r-^ i,-.-.. y c i ^ c* t

THE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN

A N N U A L R E P O R T

OF THE SHELLAC RESEARCH BUREAUFor the Year 1937-1938

NOVEMBER, 1938

PRINTED IN U. S. A.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN

A N N U A L R E P O R T

OF THE SHELLAC RESEARCH BUREAU

For the Year 1937-1938

To the Polytechnic Institute and the United States ShellacImporters Association:

The amount of interest shown in our investigations by Americanconsumers and manufacturers during the past year has been mostgratifying. It is indeed a very pleasant task to review the activities ofthe Shellac Research Bureau for this period in this fourth publishedAnnual Report.

This interest has been reflected in the large number of specificinquiries which we have received totalling nearly a hundred. Many ofthe inquirers have asked for information -with respect to the propertiesand uses of lacs, methods for modifying lac, its chemical constitutionand the properties of the new products developed in this and ourforeign affiliated laboratories. Approximately 4100 reprints of articlesdescribing our investigations upon lac have been distributed during theyear to persons and firms seriously interested in the use of this resin.Many of the parties have visited the Institute and personally discussedtheir problems with us.

One of the highlights of the year was a visit by Sir David Meek,Indian Trade Commissioner in London, and Mr. A. J. Gibson, SpecialOfficer Lac Inquiry, and Director of t the London Shellac ResearchBureau. We had the pleasure of spending many hours discussing variousphases of our cooperative work and exchanging views upon how ourinvestigations might best benefit the consumer of lac.

SEED-LACS FOR WHITE SHELLACS

Large quantities of seed-lacs are imported into this country for themanufacture of bleached lacs for use in spirit varnishes, lacquer andnumerous other preparations. One of the most important factors in thisprocess is the quality of the seed-lac purchased.

This quality has been determined by a bleaching test developed forthis specific purpose, but analysts have had occasional difficulty whenusing this method in obtaining duplicate results within the narrowlimits which have been adopted.

The Bureau undertaking a study of the bleaching method hadtwo trained analysts, Messrs. Blann and Koprowski, carefully review the

official procedure set forth for the test. They had been previouslyunacquainted with the method but were able easily to obtain duplicateresults within one addition of bleach solution with the method as it hadbeen written. Quintuplicate determinations showed the method to havethe precision originally claimed for it. Values agreed in all instanceswith those previously obtained by the official analyst for the samplesstudied.

A careful study was then made of the effect of varying withinreasonable limits all of the possible factors which might influence theresults. Only one of these, the length of time which the soda solutionof the lac was heated during the initial stage of the test, had anyappreciable affect upon the amount of bleach solution consumed by anyof the samples. This effect appeared to be due to the presence of anatural impurity which might be readily soluble in the hot aqueoussoda solution, but insoluble in alcohol, so that it would generally beclassified as part of the natural insoluble material. The insoluble partof the dirt, and the wax did not effect the bleaching.

This study suggested how the test might be improved from ananalytical standpoint, and the modified procedure was shown to havemany advantages. The investigation clearly indicated also that thebleaching quality of seed'lacs might be greatly improved if the seed-lacswere more thoroughly washed during their manufacture. This had beenpointed out previously by Mr. Murty of the Indian Lac ResearchInstitute.

AFFECT OF ADDING ROSIN TO LAC DURING BLEACHING

Practically nothing was known in regard to what takes placewhen rosin was oxidized, especially in the presence of lac where itmight be added as an adulterant during the bleaching of this resin.Several series of bleached shellac samples were prepared containingamounts of rosin up to ten percent. The presence of small amountsaided in the dispersion of the wax so that less bleach solution wasrequired for these samples than was necessary to add to the controlto obtain a standard colored product. In contrast, the addition of fivepercent or more prevented the lac solution from reaching a normalendpoint. The rosin in all instances appeared to react more rapidlywith the sodium hypochlorite solution than did the lac or its mvpurities.

The amount of oxidation which the lac underwent during bleach'ing appeared to lead to a constant value. The degree of oxidation ofthe rosin, however, depended upon the amount of sodium hypo-chlorite used for bleaching. The amount of oxidation was greaterwhere the rosin had been oxidized first by air.

Only a relatively small amount of chlorine was added to the rosinduring these reactions, but a proportionally large amount was addedto the compounds comprising the lac. Neither resin was completely iV,oxidized or chlorinated. A method has been suggested for determiningthe approximate amount of oxidized rosin in bleached lac samples.

SHELLAC FOR PLASTICS

There is every reason to believe that the phenomenal revival ofthe gramophone industry will be permanent, and that shellac willbe used for plastic compositions in quantities surpassing those pur'chased for this purpose before the introduction of radio. New interestis also being shown in the use of shellac as a bonding agent forelectrical insulators and in the manufacture of small molded articles.Requests for reprints of our previous publications upon the use ofshellac as a plastic exhausted our supply and a new printing has beenmade of them.

The plastic properties of shellacs are an important feature in theiruse in these industries. A comparative study of recent deliveries of F OShellacs gave some interesting information regarding the tentativemethod adopted recently by the American Society for Testing Ma'terials for measuring flow, which is one of these properties. The sameorder of values was obtained when flow was measured by either of theprocedures recommended in their method D411'37T, but it was foundthat the directions as written can only be employed for comparisonpurposes, since samples are used in the condition as received. Bothshellacs and seed-lacs gradually lose their flow upon storage due toloss in moisture. This often occurs during the shipping of the sampleto a distant laboratory. It was found that flow can be revived to alarge extent by proper humidity treatment. The standard method mightbe improved by inserting directions for conditioning the samples justprior to testing.

SHELLAC FOR LACQUERS

A very active interest is being taken in the use of shellac andshellac esters in lacquer. We have succeeded in interesting one manu'facturer in undertaking the development work with a view to produc-ing shellac esters for commercial use. We were able to distribute alimited number of samples of this product and reports are veryenthusiastic in predicting a wide use for it. A few samples of hardlac received from our London Bureau have also been distributed.

