND ENSURE FOOD SECURITY
Mitigation Measures PREVENT/REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES
The Philippines is a signatory and have ratified both the United Nations Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto
Protocol
•Bio-Fuels Programs
•Ethanol
•Jethropa (Initial 375,000 Hectares Allocated for Production)
•CoCo-Diesel
•Compressed Natural Gas
Signed Memorandum of
Understanding, with Chinese investor
R. A NO. 9637 – BIOFUEL ACT
MANDATORY MIXING IN THE FOLLOWING AMOUNT:
1% BIODIESEL IN PETRODIESEL AND 5% ETHANOL IN GASOLINE FOR FIRST 4 YEARS. 2% BIODIESEL IN PETRODIESEL AND 1O% ETHANOL IN GASOLINE AFTER 4 YEARS.
� CAMPAIGN AGAINST VIOLATORS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
�CAMPAIGN VS.
SMOKE BELCHERS
�CAMPAIGN VS.
POLLUTING INDUSTRIES
RA 9003 – ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT:
643 OPEN DUMPSITES
384 CONTROLLED DUMPSITES
98 SANITARY LANDFILL
NSWMC, 3rd Q 2011
ASSISTING LGU’S IN
WASTE PROPER
MANAGEMENT
NSWMC, 3rd Q 2011
•Cordillera Administrative Region
(Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mt.
Province and Baguio City)
→Safe Disposal of Residual Wastes
• There are 18 open and controlled dumpsites in the Region and 3
sanitary landfills being constructed in the municipalities of La Trinidad, Benguet; Bangued, Abra and Alfonso Lista, Ifugao
No. of MRFs
No. of Brgys served
Total no. of brgys
Compliance rate
158 167 1,174 14.22%
→Reduction of wastes to be disposed
→Volume of waste generated ● 600 tons per day
• 13.5 tons per day of Methane produced
Province No. of MRF Total Barangays Rate of
Compliance
Benguet 37 143 25.87 %
Apayao 27 131 20.61%
Kalinga 6 150 4.00%
Ifugao 5 175 2.80%
Mt. Province 63 144 43.75%
Abra 12 303 3.96%
Total 150 1046 14.34%
•Number of MRFs per Province
• SHIFT IN ENERGY MIX FROM FOSSIL FUELS (OIL
AND COAL) TO RENEWABLE SOURCES (WATER, WIND, NATURAL GAS, GEOTHERMAL, SOLAR)
• PRESENT MIX: FOSSIL FUELS- 58.4% AND RENEWABLE SOURCES- 41.6%
• TARGET: FOSSIL FUELS – 49.2% AND RENEWABLE SOURCES- 50.8% BY 2014.
Bangui
(Wind power)
Leyte
(Geothermal plant)
Ambuklao Dam (Hydropower)
58 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects from
Philippines registered at CDM Executive Board. 2.26 M
CERs. Most are waste to energy projects.
Philippines Ranks 10th in the World in terms of Number of
CDM Projects Accepted by U.N.
CDM projects submitted to DENR, these are waste to
energy, renewable energy (wind, geothermal and hydro),
Biogas and Composting Project
STRATEGIES/MEASURE
EXPAND VEGETATION COVER
ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
NEED MORE TREESNEED MORE TREESNEED MORE TREESNEED MORE TREES
� EVERYBODY TO PLANT 10 TREES/ YEAREVERYBODY TO PLANT 10 TREES/ YEAREVERYBODY TO PLANT 10 TREES/ YEAREVERYBODY TO PLANT 10 TREES/ YEAR
� E.O. 26 (2011 TO 2016)E.O. 26 (2011 TO 2016)E.O. 26 (2011 TO 2016)E.O. 26 (2011 TO 2016)
� 2011 : NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM = 2011 : NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM = 2011 : NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM = 2011 : NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM =
1.5 BILLION1.5 BILLION1.5 BILLION1.5 BILLION TREES FOR TREES FOR TREES FOR TREES FOR 1.5 MILLION HECTARES1.5 MILLION HECTARES1.5 MILLION HECTARES1.5 MILLION HECTARES
*ENHANCE WATER
RETENTION, MINIMIZE FLOODING, EROSION
AND SILTATION AND PROTECT OUR AGRICULTURAL AND COASTAL AREAS, PROVIDE HABITAT FOR OUR BIODIVERSITY & CREATE MORE CARBON SINK TO MITIGATE GLOBAL WARMING
*ENHANCE WATER
RETENTION, MINIMIZE FLOODING, EROSION
AND SILTATION AND PROTECT OUR AGRICULTURAL AND COASTAL AREAS, PROVIDE HABITAT FOR OUR BIODIVERSITY & CREATE MORE CARBON SINK TO MITIGATE GLOBAL WARMING
� ADAPTATION MEASURES TO MITIGATE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE:
•GEO-HAZARD MAPPING - IDENTIFY AREAS MOST
VULNERABLE TO LANDSLIDES
AND FOREWARN COMMUNITIES.
•COMPLETED GEO-HAZARD
MAPPING OF 27 PROVINCES
LOCATED IN EASTERN SEABOARD (MOST VULNERABLE TO TYPHOONS.
���� Climate Change Act signing ���� Climate Change Act signing
October 23, 2009 * Malacañang
R.A. 9729 - CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2009
R.A. 9729 - CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2009
SALIENT FEATURES OF RA 9729
�Creation of CCC
�National Climate Change Plan (National)-NCCAP
�Local Climate Change Plan (LGUs) - LCCAP
WHAT CAN WE DO?
WHAT CAN
PATLEPAM
DO?
Care
Help Act New Green Empower
“Climate change will not be effectively managed until
individuals and communities
recognize that their behavior
can make a difference.”
The Royal Society, Climate Change: what we know
and what we need to know. (2002)