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R i v e r V a l l e y C i v i l i z a t i o n s. S. Monarchy (king & hereditary rule) Autocratic style (absolute power) City states (initially) then empires (heterogeneous) King- maintain agriculture & order Harsh law codes ( lex talionis ) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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River Valley Civilizations
S
Political
Social
Economic
• Monarchy (king & hereditary rule)• Autocratic style (absolute power)•City states (initially) then empires (heterogeneous)•King- maintain agriculture & order•Harsh law codes (lex talionis)•Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests)
• Agricultural• Trade (internal & external)•Coinage & barter•Cuneiform to keep records•Advanced technology: wheel, chariots, horses, sailing, metallurgy•Slave labor•Upper class education- scribes and merchants
•Unique buildings (ziggurats, Hanging Gardens)•Polytheistic•Patriarchal (Power for women=divorce, priestesses, little)•Social classes (highest- king and priests lowest-slaves)•Art & architecture•Heterogeneous•Polygamy in certain situations
Mesopotam
ia
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Monarchy (king & hereditary rule)• Autocratic style (absolute power)•Centralized*•Pharaoh (god-king)•Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests)•Law codes
• Agricultural• Trade- a lot (internal & external)•Specialized •Hieroglyphs•Advanced technology•Lots of stuff (ostentatious, jewelry, etc.)•Artisans= important
•Hierarchy•Class system w/ priests/pharaohs, scribes, merchants/artists, & slave labor •Patriarchal• Women power- scribes, rulers, pictured in art, priestesses, own &
inherit property, divorce•Polytheistic•Architecture and engineering
Egypt
S
Political
Social
Economic
•City states- very organized•Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests)•Grid street pattern•Two main cities- Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
•Agricultural•Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external)•Writing- lots of, but we can’t decipher•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy•Lots of art•Aryans brought in the basis of the caste system and Hinduism• Brahmins, kshatriyas, vaisyas, shudras• Everyone works together to support (like body)
India
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Monarchy (king & hereditary rule)• Autocratic style (absolute power) during Shang•Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests) during Shang•Law codes•Mandate of Heaven during Zhou (secular)•Feudalism/land division (decentralized & limited control to king) during Zhou)
•Agricultural•Trade with nomads- got Mesopotamian technology indirectly•Bronze (monopoly over gave Shang power)• Writing- pictographs to ideographs•Advanced technology•Iron (later)
•Hierarchy•Class system w/ priests the Zhou rulers, & peasants•Patriarchal• Rise of large states and patriarchal family heads in charge of ancestor
rites •Tian- heaven•Writing
China
S
Political
Social
Economic
•City states•Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests)•Law codes•Olmecs- Mesoamerica•Chavin- Andes•Olmec giant basalt heads (possibly leaders)
•Agricultural•Trade not w/ Mesopotamia, etc.• No horses, iron, beasts of burden, wheel (no need)
•Obsidian • Writing- pictographs, ideographs (not Chavin)•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy (big heads)•Polytheistic•Writing (not Chavin)
America
CHINESE DYNASTIES
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests had power)•Relative centralization•Small
•Agricultural•Trade (often w/ nomads)•Bronze (monopoly over gave power)• Writing•Advanced technology•Metallurgy
•Hierarchy•Class system where priests had lots of power & oracle bones•Patriarchal•Tian- heaven•Writing•Ancestor worship/ filial piety
Shang
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Mandate of Heaven• Secular- priests had little/no power•Feudalism- division of land•Decentralized
•Agricultural•Trade•Iron• Writing•Advanced technology•Metallurgy
•Hierarchy•Class system where lords had lots of power•Patriarchal•Tian- heaven•Writing•Ancestor worship/ filial piety
Zhou
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Very centralized•Bureaucracy- organized•Based on Legalism•Autocratic•Qin Shi Huandi•Standardized- currency, law, writing•Precursor to the Great Wall
•Agricultural•Trade (internal focus)•Iron weapons
•Hierarchy (law makers than peasants)•Patriarchal•Ancestor worship/ filial piety•Opposed to any new or old literature that differed from the government
Qin
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Centralized•Earl- Legalism- laws- less harsh•Confucianism*•Imperial expansion (government sanctioned and organized expansion•Heterogeneous made to be homogeneous (sinification)•Wu Ti- school, scholar gentry, & Civil Service exam
•Agricultural- Yangtze•Trade (Silk Road)•Sericulture•More food led to surplus and a larger population this lead to specialized labor which in turn lead to increased trade
Han
•Hierarchy (emperor, scholar gentry/lords, farmers, merchants, mean people/foreigners)•Patriarchal•Ancestor worship/ filial piety•Education increased which lead to•Some social mobility•Social customs (tea ceremony, chopsticks, bowing) to separate from barbarians•Middle Kingdom- middle of the world
INDIAN Civilizations
S
Political
Social
Economic
•City states- very organized•Theocracy- religion integral part of gov. (priests)•Grid street pattern•Two main cities- Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
•Agricultural•Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external)•Writing- lots of, but we can’t decipher•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy•Polytheistic•Lots of art•Aryans brought in the basis of the caste system and Hinduism• Brahmins, kshatriyas, vaisyas, shudras• Everyone works together to support (like body)
Harappa
S
Political
Social
Economic
•decentralized
•Agricultural•Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external)•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy- the caste system•Polytheistic•Writing•Aryans brought in the basis of the caste system and Hinduism• Brahmins, kshatriyas, vaisyas, shudras• Everyone works together to support (like body)
Vedic & Regional Kingdom
s
CLASSICAL ERA BEGINS. . .