A preliminary study was made of the compatibility of the ethylesters of shellac with cellulose nitrate and several commonly usedlacquer resins, as a means for judging the possibilities of using shellacesters as resin-plasticizers in lacquers. This survey included the use ofthe newer type of urea resins.

FINISHES FOR LINOLEUM

None of the commercial finishes for linoleum proved satisfactorywhen subjected to severe wear during a series of practical tests. Shellacfinishes also proved to be too brittle. Removal of the wax from plasti-cised shellac varnishes, improved their water resistance, but materiallyshortened their life when subjected to severe abrasion. These studiesare being continued in an attempt to develop an ideal type of finish,which will be both water-resistant and flexible.

PACKAGING FOR SHELLAC

Further studies showed that wax-lined plated containers developedin this laboratory by Dr. Bruins could be economically manufacturedfor packaging shellac. These cans completely protected the varnishfrom contamination with iron during its normal life. Contaminationwas observed however to take place in every instance with containersnow in general use. This investigation was summarized in a paperpresented before the American Chemical Society at the MilwaukeeMeeting in September. Dr. Bruins has also personally discussed hisstudy with representatives of many manufacturers of metal shellaccontainers in this country.

NEW ADAPTATIONS

There is also considerable current interest in possible new adapta-tions of shellac in the coating of paper, in its use as an adhesive, as animpregnating resin, and as the major ingredient of cold top enamelsfor photoengraving. Studies of each of these subjects have beenincluded in the program for the present year.

SHELLAC ACIDS

The use of shellac as a raw material for the possible commercialproduction of hydroxy-acids is also one which has interested severallarge manufacturers, since the publication of some of our studies uponthe constitution of shellac. In order to explore this possibility, twotwentyfive pound batches of shellac were saponified and separatedinto the various salt fractions of component acids by a scheme whichwas a modification of the one previously developed for use upon asmall scale. This study clearly demonstrated the feasibility of usingsuch a method for obtaining the individual shellac acids or theirisomeric mixtures in large quantities.

A detailed study was made of the fraction of acids which wereobtained as the lead salts by this process. There has been little agree'ment between different investigators in regard to what are the trueconstituents of this fraction of the acids, as pointed out in our lastAnnual Report. When the lead salts are converted to the acids, anamorphous mixture is obtained, which Dr. Weinberger believed to bea single constituent, and which was named for convenience lacolliclactone. Mr. Kirk has now isolated from similar products by crystal'libation small amounts of three new acids. Two of these melt at226°C. One appears to be a homologue of shellolic acid and the othera dihydroshellolic acid. The third acid melting at 246°C appears tobe an isomer of Dr. Nagel's acid (Ber. 55B, 3833, 1931). The majorconstituents of this fraction of acids, however, could not be separatedby crystallisation except upon esterification. The reaction with methylalcohol readily yielded a crystalline methyl ester melting at 150°'151°C. which showed no lowering in melting point when mixed indifferent proportions with a sample of Dr. Nagel's dimethyl shellolate(m.p. 149-150°C.) The same was true for the acid and hydrazide

obtained from this ester. The hydrazide was prepared by treatingdimethyl shellolate with hydrasine hydrate for 15 minutes.

Dimethyl shellolate was the only crystalline product producedupon direct esterification of the lead salts. It was obtained in yieldsapproximately 40 percent of the fraction of acids. The balance of theesterified acids proved to be condensates which after saponificationyielded crystalline shellolic acid. There is still much to be learnedconcerning shellolic acid. Whether it occurs in shellac as such, orwhether it occurs as an isomer or lactone can be determined only byfurther study.

ELECTRICAL STUDIES

The periodic variation of the dielectric constant and electricallosses of shellac varnish films during drying was verified by a newseries of measurements made at 7.5 percent relative humidity. Theresults indicated that this peculiar periodic phenomenon has an im'portant physical significance. Absorption tests established that it wasin part caused by the presence of alcohol and moisture in the films.These tests have considerable technical importance. An electrode hasalso been devised whereby it will be possible to make electrical mea-surements during the drying of the films without removing them fromthe conditioning oven. This will eliminate a number of disturbinginfluences and will now permit a closer study of this interestingphenomenon.

REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

The above investigations have been described in detail in the twoprinted semi-annual reports for the year 1937-1938. They are alsocovered in condensed form in the eight mimeographed monthly reportswhich were issued for the private use of the various sponsoringorganizations. The packaging of shellac varnish, and review of thebleaching test are also described in special mimeographed reports.

Several technical and non-technical papers for general distributionhave been prepared in addition to the private reports. Those whichhave been issued as reprints of articles appearing in various journalsduring the year comprise the following:

(1) Spray Technology for Protective and Decorative Coatings,B. Gross—Reprinted in 1937, from Metal Cleaning andFinishing, 8, No. 7 and No. 8, (1936); Issued as TechnicalPaper No. 19.

(2) Shellac, the Parent of Modern Plastic Resins, W. H. Gardner,Paint Oil Chem. Rev. 99, 34-37 (1937).

(3) Production of Uniform Test Films of Shellac and OtherFinishes, P. F. Bruins, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 9, 376-378(1937); Technical Paper No. 17.

(4) The Relative Effect of Structure and Other Factors on thePermeability of Varnish Films, H. F. Payne, and W. H.

Gardner, Ind. Eng. Chem., 29, 893-898 (1937); TechnicalPaper No. 18.

(5) Shellac, A Growing Factor in Industry, W. H. Gardner,Modern Plastics, 15, 116-117 (1937).

(6) A Systematic Method for Evaluating Lacquer Plasticizers, C. F.Silleck and W. H. Gardner, Paint Oil Chem. Rev., 99, 6-7,27 (1937); Technical Paper No. 20.

(7) T^ature and Constitution of Shellac XII. Separation of theConstituent Acids, B. B. Schaeffer and W. H. Gardner, Ind.Eng. Chem., 30, 333-336 (1938); Technical Paper No. 21.

