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PERIOD 3: Regional and Interregional Interact ions

c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450

to c. 600 B.C.E. c. 600 B.C.E.–c. 600 C.E. c. 600 C.E.–c. 1450 c. 1450–c. 1750 c. 1750–c. 1900 c. 1900–PRESENT

Key Concept 3.1Although Afro–Euras ia and the Americas remained separate from one another, this era witnes s ed a deepening

and widening of networks of human interaction within and acros s regions . The results were unprecedented

concentrations of wealth and the intens iƮcation of cros s -cultural exchanges . Innovations in transporta tion,

s tate policies , and mercantile practices contributed to the expans ion and development of commercia l networks ,

which in turn served as conduits for cultura l, technologica l, and biologica l diƬus ion within and between

various societies . Pas tora l or nomadic groups played a key role in creating and sus ta in ing these networks.

Expanding networks fos tered grea ter interregional exchanges while at the s ame time sus taining regional

divers ity. Is lam, a new monotheis tic religion, spread quickly through practices of trade, warfa re, and the

diƬus ion that was characteris tic of this period.

Key Concept 3.2Sta te formation in th is era demons tra ted remarkable continuity, innovation , and divers ity in various regions .

In Afro–Euras ia , some s tates attempted, with diƬering degrees of succes s , to pres erve or revive imperia l

s tructures , while smaller, les s centra lized s tates continued to develop. The expans ion of Is lam introduced

a new concept—the caliphate—to Afro–Euras ian s tatecra ft. Pas toral peoples in Euras ia built powerful and

dis tinctive empires that integrated people and ins titutions from both the pas tora l and agra rian worlds . In the

Americas , powerful s ta tes developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean region.

Key Concept 3.3Changes in trade networks resulted from and s timulated increas ing productive capacity, with important

implica tions for social and gender s tructures and environmental proces s es . Productivity ros e in both

agriculture and indus try. Ris ing productivity supported popula tion growth and urbanization but also s tra ined

environmenta l resources and at times caus ed dramatic demographic swings .

Shifts in production and the increas ed volume of trade also s timula ted new labor practices , including

adaptation of exis ting patterns of free and coerced labor. Socia l and gender s tructures evolved in response

to these changes .

to c. 600 B.C.E. c. 600 B.C.E.–c. 600 C.E. c. 600 C.E.–c. 1450 c. 1450–c. 1750 c. 1750–c. 1900 c. 1900–PRESENT

Related ThematicLearning Object ives(Focus of Exam Questions)

ENV-2 Expla in howenvironmenta l factors , disease,and technology aƬectedpatterns of human migra tionand settlement over time.

ENV-3 Evaluate the extent towhich migra tion, population ,and urbanization aƬected theenvironment over time.

ENV-5 Evaluate the extentto which the developmentof diverse technologies ,indus trializa tion , transportationmethods, and exchange andcommunica tion networkshave aƬected the environmentover time.

CUL-3 Explain how cross -cultura l in teractions resultedin the diƬus ion of culture,technologies , and scien tiƮcknowledge.

SB-1 Explain how diƬerentforms of governance have beencons tructed and maintainedover time.

SB-2 Explain how and whydiƬerent functions andins titutions of governance havechanged over time.

SB-3 Explain how and whyeconomic, socia l, cultural,and geographica l factors haveinưuenced the proces s es ofs tate building, expans ion, anddis solution.

SB-4 Explain how and whyin terna l and externa l politica lfactors have inưuenced theproces s of s tate building,expans ion, and dis solution.

Key Concept 3.1 — A deepening and widening of networks ofhuman interaction with in and acros s regions contributed to cultura l,technologica l, and biologica l d iƬus ion with in and between varioussocieties .

I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led toan increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range ofexis ting and newly active trade networks.

A. Exis ting trade routes—including the Silk Roads,the Mediterranean Sea, theTrans-Saharan routes, andthe Indian Ocean bas in—ưourished and promotedthe growth of powerful newtrading cities.

