R2P 　Chapter 3&4

Daniel HasegawaReina Sumiya

Outline• 1. The responsibility to Prevent

• 2. The Responsibility to React

The responsibility to Prevent

• Commitment to prevention

• Early warning and analysis

• Root cause prevention efforts

• Direct prevention efforts

Commitment to prevention

• -The Responsibility to Protect Implies the Responsibility to Prevent

• -The international Community needs to go from empty words to visible commitment

• Prevention must come before Intervention

• 3.2• -Prevention of Deadly Conflict depends on

the states themselves • -General Prevention Methods: ensure

accountability and good governance, protect human rights, promote social and economic development, and a fair distribution of resources

 

• 3.3• -Although the sovereign states are

responsible the international community can not turn a blind eye

• -Sovereign states are responsible for prevention but without support from the international community it often doesn’t succeed

• -Required international support examples: support for local initiatives for good governance, humans rights, and rule of law in addition to mediation efforts.

• 3.4• The basic point of prevention is to reduce

and eliminate the need for intervention

• 3.9Effective Prevention of Conflict• 1. Early Warning• 2. Prevention Toolbox• 3. Political Will

Early warning and analysis• 3.10

-lack of warning can be exaggerated-although lack of warning is relevant the usual problem is timely response

• 3.12-early warning about dealy conflict is essentially ad hoc and unstructured-quality is variable and coordination is very basic or non-existent

• 3.16-The UN doesn’t do much with early warning.-The reason the UN can not do much is because many countries refuse to share their information. Believing it will compromise their own intelligence networks.

• -The solution to this is to create a special unite that can receive and analyze special information. This unit would report directly to the secretary-general and would be staffed by a small number of personal trained in conflict prevention

• 3.17 Regional and Sub-Regional Actors-These are important because they are better placed to understand local situations and dynamics.

Root cause prevention effort

• -The Security Council has stressed the importance of responding to root causes of conflict and the need to pursue long term preventative strategies.

You must differentiate between “root” causes and “direct” causes some root causes include poverty, political repression, and uneven distribution of resources.

Basic preventative strategies are the promotion of human rights and the protection of minority rights.

In all root cause prevention has 4 main dimensions.Political, Economic, Legal, Military

Direct prevention efforts

• 3.25• Direct Prevention is composed of the same

elements as root prevention.• -Political• -Economic• -Legal• -Military

• -Direct Prevention reflects the shorter time available to act. It is usually applied in the form of straightforward assistance, positive inducements, or threatened “punishments.”

• -The main goal, as with root prevention, is to make it unnecessary to use directly coercive measures.

• 3.34• One of the problems with prevention is that

many states are reluctant to accept any international preventive measures. The fear is that “internationalization” will start further interference, which will result in intervention.

• -There are 2 answers to this problem. For policy makes to be more sensitive and for the states themselves to understand that increased resistance can often times lead to intervention.

The Responsibility to React

• Premise

• Non-military action• Decision to intervene

Non-military action

Coercive measure short of military force

• Military area• Economic area• Politic and diplomatic area

Military area

• Arms embargoes• Ending military cooperation and training

programs

Economic area

• Financial sanctions• Restriction on income generating activities• Restriction on access to petroleum products• Aviation bans

Politic and diplomatic area

• Restriction on diplomatic representation• Restriction on travel• Suspension o membership pr exclusion

from international or regional bodies• Refusal to admit a country to membership

of a body

Decision to intervene

Non-military intervention

Military intervention

• Extreme case• Six criteria

Six criteria for military intervention

• Right authority • Just cause• Right intention• Last resort• Proportional means• Reasonable prospects

Just cause-loss of life-

• “Large scale of loss, actual or apprehended, with genocidal intent or not, which is the product either of deliberate state action, or state neglect or inability to act, or a failed state situation”

Just case- ethnic cleansing -

• “Large scale “ethnic cleaning,” actual or apprehended, whether carried out by killing, forced expulsion, act of terror or rape.”

Just case-Excluded situations-

• Military intervention human rights violations

• Population is denied its democratic rights by a military take-over

• The use of military force by a state

Right intention

• The primary purpose of the intervention must be halt or avert human suffering

• 3 ways of ensure

Last resort• The action should be taken after other

solutions

Proportional means• The scale should be the minimum necessary

Reasonable prospects• Military action should have chance to

success to solve the problem

Thank you for listening