(8) T^ature and Constitution of Shellac XIII. Fractionation ofShellac by Solvents, B. B. Schaeffer, H. Weinberger, and W.H. Gardner, Ind. Eng. Chem., 451-454, (1938); TechnicalPaper No. 22.

(9) 7S[ature and Constitution of Shellac XIV. Chemical Composi-tion of Shellac, H. Weinberger and W. H. Gardner, Ind. Eng.Chem., 30, 454-458 (1938); Technical Paper No. 23.

The following manuscripts have been accepted for publication:

(10) Factors Affecting Bleaching Quality of Seed-lac, by N. N.Murty, B. Gross, and W. H. Gardner, joint publication withthe Indian Lac Research Institute.

(11) Factors Affecting the Flow of Seed-lacs, by W. H. Gardner,L. Koprowski, and N. N. Murty, joint publication with theIndian Lac Research Institute.

(12) Packaging of Shellac Varnish, by P. F. Bruins, and W. H.Gardner.

(13) Dielectric Tests on Films of Shellac Varnish, E. Ackerlind,and E. Weber.

(14) Shellac and Its Use in Protective Coatings, by W. H. Gardner.Drugs, Oils fe? Paints 12, 438-441 (1938).

A complete list of publications of the Bureau is given in AppendixIV. Reprints of most of these are available to interested persons. Alist of the available publications of the London Shellac ResearchBureau and the Indian Lac Research Institute is given in Appendix V.These may also be obtained by addressing the Shellac ResearchBureau, of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, or the Secretary ofthe United States Shellac Importers Association.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

The fall meeting of Committee D9 on Electrical Insulation andCommittee D20 on Plastics of the American Society for TestingMaterials, held at the New Yorker Hotel in this city, was attendedby Professors Gardner and Weber, and by Mr. Griemsmann. Thespring meeting of these committees held in conjunction with a sym-posium on Plastics was also attended by Professor Gardner. Thisgeneral meeting of the society was held in Rochester, New York,

March 7'11, 1938. At this meeting Professor Gardner reported aschairman for Sub-Committee XIII on Shellac to Committee Dl. Hewas appointed as representative of Committee Dl upon the AmericanStandards Association Committee C59. The latter committee is oneof the advisory bodies to the American Committee of the InternationalElectrotechnical Congress. He was also appointed to be Chairman ofSection B upon abrasion tests of plastics of Sub'committee II ofCommittee D20.

Professors Kirk and Gardner, and Dr. Weinberger attended thefall meeting of the American Chemical Society held in Rochester,New York, September 6'10, 1937. At this meeting, Professor Gardnerwas elected Chairman-Elect of the Paint and Varnish Division. Pro'fessor Gardner and Dr. Bruins attended the Milwaukee, Wisconsin,meeting of this Society on September 6-8, 1938 where ProfessorGardner assumed the duties of Chairman of the Paint and VarnishDivision. He also visited the Forest Products Laboratory of the UnitedStates Government at Madison, Wisconsin, before leaving Milwaukee.Dr. Bruins attended the spring and fall meetings of the AmericanInstitute of Chemical Engineers in White Sulphur Springs, WestVirginia, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Professor Kirk and ProfessorGardner attended the annual meeting of the American Institute ofChemists in New York, and Professor Kirk attended the meeting ofthe same society in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Dr. Ackerlind represented the Institute at the meeting of theElectrochemical Society held in Rochester, New York, October 12'15,1938.

The following papers were presented during the year by membersof the staff or former members, describing the investigations of theBureau:

(1) The Chemical Composition of Shellac, by Dr. Weinbergerbefore the Paint and Varnish Division of the American ChemicalSociety in Rochester, New York, September 9, 1937.

(2) Some Properties of Varnish Films 'Which Affect DielectricMeasurements by Professor Gardner before the Division of Physical andInorganic Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in Rochester,New York, September 9, 1937.

(3) Shellac by Professor Gardner before the North Jersey Section,American Chemical Society, in Elizabeth, New Jersey, October 11,1937.

(4) Packaging of Shellac Varnish by Dr. Bruins before the Paintand Varnish Section of the American Chemical Society, in Milwaukee,Wisconsin, September 8, 1938.

(5) Shellac and Its Uses in Protective Coatings by ProfessorGardner, before the New York Paint and Varnish Production Club,in New York City, October 13, 1938.

(6) Dielectric Tests on Films of Shellac Varnish by Dr. Ackerlindbefore the Electrochemical Society in Rochester, New York, October12, 1938.

8

Professor Gardner has also been invited to present a paperentitled "The Chemistry of Shellac as Compared to Other NaturalResins" before the Chemistry Section of the American Society forAdvancement of Science in Richmond, Virginia, on December 27,1938, and one before the Lehigh Valley Section of the AmericanChemical Society on January 20, 1938, in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Dr. Bruins was elected a member of the American Institute ofChemical Engineers, and reelected a member of the American ChemicalSociety during the year.

STAFF CHANGES

Mr. Longin Koprowski received his degree of M.S. in Chemistrylast June, and Mr. John W. E. Griemsmann his M.E.E. degree. Mr.Koprowski was succeeded by Mr. Henry Hall Bassford, Jr., who wasappointed as Research Assistant. Mr. Bassford received a B.S. degreefrom Yale University in 1933. He was formerly a member of theResearch Department of the Naugatuck Chemical Division of theUnited States Rubber Company, from 19334938. He has received aUnited States patent which was assigned to his former employer, on thepreparation of hydroxy'amino compounds.

Mr. William Blann has been appointed to succeed himself asResearch Analyst, and Messrs. Kirk and Griemsmann have succeededthemselves as Research Fellows.