B. Communication andexchange networks developedin the Americas .

Illus trative examples, communicationand exchange networks :

w Mississippi River Valley

w Mesoamerica

w Andes

C. The growth of interregional Itrade in luxury goods wasencouraged by signiƮcantinnovations in previous lyexis ting transportation andcommercial technologies—including the caravanserai,compass use, the astrolabe,and larger ship designs insea travel—and new forms ofcredit and the development ofmoney economies .

llus trative examples, new forms ofcredit and money economies:

w Bills of exchange

w Credit

w Checks

w Banking houses

w Use of paper money

D. Commercial growth was alsofacilitated by state practices,including the Inca roadsys tem; trading organizations,such as the HanseaticLeague; and state-sponsoredcommercial infras tructures,such as the Grand Canal inChina.

Per iod 3Key Concept 3.1

TEACHER SELECTED EXAMPLES OFHISTORICAL INDIVIDUALS, EVENTS, TOPICS, OR

SOURCES FORSTUDENTS TO EXAMINE IN DEPTH

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© 2017 The College Board

AP World History Course and Exam Description

Concept Outline

65



SB-5 Explain how societieswith s tates and s tate-les ssocieties interacted over time.

ECON-3 Explain how diƬerentmodes and locations ofproduction and commercehave developed and changedover time.

ECON-5 Explain how and whylabor sys tems have developedand changed over time.

ECON-7 Explain how loca l,regional, and globa l economicsys tems and exchangenetworks have inưuenced andimpacted each other over time.

I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led toan increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range ofexis ting and newly active trade networks.(CONTINUED)

E. The expansion ofempires—including China,the Byzantine Empire,various Muslim s tates , andthe Mongols—facilitatedAfro–Eurasian trade andcommunication as newpeople were drawn into theirconquerors’ economies andtrade networks.

Per iod 3

Key Concept 3.1



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AP World History Course and Exam Description 66

Concept Outline


Key Concept 3.1 — A deepening and widening of networks ofhuman interaction with in and across regions contributed to cultura l,technologica l, and biologica l d iƬus ion within and between va rioussocieties .

ENV-2 Explain howenvironmenta l factors , diseas e,and technology aƬectedpatterns of human migrationand settlement over time.

ENV-3 Evaluate the extent towhich migra tion, population,and urbanization aƬected theenvironment over time.

ENV-5 Evaluate the extentto which the developmentof divers e technologies ,indus tria lization , transportationmethods, and exchange andcommunication networkshave aƬected the environmentover time.

CUL-3 Explain how cross-cultural in teractions resultedin the diƬus ion of culture,technologies , and scientiƮcknowledge.

SB-3 Expla in how and whyeconomic, s ocia l, cultural,and geographica l factors haveinưuenced the proces s es ofs tate building, expans ion , anddis solution.

II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguis tic eƬects.

A. The expansion andintens iƮcation of long-dis tance trade routes oftendepended on environmentalknowledge and technologicaladaptations to theenvironment.

Illustrative examples, environmentalknowledge and technologicaladaptations:

w The way Scandinavian Vikingsused their longships to travel incoastal and open waters as well asin rivers and estuaries

w The way the Arabs and Berbersadapted camels to travel across andaround the Sahara

w The way Central Asian pastoralgroups used horses to travel in thesteppes

B. Some migrations had asigniƮcant environmentalimpact, including migrationof Bantu-speaking peopleswho facilitated transmissionof iron technologies andagricultural techniques inSub-Saharan Africa, as wellas the maritime migrations ofthe Polynesian peoples whocultivated transplanted foodsand domesticated animals asthey moved to new islands.

C. Some migrations andcommercial contacts led tothe diƬus ion of languagesthroughout a new regionor the emergence of newlanguages.

