By Thermax Ltd.1

Thermax Welcomes

For Presentation On

SOLAR ENERGY AND COOLING TECHNOLOGIES: EXHILRATING DEVELOPMENTS

Dr. R R SondeEVP, RTICThermax Limited

By Thermax Ltd.2

Hypothesis

Right technology, commensurate policy support and large scale deployment strategy are key to proliferation of new technologies in energy and environment landscape.

In solar cooling, this is no different and in fact such a strategy is more relevant

What is needed in fact in solar cooling is that 70% of component level technologies are already available and the focus is to integrate the component level developments into system level and demonstrate large number of proto scale plants. Large scale innovations will happen as this process catches up the momentum

Not undermining the exhilarating R&D developments in cooling domain which will be continue to bring new innovations in the existing technology

By Thermax Ltd.3

Current total installed cooling is 35000 MWeforming 28.7% of the installed capacity

Of the yearly capacity addition a staggering 25 to 30% of the power generation is estimated for Cooling

Non availability of “Real Power” in Rural India leading to 30 to 40 % of Post Harvest Produce being wasted and 1% only being processed

“Virtual Power” in Cooling….

By Thermax Ltd.4

Cooling Applications – Potential and Energy Demand

30300100 - 1000Space Cooling

48401.5 - 7.0Domestic Refrigeration

1158515 - 100Cold Storage –Deep Freezing

1008015 - 500Cold Storage –Fruits and Vegetables

15012015 - 500Industrial Refrigeration

250022403.5 - 3500Comfort Cooling

10001500100 - 7000Industrial Process Cooling

Fossil Fuel Energy MW

India Market PotentialMW/ yr

Capacity range kW

Application Current total installed cooling is 35000 MWeforming 28.7% of the installed capacity

The additional yearly capacity is occurring at staggering 25 to 30% of the proposed power generation to be added as per 11th plan.

Challenge Challenge therefore is to therefore is to find alternate find alternate energy sourcesenergy sources

By Thermax Ltd.5

Cooling Applications

55 DEG C

35 DEG C

45 DEG C

COMFORT COOLING

PROCESS COOLING

AGRO COLD STORAGE

INDUSTRIL REFRIGERATION

PROCESSED FOOD COLD STORAGE

FREEZE DRYING

CRYOGENICS

25 DEG C

10 DEG C

0 DEG C

-15 DEG C

-60 DEG C

-75 DEG C

-40 DEG C

COOLING WATER

HEATING

SPACE COOLING This forms 80% of total cooling

Dispersed all over in small size, large numbers

By Thermax Ltd.6

Temperature

Size

Rural Cold

Storage

Complex industrialProjects requiring coolingbelow zero deg C

UrbanComfortCooling<100 kW

Comfort Cooling>100 kW

Cooling Landscape

5kW 5000 kW

25 D EG C

- 40 D EG C

Each of the domain is unique in its target parameters

Can use alternate means of energy-thermal

By Thermax Ltd.7

THERMODYNAMIC COMPARISON BETWEEN ELECTRICITY AND THERMAL

Electricity driven vs. thermal cooling

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

COP of Electricity driven machines

Targ

et C

OP

for

Ther

mal

m

achi

nes

Electricity Efficiency = 26% net Electricity Efficiency 35%net

Water cooled – 12-17air cooled – 12-17

By Thermax Ltd.8

Tem

pera

ture

Size

Rural Cold

Storage

Complex industrialProjects requiring coolingbelow zero deg C

UrbanComfortCooling<100 kW

Comfort Cooling>100 kW

Target Parameters: COP

5kW 5000 kW

25 DEG C

- 40 DEG C

COP (th) > 1.25-1.5 COP (e)

COP (th) > 0.75-1.0 COP (e)

COP (th) > 0.5COP (e)

By Thermax Ltd.9

Thermal

Challenges & Directions: Conventional vs. Solar

1.5kW

η=30%T&D Losses

15%Compression Chiller

1kW

CONVENTIONAL COOLING

COP=3

Rs.5700

H ow do w e bridge the

Capex G ap?