RECENT ACQUISITIONS AND FUTURE NEEDS

Several additional filing cabinets have been purchased to takecare of the large number of records which have accumulated as aresult of wide interest now being shown in the various shellac investi'gations. The increasing burden which is being placed upon the officeof the Bureau is one which is rapidly approaching a stage whereadditional stenographic assistance will be needed to properly handlethis important phase of our work. The Supervisor and members ofthe staff have also had to devote an increasing amount of their timein corresponding and conferring with interested parties. This hasnaturally detracted to some extent from the productivity in thelaboratory investigations. If the number of inquiries continue toincrease, it may be desirable to divide our work into two distinctdivisions. One division could handle the inquiries and could interestconsumers in the new products developed by the laboratory, while theother division would be only responsible for investigative work. Theperson in charge of the inquiry phase of the work should be in activecontact with the investigators but should be relieved of all responsi-bility for managing the laboratory.

Additional operating space in the laboratory was made availablethrough the purchase of a steel cabinet for the storage of constantlyused chemicals which are consumed from small packages and throughdiscarding a large accumulation of old samples of lac. The laboratorystill needs a conveniently located fire-proof storeroom for large bulk

packages and for organic liquids which are used in large amountscontinuously. The present allotted storage space in 99 LivingstonStreet is not only inconvenient but is needed for storage of chemicalsin the main building.

The laboratory also needs another electrical power line to avoidoverloading the present available circuits.

Respectfully yours,

WM. HOWLETT GARDNER, Ph.D.,A.I.Ch.E., F.A.A.S., F.A.I.C.

Research Professor of Chemical Engineering,and Research Supervisor of the ShellacResearch Bureau.

10

I1

APPENDIX

I. List of Members of the Staff.

II. List of Theses on Shellac, and Related Subjects.

III. List of Private Reports.

IV. List of Publications.

V. List of Available Foreign Publications.

11

APPENDIX I

ORGANIZATION CHART OF SHELLAC RESEARCHat the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn

ADMINISTRATION

HARRY S. ROGERS, B.S., C.E., D.Sc., A.S.C.E., President

RAYMOND E. KIRK, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.I.C., F.A.A.A.S.Head of the Dept. of Chemistry

WM. HOWLETT GARDNER, B. Chem., M.S., Ph.D., A.I.Ch.E.,F.A.A.A.S., F.A.I.C.

Supervisor of Shellac Research

SUPERVISION

WM. HOWLETT GARDNER, B. Chem., M.S., Ph.D., A.I.Ch.E.,F.A.A.A.S., F.A.I.C.

Research Professor of Chemical Engineering

ERNST WEBER, Dr. Phil., Dr. Techn. Ing., A.I.E.E.Research Professor of Electrical .Engineering

PAUL SPOERRI, Ch.E., Ph.D.Assistant Professor of Chemistry

SHELLAC RESEARCH STAFFWith dates of original appointment

WM. HOWLETT GARDNER, M.S., Ph.D., Feb. 1928Research Professor of Chemical Engineering

PAUL F. BRUINS, B.S., M.S., Ph.D., Feb. 1935Research Associate

LONGIN KOPROWSKI, B.S. in Chem., Aug. 1936-1938Research Analyst

PHILIP M. KIRK, B.S., M.A., Sept. 1936Research Fellow;

WILLIAM A. BLANN, A.B., July 1937Research Analyst

JOHN W. E. GRIEMSMANN, B.E.E., July 1937Research Fellow

HENRY H. BASSFORD, JR., B.S., July 1938Research Assistant

(MRS.) MARJORIE F. COE, Sept. 1934Secretary

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APPENDIX II

THESES ON SHELLAC AND RELATED SUBJECTS

DOCTORATE DISSERTATIONS

1. Benjamin B. Schaeffer, B.S., M.S. in Chem., Ph.D. Separation of theConstituent Acids of Shellac. 1936.

2. Harold Weinberger, B.S. in Chem., M.S. in Chem. The Chemical Com'position of Shellac. 1937.

3. Erik Ackerlind, B.E.E., M.S., D.E.E. Dielectrics of Shellac VarnishFilms. 1937.

MASTER'S DISSERTATIONS

4. Harry J. Harris, B.S. in Chem., M.S. Some Studies on the Constitutionof Shellac. 1933.

5. Clarence F. Silleck, B.S. in Chem., M.S. in Chem. The Ethyl Esters ofShellac as a Resavplasticizer; A Systematic Method of Evaluation. 1935.

6. Edward J. Pribyl, B.S. in Chem., M.S. in Chem. A Study of the Prepara'tion of the Ethyl Esters of Shellac. 1936.

7. George A. Pribyl, B.S. in Chem., M.S. in Chem., Some Studies on theEffect of Age on French Varnish; Changes in its Viscosity and in itsCompatibility with Nitrocellulose Solutions. 1936.

8. David M. Sharefkin, B.S., M.S. in Chem., Pyrolysis of Shellac. 1936.9. Frank H. Biele, B.S. in Chem., M.S. A Study of An Abrasion Test for

Shellac. 1937.10. George G. M. Bull, B.S. in Bus. Eng. Admin., M.Ch.E. Preparation of

Shellac'Drying'Oil Varnishes. 1937.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY THESES

11. Harry Burnett, B.S. in Chem., Molecular Weight Determination of Com'plex Compounds, as Applied to Shellac. 1930.

12. Harry J. Harris, B.S. in Chem., A Study of the Preparation of the HeavyMetal Salts of Shellac. 1931.

13. Harold Weinberger, B.S. in Chem., A Study of the Saponification Num'bers of Various Grades of Shellac. 1931.

14. Raymond B. Bradstreet, B.S. in Chem., Isolation of the Yellow Dye fromShellac. 1932.

15. David B. Goldman, B.S. in Chem., Studies on Lac Dye. 1932.16. J. S. Odell, B.S. in Chem., Isolation of Laccaic Acid from Sticklac. 1932.17. George A. Pribyl, B.S. in Chem., An Investigation of a Thiocyanogen

Solution and its Application to Shellac. 1932.18. Frank H. Biele, B.S. in Chem., A Study of the Solubility of TN Shellac

in Aqueous Sodium Carbonate Solutions. 1933.19. Bernard Gross, Pharm. G., Pharm. D., B.S. in Chem., The Compatibility

of Shellac in Lacquer for Aeroplane Coating. 1934.20. William J. Troeller, Jr., B.S. in Chem., A Critical Survey of the Methods

for Determining the Thiocyanogen Numbers of Resins. 1934.21. Herbert A. Moskowitz, B.S. in Chem., Dehydrogenation of Shellac with

Selenium. 1935.22. Edward H. Manahan, B.S. in Chem., Studies on Laccaic Acid. III.