Illus trative examples, diƬus ion oflanguages :

w The spread of Bantu languages

w The spread of Turkic and Arabiclanguages



SOURCES FOR STUDENTS TO EXAMINE IN DEPTH

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Concept Outline

67



CUL-1 Explain how religions,belief sys tems , philosophies ,and ideologies originated,developed, and spreadas a result of expandingcommunica tion and exchangenetworks .

CUL-2 Explain how religions,belief sys tems , philosophies ,and ideologies aƬectedpolitica l, economic, and socialdevelopments over time.


CUL-4 Explain howtechnological and scien tiƮcinnovations aƬected religions ,belief sys tems , philosophies ,and ideologies over time.

CUL-5 Explain how the arts areshaped by and reưect innovation,adaptation, and creativity ofspeciƮc societies over time.

CUL-6 Expla in how expandingexchange networks shaped theemergence of various forms oftrans regional culture, includingmusic, literature, and visual art.


SB-6 Explain the politica l andeconomic in teractions betweens tates and non-s tate actorsover time.

III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensiƮcation of exis ting,or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication.

A. Is lam, based on therevelations of the prophetMuhammad, developedin the Arabian Peninsula.The beliefs and practices ofIs lam reưected interactionsamong Jews, Chris tians , andZoroas trians with the localArabian peoples. Mus limrule expanded to manyparts of Afro–Eurasia dueto military expans ion, andIs lam subsequently expandedthrough the activities ofmerchants, miss ionaries,and SuƮs.

B. In key places along importanttrade routes, merchants set updiasporic communities wherethey introduced their owncultural traditions into theindigenous culture.

Illus trative examples, diasporiccommunities :

w Muslim merchant communities inthe Indian Ocean region

w Chinese merchant communities inSoutheast Asia

w Sogdian merchant communitiesthroughout Central Asia

w Jewish communities in theMediterranean, Indian Ocean basin,and along the Silk Roads

C. As exchange networksintensiƮed, an increasednumber of travelers withinAfro–Eurasia wrote abouttheir travels.

Illus trative examples, travelers :

w Ibn Battuta

Marco Polow

w Xuanzang




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Concept Outline




SOC-1 Expla in how dis tinctionsbased on kinship, ethnicity,clas s , gender, and raceinưuenced the developmentand trans formations of socialhiera rchies .

SOC-2 Evaluate the extentto which diƬerent ideologies ,ph ilosophies , and religionsaƬected socia l hierarchies .

SOC-5 Expla in how socia lcategories , roles , and practiceshave been main ta ined orchallenged over time.

SOC-6 Expla in how political,economic, cultural, anddemographic factors haveaƬected socia l s tructuresover time.

III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensiƮcation of exis ting,or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication.(CONTINUED)

D. Increased cross-culturalinteractions resulted in thediƬus ion of literary, artis tic,and cultural traditions, as wellas scientiƮc and technologicalinnovations.

Illus trative examples, diƬus ionof literary, artis tic, and culturaltraditions:

w The spread of Chris tianitythroughout Europe

w The inưuence of Neoconfucianismand Buddhism in East Asia

w The spread of Hinduism andBuddhism into Southeast As ia

w The spread of Is lam in Sub-SaharanAfrica and Asia

w The inưuence of Toltec/Mexica andInca traditions in Mesoamerica andAndean America




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Concept Outline

69




ENV-5 Evaluate the extentto which the developmentof diverse technologies ,indus trializa tion , transportationmethods, and exchange andcommunica tion networkshave aƬected the environmentover time.


IV. There was continued diƬusion of crops and pathogens, includingepidemic diseases like the bubonic plague, along trade routes.

Illus trative examples, diƬus ion ofcrops :

w Bananas in Africa

w New rice varieties in East Asia

w The spread of cotton, sugar, andcitrus

Per iod 3

Key Concept 3.1



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Concept Outline


CUL-1 Explain how religions,belief sys tems , philosophies ,and ideologies originated,developed, and spreadas a result of expandingcommunica tion and exchangenetworks .


SB-1 Explain how diƬerentforms of governance have beencons tructed and maintainedover time.