SOLAR COOLING

Sorption Chillerη=60%

1.5kW

1kW

COP=1.1

R.73,000

Rs.5700

Saving of 1.5 kW power for every kW cooling

By Thermax Ltd.10

Solar Energy Conversion Routes

SOLAR

Photovoltaic

Solar ThermalTracking

Edge AngleFocal Length Absorber Diameter

Reflector (Parabolic Trough, EVT, Flat Plate, Fresnel)

Aperture

By Thermax Ltd.11

Target parameters

Broad parameters for comparison(electricity driven vs. thermal)1. COP of cooling machine 2. Efficiency of power generation, T&D vs. direct thermal energy transfer3. Air cooling vs. water cooling4. Compactness of the system –W eight per KW cooling5. Cost of the system –Rs/KW

Photovoltaic vs. Solar Thermal1. COP of cooling machine 2. Efficiency PV vs direct solar thermal3. Compactness of the system –W eight (or area) per KW cooling includes solar part4. Cost of the system –Rs/KW includes solar part

By Thermax Ltd.12

Solar Thermal & PV Cost Comparisons

At the current PV costs, thermal more promising At the current PV costs, thermal more promising

1 kW Cooling

COP 3 0.33 kW Effi - 10%

3.3 kW

PV Route

1 kW Cooling

COP 1.1 0.9 kW Effi – 60%

1.5 kW

Thermal Route

4 m2

Panel

Rs. 95,000

Rs. 73,0002.1 m2 reflector

Yet wherever direct beam radiation is low PV is the only preferrYet wherever direct beam radiation is low PV is the only preferred ed option option –– typically in coastal regionstypically in coastal regions

By Thermax Ltd.13

Current Status of thermal Technology

Absorption

Adsorption

Desiccants

Sorption Technology Global TrendCOP

0.7 – 1.4

0.4 - 0.6

0.6

Solar Tech Rs.Lacs

η%

Concentrators

EVT/Flat Plate

EVT/Flat Plate

60

45

45

0.73

1.50

3.20

Current technologies of solar cooling will not achieve parity withConventional cooling – order of magnitude increase in cost

Supply air temperature: 17 / 34 Deg C

By Thermax Ltd.14

Solar Absorption Cooling

Solar Energy

Flat Plate Collector

40%

Operating Temp.

90 deg. C

Single Effect Vapor

AbsorptionCOP 0.7

357 143 100

COOLING

Solar Energy

Conc. Solar

Collector65%

Operating Temp.

90 deg. C

Single Effect Vapor

AbsorptionCOP 0.7

220 143 100

COOLING

Solar Energy

Conc. Solar

Collector60%

Operating Temp.

160 deg. C

Double Effect VaporAbsorption

COP 1.1151 91 100

COOLING

Which one is better and more cost effective option?

With increased source temp solar energy requirement and hence area decreases

By Thermax Ltd.15

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Source Temperature

So

lar

Co

st L

akh

Rs.

COP0.4

COP0.7 COP

1.3

Solar Cooling Technology: Space, Process and Comfort Applications Cooling (large size)

FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR

+ADSORPTION

EVT COLLECTOR

+ABSORPTION

PARABOLIC TROUGH

COLLECTOR+

ABSORPTION

Enhance COP to 1.0

Enhance COP to above 1.3

Developments for optimizations

Cost of a conventional unit- Absorption

Basis

1 TR

@ 12 deg C COP improvements directly reduce the solar cost

By Thermax Ltd.16

Current State of Art

High COP of 1.4 achieved by Thermax

R&Dreaching 90%

thermodynamic limits

Challenge is therefore to enhance COP and reduction of cost of medium temperature solar collectors- requires innovative solutions