Oxidation. 1936.

13

23. Richard J. Zahner, B.S. in Chem., Studies on Laccaic Acid. II. ZincDistillation. 1936.

24. A. Bartovics, B.S. in Chem., Isolation of Erythrolaccin. 1937.25. R. Beutel, B.S. in Chem., Isolation of Erythrolaccin. 1937.26. S. Davis, B.S. in Chem., Studies on Laccaic Acid. IV. Derivatives. 1937.27. Stanley W. Wegrzyn, B.S. in Chem., Studies on Laccaic Acid. V.

Derivatives. 1937.

BACHELOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THESES

28. Oscar de Sylva, B.Ch.E., A Study of the Nature of the Chlorine Contentin Bleached Shellac. 1932.

29. Henry L. Svirsky, B.Ch.E., A Study of the Nature of the Solubility ofShellac in Sodium Carbonate (Solutions). 1932.

30. Matthew M. Goldberg, B.Ch.E., A Study of the Preparation of the EthylEster of Shellac. 1933.

31. William Kappenberg, B.Ch.E., Some Physical Properties of Shellac Mem-branes. 1933.

32. Alfred F. Tyrrell, B.Ch.E., A Cost Estimate for the Commercial Prepara'tion of Alpha Phenyl Biguanide Hydrochloride (as an Accelerator forShellac). 1933.

33. William P. Henckel, B.Ch.E., Some Studies on the Effect of StorageUpon Shellac. 1934.

34. Robert H. Royer, B.Ch.E., Comparative Abrasive Resistance of VariousShellac Films. 1935.

35. Michael J. Vetere, B.Ch.E., An Investigation of the Use of Sand as aMeans of Preventing Caking of Shellac in Ether. 1935.

36. Ernest Beckman, B.Ch.E., A Study of Cold Solvent Extraction of Shellac.1936.

37. Anthony De Prisco, B.Ch.E., A Study of Wood Fillers for Shellac. 1936.38. Frederick E. Herstein, B.Ch.E., Properties of Films Containing Ethyl

Cellulose and Shellac. 1936.39. Henry Allen Kopp, B.Ch.E., Filtration of Spirit Varnishes. 1936.40. Raymond Marra, B.Ch.E., Compatibility of Benzyl Cellulose and Shellac.

1936.41. Howard Phanstiel, B.Ch.E., Viscosity and its Measurement. 1936.42. Robert M. Schaffner, B.Ch.E., Studies Related to PhotO'engraving. 1936.43. Edgar Theimer, B.Ch.E., A Cost Estimate for the Production of Ethyl

Ester of Shellac. 1936.44. Henry F. Payne, B.Ch.E., The Permeability and Structure of Films. 1937.45. Sam Katz;, B.Ch.E., The Compatibility of Shellac Esters with Resins in

Nitrocellulose Solutions. 1938.46. Charles Overbeck, B.Ch.E., Production of Salts of the Hydroxyacids of

Shellac. 1938.47. George F. Reyling, B.Ch.E., Production of Salts of the Hydroxy-acids of

Shellac. 1938.

BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THESES

48. Marvin Fasig, B.E.E., The Dielectric Strength of A Shellac Plastic De-veloped by the Shellac Research Bureau. 1934.

49. Moses Zedek, B.E.E., The Dielectric Strength of Shellac (Films), 1935.50. Charles Thaw, B.E.E., The Dielectric Strength of Varnish. 1936.51. Vincent Longobardi, Jr., B.E.E., A Dielectric Test of an Insulating Var-

nish. 1937.

14

APPENDIX III

PRIVATE REPORTS

Mimeographed

1. Unpublished Reports of the Shellac Research Bureau 1928 to 1934,123 pp.

2. First Quarterly Report for 1934-1935, 25 pp., 4 tables, 2 fig.3. Second Quarterly Report for 1934-1935, 47 pp., 19 tables, 2 fig.4. First Quarterly Report for 1935-1936, 108 pp., 104 tables, 15 fig.5. Monthly Progress Reports, No. 1-26, 61 pp.6. Alcohol Insolubles in Lacs, B. Gross, 12 pp., 4 tables, 2 fig.7. Improvements in the Water and Weather Resistance of Shellac Varnishes,

P. F. Bruins, 6 pp.8. Determination of Arsenic in Shellac, P. F. Bruins, L. Koprowski and

W. H. Gardner, 17 pp.9. Packaging of Shellac Varnish, P. F. Bruins, 6 pp., 4 tables, 2 fig.

10. A Review of the Bleaching Test, L. Koprowski, W. Blann, and W. H.Gardner, 10 pp., 12 tables.

Printed

11. Second Quarterly Report for 1935-36, 94 pp., 35 tables, 31 fig.12. Third Quarterly Report for 1935-36, 155 pp., 3 tables.13. Fourth Quarterly Report for 1935-36, 54 pp., 20 tables, 12 fig.14. First Semi-Annual Report for 1936-37, 56 pp., 14 tables, 16 fig.15. Second Semi-Annual Report for 1936-37, 60 pp., 48 tables, 7 fig.16. First Semi-Annual Report for 1937-38, 46 pp., 33 tables, 3 fig.17. Second Semi-Annual Report for 1937-38, 46 pp., 14 tables, 20 fig.

