QUTE-­‐EUROPE    Deliverable  D4.3          Third  year  WP4  progress  report     1  

QUTE-­‐EUROPE  (600788)

 

DELIVERABLE  D4.3  THIRD  YEAR  WP4  PROGRESS  REPORT  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

QUTE-­‐EUROPE    Deliverable  D4.3          Third  year  WP4  progress  report     2  

Work  package  number:  WP4    

Work  package  title:  Exploitation  

The  aim  of  this  work  package  is  to  foster  links  within  the  community  of  international  research  groups,  and   with   QIPC   stakeholders   from   outside   the   research   community,   as   well   as   to   coordinate   the  interaction  between  all   interested  parties.  A  main  point  of   emphasis  will   be   to  establish   sustained  international   contacts   between   the   research   community   in   Europe   and   the   communities   overseas  (USA,  Canada,  Asia,  Australia,  and  the  BRICS  countries).  Also  sustained  contacts  with  representatives  from  commercial  and  industrial  stakeholders  will  be  an  important  part  of  the  work.      Task  4.1  International  contacts    In  the  final  year  there  were  no  specific  activities  planned  regarding  the  development  of  international  contacts.  Members   of  QUTE-­‐EUROPE  were   in   regular   contacts  with   partners   outside   EU,   however,  the  coordination  action  does  not  really  have  its  counterpart  in  these  countries.  The  activities  of  the  whole  WP  were  focused  more  one  industrial  partners  (including  non-­‐European  ones).    The   planned   meeting   between   representatives   of   BRICS   countries   and   Europe   did   not   happen,  because  there  was  no  real  interest  from  BRICS  countries.  In  the  light  of  our  survey  of  QIPC  activities  in  these  countries  and  also  the  political  situation  such  result  was  not  unexpected.  The  idea  was  that  the  survey  during  the  2nd  year  of  the  project  will  generate  relevant  contact  points  for  the  meeting  to  happen,  but  unfortunately  this  approach  was  not  successful.    The   sustainable   connection   between   Europe   and   overseas   communities   is   already   established  research-­‐wise  and  can  be  documented  by  increasing  number  of  joint  QIPC  publications.  There  is  also  a  relatively  stable  exchange  of  researchers  in  both  ways.  In  order  to  strenghten  the  communication  also   internationally   European   QIPC   community   have   submitted   2   COST   proposals   (Quantum  Communication  in  Space,  Quantum  Technologies)  that  includes  also  research  groups  outside  Europe.  One  of  them  was  successful  and  second  one  will  be  resubmitted  again  this  year.  There  is  also  a  new  one   (Quantum   walks   and   networks)   under   preparation.   QUTE   partners   play   an   active   role   in  preparation  of  these  proposals.        Task  4.2  Contacts  with  industry    

The  final  period  of  QUTE  has  seen  an  enormous  amount  of  activity  with  respect  to  the  involvement  of  industry  in  the  quantum  information  processing  and  communication  domain.  Due  to  the  timing  of  the  QUTE  project  we  were   fortunate  enough   to  be  able   to  organize   industry   sessions   at   two  QIPC  conferences;   the   first   in  Florence  (IT)   in  2013  and  the  second   in  Leeds   (UK)   in  2015.   In  parallel,  we  have  coordinated  an  industry  white  paper,  and  massively  expanded  the  listings  of  industries  involved  and   interested   in   quantum   technologies.   We   elaborate   these   main   industrial-­‐oriented   activities  below.      

 

 

 

 

QUTE-­‐EUROPE    Deliverable  D4.3          Third  year  WP4  progress  report     3  

Industrial  Forum  

The   industry   session  of   the  2015  QIPC  conference   in  Leeds   (UK)  was  again  a  huge  success,  both   in  terms   of   the   speakers   we   were   able   to   attract   and   also   the   large   participation   of   the   academic  community  in  this  increasingly  important  event.  This  years  speakers  were:    

• Richard  Murray,   a   Technologist   in   Emerging   Technologies   and   Industries   from   Innovate  UK  talking  about  Industry  perspectives  of  Quantum  Technologies  

• Trevor  Cross,  the  Chief  Technology  Officer  from  e2v  talking  about  Quantum  Sensing  • Sean   Kwak,   Leader   of   the   Quantum   Technology   Lab   for   SK   (South   Korea)   Telecom   talking  

about  Quantum  Communication  • Colin  Williams,   the   Director   of   Business   Development  &   Strategic   Partnerships   for   D-­‐wave  

systems,  talking  about  Quantum  Computation.  

This  represented  a  diverse  cross  section  of  industries  and  application  areas  for  quantum  technologies  bringing  both  a  European  and  international  perspective.  The  details  of  the  event  can  be  found  here:  http://www.qipc2015.leeds.ac.uk/scientific-­‐programme/industry-­‐session.html  

 

Industry  Meetings  

2015  saw  two  seminal  industry-­‐oriented  events  in  Brussels.    