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Centralized•Chandragupta Maurya•Ashoka•Two main cities- Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
•Agricultural•Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external)•Writing- including Ashoka’s stone edicts•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy/caste•Polytheistic•Some Buddhism spreads•Hierarchy/caste and Hinduism• Decrease focus on caste system
Maurya
S
Political
Social
Economic
•decentralized
•Agricultural•Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external)•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy- the caste system•Polytheistic•Writing
Regional Kingdoms
S
Political
Social
Economic
• Loose centralization•Chandra Gupta
•Agricultural•Increase in trade•Writing-•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy/caste•Polytheistic•Increased patriarchy (increased sati)•Hierarchy/caste and Hinduism• Increased focus on caste system due to state sponsorship of Hinduism• Increased jati and courts• Increased literature
Gupta
S
Political
Social
Economic
•decentralized
•Agricultural•Trade- Egypt & Mesopotamia (internal & external)•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy- the caste system•Polytheistic•Writing
Regional Kingdoms
SS
Hinduism Buddhism•Deities (religion)•Goal= moksha - stop reincarnation - one with Brahman - like a physical stepping stone•Get to moksha by fulfilling dharma (duty)•Accept the status quo•Like the caste system•“Violence” accepted as a part of life
•No deities (philosophy)•Goal= “Buddha” - “spiritual understanding” - Nirvana - understanding what you’re
supposed to do•“Dharma” = 8-fold path -morality -not a physical step•More likely to be outraged by social injustice•Disliked the caste system•Non-violent
Similarities: • Vegetarians• Meditate
• Reincarnation (& trying to escape it)
Middle eaST
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Centralized•Bureaucracy•Achamenid•Satraps and satrapies•Royal roads•Tolerance •Law codes•Agricultural•Trade•Advanced technology•Royal roads•Quanats •Capitals
•Hierarchy/slavery•Patriarchal•Writing•Zoroastrianism- but it wasn’t state adopted
Persia- Achamenid
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Centralized•Eventually divided into 3 parts•Law codes
•Agricultural•Trade•Advanced technology•Aqueducts
•Hierarchy/slavery•Patriarchal- increase in Persia, but the rights of Greek women increased•Writing•Flourish of literature, science, and math•MASSIVE cultural diffusion
Persia- Alexander
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Decentralized•Polis and city states- each with their own gods•Called themselves Hellenes•Not unified•Various governments•Athens=democracy•Law codes•Limited food production do to mountainous terrain•Produced olives, grapes, goats•Needed to trade and find wheat/ a food source•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy/slavery•Patriarchal- Sparta was least patriarchal, but in general polis were very patriarchal •Writing•Bronze burial masks- Minoans & Mycenaeans •Epics and mythology (polytheistic)•Anthropomorphic gods•Bisexuality of men was accepted and even promoted
Greece
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Centralized•“Republic”•Monarchy- Republic- Empire•Twelve tables- law codes•Patricians and plebians•Militaristic
•Agriculture•Road building•Pax Romana•Trade•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy/slavery•Patriarchal- pater familias•Writing•More like Sparta than Athens•Utilitarian•Greco-Roman culture•Polytheistic
Rome
PostCLASSIcal Period
600-1450
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Centralized•Emperor co-rules w/ God•Autocratic, theocratic, monarchy, bureacracy•Theme system- general in charge of land w/ all proceeds going to the emperor•Relatively small and compact; not very expansionistic•Justinian tries to re-conquer west & codifies Roman law•Lots of trade•Lots of food•Lots if luxury goods•Stole silk-making from China•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy•Christian!!!!- state adopted•Less patriarchy than Rome•Writing•Greek speaking•“intellectuals” = education and literacy (old works)•Mosaics
Byzantine Empire
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Super decentralized (villages and clans; everyone is in survival mode)•Warfare •700- Kingdom of the Franks (didn’t last long)•Charlemagne- crowned for Pope to show that he didn’t need the Byzantine creates idea of Holy Roman Empire where Pop crowns German kings•“feudalistic”- developed system but didn’t do a good job land to generals•Outside invaders= Vikings 800-1000•Subsistence farming- individuals make everything they need•Internal trade by 1000•No specialized labor because of instable government and lack of surplus
•Hierarchy•Christian! (blended with animism/superstitions) - state adopted•Christian preserve literacy- monastaries•No writing
Early Middle Ages
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Centralized•Extreme expansion- wow!•Religious based but not state adopted•Theocratic beginning•Lots of cities•Muhammad/caliphate, Umayyad, Abbasids
•Agricultural •TRADERS!!!!!!!
•Multi-ethnic•Love education•Arabic= language of religion•Hierarchy & Slaves- rules on how to treat•Writing•Lots and lots of achievements•Rising patriarchy•Tolerant- dhimmi (people of the book, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians), jizya, malawi (converts)
Islamic Em
pires
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Philosophies helped bounce back•621 rise of Sui (like Qin, rebuild and short)•Centralized•Sui Early Tang Tang/Song (Golden Age) Late Song•750- renewal of Confucianism (scholar gentry, bureaucracy, education)•Expansionistic- Korea, Japan, Vietnam (closer= more sinified ie. Korea farther= less sinified ie Vietnam)
•Agricultural with a rise in rise pproduction•Rise in trade•Advanced technology
•Hierarchy•Rise in learning (Early- rise in Buddhism Later-decrease in Buddhism)•Early- less patriarchy Late- increase in patriarchy (footbinding)•Writing•Rise in artisans•Rise in science•Rise in achievements
China
S
Political
Social
Economic
•Decentralized- regional kingdoms•Islam introduced into Northern India•Harsha- brief centralization, promotes Buddhism•Influence SE Asia with Buddhism and Islam•Jatis
•Agriculture•Indian Ocean trade
•Hinduism/caste system•Patriarchy- less than the Gupta•Rise in achievements
India
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