APPENDIX IV

CONTRIBUTIONS ON SHELLAC

1. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac I. Preliminary Investigation of theAction of Organic Solvents, by W. H. Gardner and W. F. Whitmore,Ind. Eng. Chem., 21, 226-29 (1929); Farben Ztg., 34, 2776-77 (1929).Technical Paper No. 1.

2. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac II. Potentiometric Titrations in 95Percent Ethyl Alcohol, by W. H. Gardner and W. F. Whitmore, Ind.Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1, 205-208 (1929). Technical Paper No. 2.

3. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac III. Some Observations on the De-velopment of Opacity in Clear Varnish Films, by W. H. Gardner, Ind.Eng. Chem., 23, 1402-04 (1931); Farben Ztg., 37, 1549 (1932). Tech-nical Paper No. 3.

4. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac IV. A Study of the SaponificationNumber, by W. F. Whitmore, H. Weinberger and W. H. Gardner, Ind.Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 4, 48-51 (1932); Farben Ztg., 38, 456 (1933).Technical Paper No. 4.

5. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac V. Effect of Small Amounts of Cer-tain Impurities, by W. H. Gardner, Ind. Eng. Chem., 25", 550-554(1933). Technical Paper No. 5.

6. How Spirit Varnishes May Be Standardized, by W. H. Gardner, Chem.Met. Eng., 40, 144-146 (1933).

7. * Shellac Pigment Compositions, by W. H. Gardner, U. S. Patent 1818804,July 18 (1933).

15

8. * Shellac Ester Lacquers, by W. H. Gardner, U. S. Patent 1910100, May23, (1933).

9. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac VI. The Preparation of SomeHeavy Metal Soaps of Refined Bleached Shellac, by W. H. Gardner,W. F. Whitmore, and H. J. Harris, Ind. Eng. Chem., 27, 696-699 (1933).Technical Paper No. 6.

10. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac VII. Determination of Acid Num-ber, by W. H. Gardner, and H. Weinberger, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal.Ed., 5, 267-270 (1933). Technical Paper No. 7.

11. Physical and Chemical Constants of Shellac, by W. H. Gardner, VanNostrand's Chemical Annual, D. Van Nostrand Co., New York (1933),p. 536.

12. Modern Plastics; A New Old Industry, (Contribution on Shellac, byW. H. Gardner), Silver Anniversary Vol., p. 213, (1933).

13. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac VIII. Thiocyanogen Numbers ofResins, by W. H. Gardner, G. Pribyl and H. Weinberger, Ind. Eng.Chem., Anal. Ed., 6, 259-261 (1934); Technical Paper No. 8.

14. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac IX. Determination of Solubility inOrganic Liquids, by W. H. Gardner and H. J. Harris, Ind. Eng. Chem.,Anal. Ed., 6, 400-402 (1934)1 Technical Paper No. 9.

15. * Official Methods of Analysis, Specifications and General Information onShellac and Bleached Shellac. 63 pp., U. S. Shellac Importers' Associationand the American Bleached Shellac Mfgrs. Association, New York(1934), Bd. of Editors and contributor.

16. Bleaching Test for Seedlac (In Cooperation with the Chemists Committeeof the U. S. S. I. A.), U. S. Shellac Importers' Association and theAmer. Bleached Shellac Mfgrs. Association, New York (1934).

17. Book Review; Scheifile-Kolln; Betreibs Handbuch der Lack-Technik. I.,Apparate u. Machinen., Ind. Eng. Chem., News Ed., 12, 35 (1934) byW. H. Gardner.

18. Nature and Constitution of Shellac X. Compatibility of French Varnishwith Nitrocellulose Solutions, by W. H. Gardner and B. Gross, Ind.Eng. Chem., 27, 168-170 (1935); Technical Paper No. 10.

19. * The Determination of Insoluble Matter in Shellac, by W. H. Gardner,Paint and Varnish Production Mgr., 12, 8, 10, 33 (1935); TechnicalPaper No. 14.

20. * History of Shellac as a Plastic, by W. H. Gardner, British Plastics, 6,459-460, 484 (1935).

21. * Thermoplastic Properties of Shellac, by W. H. Gardner and B. Gross,Brit. Plastics, 6, 514-515, 529 (1935); Technical Paper No. 11.

22. * Improvements in the Manufacture of Shellac Insulators, by W. H. Gard-ner, Brit. Plastics, 6, 524-525 (1935); Technical Paper No. 12.

23. * Shellac Molding Powders, by W. H. Gardner, B. Gross, C. C. Whippleand M. Fasig, Brit. Plastics, 6, 571-574 (1935); Technical Paper No. 13.

24. * Process for Obtaining Shellac Compositions for Molding, by W. H. Gard-ner, U. S. Pat. 1994071, March 12 (1935).

25. * Improved Shellac Composition Containing Dicyandiamides, by W. H.Gardner, U. S. Pat. 2010224, Aug. 6 (1935).

26. * Shellac Sulfanilic Acid Composition, by W. H. Gardner, U. S. Pat.2010225, Aug. 6 (1935).

27. * Composition for Molding and Protective Coating, by W. H. Gardner,U. S. Pat. 2010226, Aug. 6, (1935).

28. * Improved Shellac Composition Containing a Poly-Carboxylic Organic Acidor its Anhydride, by W. H. Gardner, U. S. Pat. 2010227, Aug. 6,(1935).

29. Book Review: Norris, Glover and Aldis; Lac and the Indian Lac ResearchInstitute, Ind. Eng. Chem., News Ed., 13, 288 (1935), by W. H.Gardner.

16

30. Discussion on Pearce's paper on Natural and Synthetic Resins, by W. H.Gardner, A.S.T.M. Symposium on Paint and Paint Materials, p. 136-137,Amer. Soc. Testing Materials, Philadelphia (1935).

31. * Annual Report for the year 1934-1935, of the Shellac Research Bureauof the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1935).