By Thermax Ltd.17

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

CYCLE C

OP

Flow path Changed

Flow path and tubes

Two Stage Evaporation

Additional Heat

Exchanger

Split evaporator

COP improvement in Double Effect

By Thermax Ltd.18

Absorption: Performance & Cost benchmarks

Current Technology

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250TEMP °C

CO

ST

Lakh

Rs

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250TEMP °C

CO

ST

Lakh

Rs

Total

Solar

VAM

With Developmental targets

0255075

100125150175200

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250

TEMP °C

CO

ST

Lak

h R

s

By Thermax Ltd.19

Solar Collector Technology

560 DEG C

400 DEG C

150 DEG C

90 DEG C

TowerDish – moving Focus

CLFR PT Dish – Fixed Focus

EVT Flat Plate

By Thermax Ltd.20

Solar Field Temperature is an important Parameter

Efficiency Dependence of Solar Power Plant

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

Fluid Temp (Deg C)

Effi

cien

cy %

Solar Field

Rankine Cycle

Overall

Temp in Rural Project

Hardly any gain in temp. beyond 230 deg C.

Whereas receiver tube technology changes to vacuum design to improve collection efficiency

By Thermax Ltd.21

Development Methodology- Optics

30% cost reduction, 50% weight reduction

Target Development Mechanism• Develop Vendor• Establish optimal

optics properties• Test for Corrosion

Aluminum Reflector

5 % improvement in efficiency

Target Development Mechanism• Develop Vendor• Establish optimal

optics properties• Test for Corrosion

Front coated mirror

4 % improvement in efficiency

Target Development Mechanism• Develop nano

coating• Vendor

development for coating

High transmittance

coating

By Thermax Ltd.22

Development Methodology-Optics

1 to 3% efficiency improvement

Target Development Mechanism• Develop Coatings• Establish performance

parametersAntidust coating

2-3% improvement

Target Development Mechanism

• Nano coating to improve efficiency at higher temp

Absorber Coating

Automated Control

Target Development Mechanism• Develop both axis

tracking• Improve tracking

efficiency

Tracking & control

mechanisms

By Thermax Ltd.23

Reflector

Coated Aluminum(Hindalco)

Composite CGCRI• 30% cost reduction

• 50% weight reduction

By Thermax Ltd.24

Coating

• Antireflection nanocoating• 4% Efficiency increase

Front coatingEfficiency by 5%

Antidust coating - 2% High transmittance nano coating - 3%

By Thermax Ltd.25

Development Methodology –Control & Mechanics

2 to 4% efficiency improvement

Target Development Mechanism

• Control philosophy for large array of dishes

Advanced control system

Mechanism

2% efficiency improvement

Target Development Mechanism• Tubular• Cavity• Absorber• Insulations

Receiver development

30% cost reduction• Develop new design• Develop new

composites

Structure design

Target Development

By Thermax Ltd.26

YesNoNoNoNoToxicity

MediumLowMediumHighHighSize

MediumLowHighHighMediumCost

Closed Continuous

Closed-Continuous

Closed – Int.Closed – Int.OpenCycle

11.60.60.50.6-1COP

777718Cooling Temp.

4238353235Heat rejection Temp.

200200150-20080-9070-90Heat Source Temp.

NH3 – Abs.LiBr – Abs.Zeolite - AdsSilica gel -Ads.

Desiccant Solid-Liquid

Parameter

Technology Evaluation

By Thermax Ltd.27

YesNoNoNoNoToxicity

MediumLowMediumHighHighSize

MediumLowHighHighMediumCost

Closed Continuous

Closed-Continuous

Closed – Int.Closed – Int.OpenCycle

11.60.60.50.6-1COP

777718Cooling Temp.

4238353235Heat rejection Temp.

200200150-20080-9070-90Heat Source Temp.

NH3 – Abs.LiBr – Abs.Zeolite - AdsSilica gel -Ads.

