REGIMES IN LDCS Less stable, more diverse compared to RDs

Politics = conflict more likely to be violent Institutions = more fragile Policies = more erratic

Authoritarian developmental (AD; South Korea, Taiwan) Development + improved citizen capability

Authoritarian predatory (AP; Nigeria, Zaire (DRC)) No development, no capability

Developmental democracies (DD; Chile, Costa Rica, Mauritius) Development + improved citizen capability

Fragmented democracies (FD; Brazil, India, Philippines) Some development + some citizen capability

AD: POLITICS Geography, politics

Powerful enemies Threat of internal unrest Absence of natural resources Incentives to promote economic development,

share wealth Nationalism, anticommunism Support in key constituencies

Entrepreneurs/capitalists Farmers Workers paid cost of industrialization; over time

enjoyed more benefits

AD: POLICIESRapid industrialization;

competitivenessImport substitution

industrialization (ISI)Manufacture for export, Export-

oriented industrialization (EOI)Not market capitalism modelJapan’s state-led development

model

AD: INSTITUTIONS Centralized political system (power

concentrated in small elite; executive) Legislatures, courts, local government not effective

check Strong, coherent state

Effective policy implementation Officials autonomous, competent, professional

Close relationship to business community Institutions devoted to legitimation and security

Elections Schools, media Security, repression

AP: POLITICS No economic, no human development Little incentive Plagued by ethnic, linguistic, regional conflicts

Class interests submerged Narrow coalitions -- ethnic, linguistic, regional

loyalties Clientelism = patron gives client favors for support Divide and rule; intimidation

Clientelist politicians Narrow, geographically defined constituencies Patronage to supporters Most get little benefit

AP: POLICIESGoal of leaders = enrich

themselves, families, followersEconomic development –

concentrate wealth in elite handsISI accumulation of wealth by

leadersHuman development policies

(education, health care) opportunities for making money

School, clinic construction – kickbacks, graft

AP: INSTITUTIONS Weak states – no capacity, autonomy Political parties – no clear policy goals Weak legislatures Corrupt bureaucracies State unable to deliver basic goods and

services Inadequate infrastructure Limited protection of property rights Inefficient firms protected Inefficient management of foreign investment,

aid

AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES Why are some developmental (AD),

others predatory (AP)? (see Table 8.1, 225) Incentives leaders have to build

broad/narrow coalitionsQuality of state institutions for

implementing policiesKinds of groups and social classes for

coalitions of support

DD: POLITICS Democracy, economic growth, and human

development; mutually reinforcing Consolidating democracy convincing social

groups/classes they benefit from democracy Meet needs of poor; do not threaten interests of

wealthier groups Trade-offs broad-based social democratic

political parties, federations of labor and business, capable, coherent state bureaucracies

Compromise political influence to agricultural workers, small farmers, and urban workers

DD: POLICIES Strong social democratic parties

Capitalist economic growth, substantial safety nets

Minimal state ownershipGrowth with equity

Export-led growth, integration into global market

Substantial social welfare programs Strengthened labor union bargaining

power Increased citizens’ capability

DD: INSTITUTIONS Stable, broad-based political parties Capable, coherent state bureaucracies Parties appeal to broad groups of voters through

policies that promote growth with equity Broad-based labor and business federations

Represent workers and businesses in most sectors

Strong, autonomous states Implement policies favoring broad categories

of population Bureaucracies with capable officials; coherent,

successful policy-making, implementation

FD: POLITICS Fragmented political parties, interest

associations, states Large inequalities in wealth, power, citizen

capability; large and diverse populations Politicians appeal to upper income groups

Clientelism inhibits peasants and workersRulers engage in identity politicsPoliticians engage in populismGovernments target benefits to privileged

groups, organized workersLocal elites manipulate elections

FD: POLICIES Benefits go to wealthier business

people, union leaders, large farmers, middle class

ISI protects businesses; gives subsidies to large farmers

Educational, health care, retirement, unemployment geared to upper- and middle-classes

Policies biased toward urban middle-class and wealthy, some improvements in lives of poor

FD: INSTITUTIONS Fragmented political institutions Multiple political parties, interest

groups, federal systems Parties rely on patronage, appeals to

racial and ethnic identity Legislators focus on pork barrel

projects, local benefits Fragmentation within state prevents

implementation of coherent programs

DEMOCRATIC REGIMES Why some developmental (DD), others

fragmented (FD)? (Table 8.4, 236) Incentives leaders have for broad/narrow

coalitionsQuality of state institutions for

implementing policiesGroups and social classes for coalitions of

supportPolitical parties, interest groups broad-

based or fragmented

COMPARING CAPABILITY Physical well-being

AD/DD > FD > AP (Table 8.5, 237; Table 8.6, 238)

Informed decision-makingAD > DD > FD > AP (Table 8.7, 239)

SafetyAD > DD > FD > AP (Table 8.8, 240)

Civil and political rightsDD > FD > AD > AP (Table 8.9, 241)