32. The "One-Hundred Thousand" (Lac), by W. H. Gardner, Off. Digest.Fed. Paint Yarn. Prod. Clubs. HO. 150, 393-396 (1935).

33. * A Simple Control Test for Determining the Effect of Heat and Pressureon Plastic Articles Made from Shellac, by W. H. Gardner and B. Gross,Research Note 1, Shellac Research Bureau, Polytechnic Institute of Brook-lyn, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1936).

34. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac XI. Rates of Absorption of Moistureby Shellac Films, by W. H. Gardner and W. Kappenberg, Ind. Eng.Chem., 28, 437-439 (1936); Technical Paper No. 15.

35. * Plastic Properties of Shellac, by W. H. Gardner, Physics 7, 306-310(1936); Technical Paper No. 16.

36. Book Review: Aldis; Shellac Patent Index, Ind. Eng. Chem., News Ed.,14, 334 (1936), by W. H. Gardner.

37. * Annual Report for the Year 1935-36, of the Shellac Research Bureau ofthe Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1936).

38. * Use of the Quinhydrone and Antimony Electrode for PotentiometricTitration of Resin Solutions, by N. N. Murty, and H. Weinberger, withW. H. Gardner, Bui. 25, Indian Lac Research Institute; Research Note2, Shellac Research Bureau, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn,N. Y. (1936). 8 pp.

39. Spray Technology for Protective and Decorating Coatings by B. Gross,Metal Cleaning Finishing, 8, 415-418, 489-491 (1936); Technical PaperNo. 19.

40. The Permeability and Structure of Films, by Henry F. Payne, Off. DigestFed. Paint Yarn. Prod. Clubs, NO. 159, 297-304 (1936).

41. * Shellac, The Parent of Modern Plastic Resins, by W. H. Gardner, PaintOil Chem. Rev., 99, 34-37 (1937).

42. * Production of Uniform Test Films of Shellac and Other Finishes, P. F.Bruins, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 9, 376-378 (1937); TechnicalPaper No. 17.

43. * The Relative Effect of Structure and Other Factors on the Permeabilityof Varnish Films, H. F. Payne, and W. H. Gardner, Ind. Eng. Chem.,29, 893-898 (1937); Technical Paper No. 18.

44. * Shellac, A Growing Factor in Industry, W. H. Gardner, Modern Plastics,15, 116-117 (1937).

45. * A Systematic Method for Evaluating Lacquer Plasticizers, C. F. Silleckand W. H. Gardner, Paint Oil Chem. Rev., 99, 6-7, 27; Technical PaperNo. 20.

46. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac XII. Separation of the ConstituentAcids, B. B. Schaeffer and W. H. Gardner, Ind. Eng. Chem., 30, 333-336(1938); Technical Paper No. 21.

47. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac XIII. Fractionation of Shellac bySolvents, B. B. Schaeffer, H. Weinberger, and W. H. Gardner, Ind.Eng. Chem., 451-454, (1938); Technical Paper No. 22.

48. * Nature and Constitution of Shellac XIV. Chemical Composition ofShellac, H. Weinberger and W. H. Gardner, Ind. Eng. Chem., 30,454-458 (1938); Technical Paper No. 23.

In Press

49. Factors Affecting Bleaching Quality of Seed-lac, by N. N. Murty, B.Gross, and W. H. Gardner, joint publication with the Indian Lac Re-search Institute.

17

50. Factors Affecting the Flow of Seed'lacs, by W. H. Gardner, L. Koprowski,and N. N. Murty, joint publication with the Indian Lac ResearchInstitute.

51. Packaging of Shellac Varnish, by P. F. Bruins, and W. H. Gardner.52. Dielectric Tests on Films of Shellac Varnish, E. Ackerlind and E. Weber.53. Shellac and Its Use in Protective Coatings, by W. H. Gardner.

* Reprints are available for distribution to interested persons by addressing either theSecretary of the U. S. S. I. A., 155 John Street, New York City, or the ShellacResearch Bureau of the Polytechnic Institute, 99 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, NewYork. A limited number of the Indian and British publications can also be so obtained.

APPENDIX V

AVAILABLE FOREIGN PUBLICATIONSPublications of the London Shellac Research Bureau

Technical Paper No. 2. "Identification and Analysis of Lac," by Dr.Bhattacharya. June, 1935.

Technical Paper No. 3. "Fundamental Physical Properties of Lac—Part I—Mechanical Properties of Lac," by Dr. Verman. July, 1935.

Technical Paper No. 4. "Fundamental Physical Properties of Lac—Part II—Thermal Properties," by Dr. Verman. August, 1935.

Technical Paper No. 6. "Sulphitation of Lac," by Drs. Verman andBhattacharya. January, 1936.

Technical Paper No. 7. "Fundamental Physical Properties of Lac—Part III—Electrical Properties," by Dr. Verman. May, 1936.

Technical Paper No. 8. "Darkening of Lac Solutions and the Effect ofOxalic Acid Thereon," by Drs. Verman and Bhattacharya. May, 1936.

Technical Paper No. 9. "Plasticising Lac Films"—Part I—by Drs. Vermanand Bhattacharya. June, 1936.

Technical Paper No. 10. "Fundamental Physical Properties of Lac—PartIV—Optical Properties," by Dr. Verman. July, 1936.

Technical Paper No. 11. "Viscosity of Lac and Hard Lac Resin Solutions,"by Dr. Verman. July, 1937.

Technical Paper No. 12. "Modification of Lac with Higher Fatty Acids andtheir Mixed Glycerol Esters—Part I," by Dr. Bhattacharya. July, 1937.

Technical Paper No. 13. "A New Process for Hard Lac Resin," by Drs.Bhattacharya and Gidvani. May, 1938.

Technical Paper No. 14. "Modification of Lac with Higher Fatty Acids andTheir Mixed Glycerol Esters—Part II." Drs. Bhattacharya, and Gidvani. June,1938.