Desiccant Solid-Liquid

Parameter

Technology Evaluation Matrix

By Thermax Ltd.28

Cold Storage applications: Indian Scenario

• 65% of Indian population is engaged in agriculture.• The total agriculture output contributes nearly 40% to the

national income.• The Country approximately produces nearly 137 million

tonnes of fruits and vegetables annually

http://www.mpsidc.org/mp07/state-profile/Short-project-profiles/10Cold_chain_facility.pdf

By Thermax Ltd.29

Indian cold storage Existing Market

37%

28%

17%

18%

Above 114Above 5,001

28 to 1143,001 to 5,000

17 to 281,001 to 3,000

Less then 17Less then 1,000

Refrigeration load in TRCold Storage capacity in MT

65% of cold storages are below 50 TR requirements

By Thermax Ltd.30

Cold storage load Pattern

148

188

10792

7864

5036

22

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Last Day ofMarch

Last Day ofApril

May to July Last Day ofJuly

Last Day ofAug

Last Day ofSept

Last Day ofOct

Last Day ofNov

Last Day ofDec

Cold Storage Operation Cycle

TR lo

ad

Product loading period,Max load due to fresh

Product & highInfiltration load

Cold Storage remains Closed as fresh product is

easily available in the market

Product goes out for sale@ 15% per month

Cold Storage remainsClosed for Jan & Feb

Maximum Load in March, April, May and June

By Thermax Ltd.31

Technology Developments

– Ammonia absorption refrigeration system having 20% higher COP using New working pair.

– Air cooled Ammonia absorption refrigeration system.• Aircooled absorber• Aircooled Condenser

– Small capacity ammonia absorption refrigeration system (15kw) development.

– Optimizing source temperature requirement– Corrosion inhibitor development for new working pair– Development of heat and mass transfer additive for new working pair– Design and development of small capacity biomass gasifier and small

capacity100% producer gas driven gas engine– Low Cost, Medium Temperature Solar Collector development

By Thermax Ltd.32

Technology Developments

• Wide Temperature Range- -1deg.C to 7deg.C (for vegetables)- 7deg.C to 10deg. C (for Potatoes and Tomatoes)…..Higher COP Cooling Machine Possible

• Short duration of storage• Different Heat load patterns – daily and seasonal • Requirement of fast Cooling

By Thermax Ltd.33

Solar – biomass hybrid Rural Cold Storage : Technology Developments

BiomassGasifier

GasEngine

Absorption Chiller

Cold Storage

15 kW

Auxillary power 5 kWe

Solar

Exhaust Gas

Power output 7 kWe

20% higher COP using New working pair

AircooledabsorberAircooledCondenser

small capacity biomass gasifierdevelopment

small capacity producer gas Engine

Low Cost, Medium Temperature Solar Collector development

Corrosion InhibitorHeat and mass transfer additive

15kW Ammonia VAM

By Thermax Ltd.34

Making Solar Cooling Viable

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Project R&D Product Commercial Product

Rs

in L

ac fo

r 10

0 K

w c

oolin

g

R&D to driveFeed in Tariff support

R&D Cost

Equipment

The cost of solar cooling should collapse to a value of Rs. 20,000-30,000 (depending on applications)

By Thermax Ltd.35

Solar Cooling : What is needed???

Clearly capital cost/ kWc need to be brought down by a whooping order of magnitude – parity with electricity driven system

Efficiency: 62.5% +

Capital : Rs.30,000/kWc

Medium temp.solar collectorswith indigenouscomponents

COP Target: 1.6 +

Capital : Rs.50,000/kWc

Cost effectivehigh efficiencycooling engine(COP in excessof 1.6 and cost reduction)

Mass manufacturing

Economy of scaleEconomy of indigenization

Appropriate policyInstruments

Feed-in Tariff

By Thermax Ltd.36

Proliferating solar cooling and releasing “Virtual Power”

Current State

Rs. 73,000/ kW

Sem i-Com m ercial

Rs. 50,000/ kW

Target

Rs. 30,000/ kW

Intensive Research and Technology driven proof –of-concepts

Several demonstration plants for different applications

Academia-Industry-Government

Industry-Government

Policy support

Feed-in-tariff of Rs.15/kWh =Rs. 4.5 /KWC

Government

Mass scale deployment in tandem with manufacturing capacity creation

Policy support

Reduced Feed-in-tariff of Rs.7.5/kWh = 2.25/kwc

Industry-Government Government

Target

Rs. 20,000/ kWNo F-i-T

By Thermax Ltd.37

Thanks