Key Concept 3.2 — State formation and development demons tratedcontinuity, innovation , and divers ity in various regions .

I. Empires collapsed in diƬerent regions of the world, and in some areaswere replaced by new imperial s tates or political sys tems.

A. Following the collapses ofempires, imperial s tates wererecons tituted in some regions,including the ByzantineEmpire and the Chinesedynas ties (Sui, Tang, andSong), combining traditionalsources of power andlegitimacy with innovationsbetter suited to their speciƮclocal context.

Illus trative examples, traditionalsources of power and legitimacy:

w Patriarchy

w Religion

w Land-owning elites

Illus trative examples, innovations :

w New methods of taxation

w Tributary systems

w Adaptation of religious ins titutions

B. In some places, new politicalentities emerged, includingthose in various Is lamicstates ; the Mongol khanates ;new Hindu and Buddhis ts tates in South, East, andSoutheast Asia; city-s tates ;and decentralized government(feudalism) in Europe andJapan.

Illus trative examples, city-s tates :

w Those on the Italian peninsula

w Those in Eas t Africa

w Those in Southeast Asia

C. Some states synthes ized localwith foreign traditions.

Illus trative examples, synthes is bystates :

w Persian traditions that inưuenceIslamic states

w Chinese traditions that inưuencestates in Japan

D. In the Americas, as inAfro–Eurasia, s tate sys temsexpanded in scope andreach; networks of city-s tatesưourished in the Maya regionand, at the end of this period,imperial sys tems were createdby the Mexica (Aztecs)and Inca.

Per iod 3

Key Concept 3.2



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Concept Outline

71



ECON-2 Explain the causes andeƬects of economic s trategies ofdiƬerent types of communities ,s tates , and empires .




SOC-3 Evaluate the extentto which legal sys tems ,colonia lism, nationalism, andindependence movements havesus ta ined or challenged class ,gender, and racial hierarchiesover time.


I. Empires collapsed in diƬerent regions of the world, and in some areaswere replaced by new imperial s tates or political sys tems.(CONTINUED)

Per iod 3

Key Concept 3.2



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Concept Outline









II. Interregional contacts and conưicts between states and empiresencouraged signiƮcant technological and cultural transfers.

A. Technological and culturaltransfers were taking place:

w between Tang China and theAbbas ids;

w across the Mongol Empire;

w between Muslimsand Christians in theMediterranean region duringthe Crusades; and

w during Chinese maritimeactivity led by Ming AdmiralZheng He.

Illus trative examples, technologicaland cultural trans fers :

w The spread of Is lamic scientiƮcknowledge to Mongol China

The transfer of Greco-Is lamicmedical knowledge to WestermEurope

w

w The transfer of foods, technologies,textiles, and music from the Islamicworld to Europe via Al-Andalus




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Concept Outline

73



ENV-4 Expla in howenvironmenta l factors haveshaped the developmentof diverse technologies ,indus tria liza tion, transportationmethods , and exchange andcommunication networks.

ENV-5 Evaluate the extent towhich the development of diversetechnologies, industrialization,transportation methods, andexchange and communicationnetworks have aƬected theenvironment over time.

ECON-2 Explain the causes andeƬects of economic s trategies ofdiƬerent types of communities ,s tates, and empires.

ECON-3 Explain how diƬerentmodes and locations of productionand commerce have developedand changed over time.



Key Concept 3.3 — Changes in trade networks resu lted fromand s timulated increas ing productive capacity, with importantimplications for socia l and gender s tructures and environmenta lproces ses .

I. Innovations s timulated agricultural and indus trial production inmany regions.

A. Agricultural productionincreased s igniƮcantly due totechnological innovations.

Illus trative examples, technologicalinnovations:

w The chinampa Ʈeld sys tems

w Waru waru agricultural techniquesin the Andean areas

w Improved terracing techniques

w The horse collar

w Three Ʈeld rotation

w Swamp draining

B. Demand for luxury goodsincreased in Afro–Euras ia.Chinese, Pers ian, and Indianartisans and merchantsexpanded their productionof textiles and porcelains forexport; indus trial productionof iron and steel expanded inChina.