Technical Paper No. 15. "Shellac Esters, Esterification of Hydroxyl Groupsof Lac with Acids, "by Drs. Bhattacharya and Gidvani.

Technical Paper No. 16. "Fractionation of Lac," By Dr. Bhattacharya, andMr. Heath.

'Abstracts bearing on Shellac Research Literature":—

1st January, 1936 to 30th June, 1936.

1st July, 1936 to 31st December, 1936.

1st January, 1937 to 31st December, 1937.

APPENDIX V—Continued

PUBLICATIONS OF THE INDIAN LAC RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Publications of the Indian Lac Research Institute

Bulletin No. 14. "The Heat Curing of Shellac," Part I. The "Life underheat." By S. Ranganathan and R. W. Aldis. Revised edition.

Bulletin No. 15. Notes on the use of Schleichera trijuga (Kusum) in laccultivation, Pruning and Cropping. By Dorothy Norris.

Bulletin No. 23. Some simple methods of reducing the damage done byinsect enemies to the lac crops. By P. M. Glover.

Bulletin No. 26. Estimation of orpiment in Shellac. By M. Rangaswami andH. K. Sen. 1937.

Bulletin No. 27. A technical process for washing and refining stiklac. ByA. K. Thakur. 1937.

Bulletin No. 28. Conservation of the Baisakhi Ber (Ziziphu Jujuba) broodof the lac insect and possibilities of effecting better returns from lac cultivationon ber. By P. S. Negi.

Bulletin No. 29. Contribution to the study of the bleaching of lac. Part I.The action of the chlorine bleach on the resin constituents of lac. By N. N.Murty.

Bulletin No. 30. Shellac Plastics, Part I. By S. Ranganathan.Bulletin No. 31. Fluometric Determination of the Acid and Saponification

Values of Lac. N. N. Murty, and H. K. Sen.Research Note No. 1. A Note on Bleaching of Shellac. By Narasimha

Murty and R. W. Aldis.Research No. 2. A Note on Determination of Shellac Fluidity. By R. W.

Aldis.Research Note No. 3. A Note on the Swelling of Shellac. By R. W. Aldis.Research Note No. 8. A Note on Wax-free Shellac. By M. Rangaswami.Research Note No. 9. Tricresyl phosphate and Water Resistance of Shellac.

By M. Rangaswami and R. W. Aldis.Research Note No. 10. Sulphur Treatment of Shellac. By M. Venugopalan.Research Note No. 11. Further Notes on Reconditioning Shellac. By R. W.

Aldis.Research Note No. 15. The Influence of Nitrogenous Substances on Shellac

Bleaching. By N. Narasimha Murty.Research Note No. 17. A Further Means of Dispersing Polymerised Shellac.

By M. Venugopalan and R. W. Aldis.Research Note No. 18. Some Effects of Hydrochloric Acid on Shellac

Varnish. By R. W. Aldis.

The Hosts of Eupelmus tachardiae, How. By P. M. Glover, P. S. Negi andS. N. Gupta. Reprinted from Current Science, Vol. IV, No. 1, July 1935.

An account of the occurrence of Chrysomphalus aurantii, Mask., andLaccifer lacca, Kerr, on Grape fruit in Ranchi, District Chotanagpur, with anote on the Chalcidoid parasites of Aspidiotus orientalis, Newst. By P. M. Glover.Reprinted from the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 15thAugust, 1935.

A Preliminary note on the bionomics and economic importance of Micro-bracon hebetor, Say., a braconid new to North India. By P. M. Glover and K. C.Chatterji. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences,Vol. III. No. 3, March 1936.

Indian Lac Industry. By H. K. Sen. Reprinted from the Science and Culture,Vol. II, No. 9, pp. 454-459, March 1937.

Developments in Lac Research. Proceedings of the Institution of Chemists(India) Vol. IX, part IV, December 1937.

Plastics. By S. Ranganathan and H. K. Sen. 1937. Reprinted from Pro-ceedings of the Institution of Chemists (India) Vol. IX, part III. 1937.

EupeZmus tachardiae, How., and Lac Insect. By P. S. Negi and S. N. Gupta.Reprinted from The Current Science, Vol. VI. No. 8, pages 287-392, 1938.

The Developmental stages of Bracon tachardiae, Cam. (Hym.). By P. M.Glover. Reprinted from the Bulletin of Entomological Research, Vol. XXV,part 4, December 1934.

The Alimentary canal, its appendages, salivary glands and the nervoussystem of the adult female lac insect, Lacifer lacca, Kerr. (Coccidoe). By P. S.Negi. Reprinted from the Bulletin of Entomological Research, Vol. XXV, part 4,December 1934.

Lac Cultivation and the Shellac Industry. By P. M. Glover. Reprinted fromthe Tisco Review, Vol. Ill, No. 1, 1935.

Some simple methods of controlling the insect enemies of lac. By P. M.Glover. (Published by the Agricultural Department, Bihar and Orissa. LeafletNo. 2 of 1932).

Advice on the more profitable use of the Kusum tree as a lac host. ByDorothy Norris.

Some aspects of the Bionomics of the Lac Insect. By P. S. Negi, M. P.Misra and S. N. Gupta. Reprinted from the Journal of the Bombay NaturalHistory Society, 15th June 1931.

The 7\[octuid Moth (Euhlemma amabilis Moore). By M. P. Misra, P. S.Negi and S. N. Gupta. Reprinted from Journal of the Bombay Natural HistorySociety, January 15th, 1930.

A Practical Manual of Lac Cultivation. By P. M. Glover.Bibliography of Lac. By A. C. Chatterji. Published by the Indian Lac Cess

Committee.Lac and fhe Indian Lac Research Institute. By Dorothy Norris, P M

Glover, and R. W. Aldis, 2nd Ed.A Shellac Patent Index. Compiled by R. W. Aldis.Lac cultivation in India. (Being a Second and revised edition of "A Prac-

tical Manual of Lac Cultivation." By P. M. Glover. Published in 1931).