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Concept Outline



ENV-2 Expla in how environmenta lfactors , disease, and technologyaƬected patterns of humanmigration and settlement over time.


ENV-5 Evaluate the extent towhich the development of diversetechnologies, industrialization,transportation methods, andexchange and communicationnetworks have aƬected theenvironment over time.

SB-2 Explain how and whydiƬerent functions and ins titutionsof governance have changedover time.



ECON-2 Explain the causes andeƬects of economic s trategies ofdiƬerent types of communities ,s tates, and empires.

ECON-3 Explain how diƬerentmodes and locations of productionand commerce have developed andchanged over time.

II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of s igniƮcant decline andperiods of increased urbanization buoyed by ris ing productivity andexpanding trade networks.

A. Multiple factors contributedto the decline of urban areasin this period, includinginvas ions, disease, andthe decline of agriculturalproductivity.

B. Multiple factors contributedto urban revival, includingthe end of invasions, theavailability of safe andreliable transport, the riseof commerce and warmertemperatures between800 C.E. and 1300, increasedagricultural productivity andsubsequent ris ing population,and greater availabilityof labor.

Per iod 3

Key Concept 3.3



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Concept Outline

75



ECON-5 Explain how and whylabor sys tems have developed andchanged over time.

ECON-7 Explain how loca l,regional and global economicsys tems and exchange networkshave inưuenced and impactedeach other over time.

II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of s igniƮcant decline andperiods of increased urbanization buoyed by ris ing productivity andexpanding trade networks.(CONTINUED)




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Concept Outline









ECON-2 Explain the causes andeƬects of economic s trategies ofdiƬerent types of communities ,s tates , and empires .



III. Despite s igniƮcant continuities in social s tructures and in methodsof production, there were also some important changes in labormanagement and in the eƬect of religious convers ion on gender relationsand family life.

A. The divers iƮcation of labororganization that began withsettled agriculture continuedin this period. Forms of labororganization included freepeasant agriculture, nomadicpastoralism, craft productionand guild organization,various forms of coerced andunfree labor, government-imposed labor, and militaryobligations.

B. As in the previous period,social s tructures wereshaped largely by class andcaste hierarchies. Patriarchycontinued; however, in someareas, women exercised morepower and inưuence, mos tnotably among the Mongolsand in West Africa, Japan,and Southeast As ia.

C. New forms of coerced laborappeared, including serfdomin Europe and Japan and theelaboration of the mit’a inthe Inca Empire. Peasantsres is ted attempts to raisedues and taxes by stagingrevolts. The demand fors laves for both military anddomestic purposes increased,particularly in central Eurasia ,parts of Africa, and theeastern Mediterranean.

Illus trative examples, regions wherefree peasants revolted:

w China

w The Byzantine Empire




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Concept Outline

77




SOC-3 Evaluate the extentto which legal sys tems ,colonia lism, nationalism, andindependence movements havesus ta ined or challenged class ,gender, and racial hierarchiesover time.

SOC-4 Expla in how thedevelopment of specia lizedlabor sys tems interacted withthe development of socia lhiera rchies .


SOC-6 Expla in how political,economic, cultural, anddemographic factors haveaƬected socia l s tructuresover time.

III. Despite s igniƮcant continuities in social s tructures and in methodsof production, there were also some important changes in labormanagement and in the eƬect of religious convers ion on gender relationsand family life.(CONTINUED)

D. Buddhism, Chris tianity,Is lam, and Neoconfucianismwere adopted in new regionsand often caused signiƮcantchanges in gender relationsand family structure.

Illus trative examples, changes ingender relations and family s tructure:

w Divorce for both men and women insome Muslim states

w The practice of foot binding inSong China

w Female monastic orders inChristianity and Buddhism




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Concept Outline



Documents

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