• On  May   6   2015   a  meeting  was   organized   between   industry,   academics   and   the   European  commission  entitled:  “Towards  a  European  quantum  technology  industry”.  A  report  on  this  event,   including   a   list   of   attendees   can   be   found   in   the   annex  A:   “Workshop   on  Quantum  Technologies  and  Industry  6th  May  2015.pdf”.    

 

 Photo  from  the  May  6  2015  meeting  with  participants  working  in  group  discussions  on  different  application  areas  

 

• On  October  13   the  Quantum  Technologies:  Opportunities   for  European   industry.  A   report  on  this  event,  as  list  of  attendees  and  the  associated  industry  white  paper  that  arose  out  of  the   first   of   these   meetings,   can   be   found   in   the   annex   B:   “Quantum   Technologies   -­‐  Opportunities  for  European  industry.pdf”.  We  worked  closely  with  the  European  commission  to  bring  all  of  these  people  together.  

 

QUTE-­‐EUROPE    Deliverable  D4.3          Third  year  WP4  progress  report     4  

   

Industry  White  Paper  

After  the  first  industry  meeting  in  Brussels  in  May  2015  a  small  group  was  organized  to  write  the  first  industry  white  paper   for  quantum   technologies.   The   vision  was   to  understand   the   current   level   of  company   interest   in   quantum   technologies,   and   what   barriers   are   preventing   companies   from  expressing  a  greater  level  of  involvement.  Secondly,  to  present  recommendations  for  action  that  will  generate  more  industry  traction  from  quantum  technologies  in  the  future.  The  authors  were:  Richard  Murray  (Innovate  UK  -­‐  UK),  Peter  Mueller  (IBM  Zurich  Research  -­‐  CH),  Jean  Lautier-­‐Gaud  (Muquans  -­‐  FR),  Kelly  Richdale  (IDQuantique  -­‐  CH),  Steve  Maddox  (e2v  -­‐  UK),  Freeke  Heijman  (Dutch  ministry  of  economic   affairs   -­‐   NL),   Tommaso   Calarco   (University   of   Ulm   -­‐   DE).   This   can   be   found   in   annex   B  “Quantum  Technologies  -­‐  Opportunities  for  European  industry.pdf”.  

 

Industry  Contacts  

In  the  process  of  organising  these  events  we  have  been  able  to  continue  expanding  the  number  of  industries  that  are  in  contact  with  the  community  and  increasingly  involved  in  quantum  technologies  in  general.  Notably,  the  profile  of  the  contact  has  become  increasingly  high-­‐level  as  witnessed  by  the  group  of  CEO-­‐level   representatives  at   these  commission  meetings   for  example,   from  Bosch,  Nokia,  Safran,   Thales   and   IMEC.   During   this   period   we   have,   however,   stopped   updating   the   industry  database  on  the  QUROPE  web  site  as  we  are  preparing  to  move  to  a  new  site  and  system,  which  is  currently  under  discussion.    

 List  of  Annexes:    Annex  A  -­‐  Workshop  on  Quantum  Technologies  and  Industry  6th  May  2015  Annex  B  -­‐  Quantum  Technologies  -­‐  Opportunities  for  European  industry    

DIGITAL AGENDA FOR EUROPE: A EUROPE 2020 INITIATIVE

WORKSHOP ON QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES AND INDUSTRY

6 May 2015, DG CONNECT, Avenue de Beaulieu 25, B-1049 Brussels

FINAL REPORT

Prepared by

Yasser Omar

University of Lisbon and Instituto de Telecomunicações

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Table of Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 3 The Current Investment in Quantum Technologies ........................................................................ 5 Applications for Quantum Technologies ............................................................................................... 7 Tackling the Challenges of Quantum Technologies ......................................................................... 9 Action Plans and Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................ 14 Appendix 1 – The Workshop Agenda .................................................................................................... 17 Appendix 2 – The Workshop Participants .......................................................................................... 18

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Executive Summary

A workshop on Quantum Technologies and Industry was held by the European Commission’s Communications Networks, Content and Technology Directorate General (DG CONNECT) in Brussels on 6 May 2015. The aim was to identify what could be the markets for quantum technologies, and how these could be industrialised. The workshop had more than 60 participants from different parts of Europe, representing in a balanced way the academic, industrial and governmental sectors. Research in quantum information sciences and quantum technologies currently involves an estimated workforce of 7,000 researchers around the world and a yearly budget of 1.5 billion Euro. Europe accounts for 35% of these researchers and has invested significantly in this domain over the last decade, obtaining excellent results at the scientific level, including Nobel prizes. Quantum technologies, such as quantum sensing, quantum cryptography and quantum computation, have a very high strategic interest for both states and industry. Furthermore, this domain holds the promise of a wide range of applications, with the potential for technological leaps in sectors as diverse as energy, security and healthcare, amongst others. And – despite the very strong scientific expertise established in Europe – the USA, Canada, China, South Korea and Singapore are taking leadership positions in the research, development and innovation in quantum technologies. There are now several very large initiatives in Europe promoting the industrialisation of quantum technologies, namely in the UK and in the Netherlands, but an EU-wide common strategy and plan are lacking. Following several presentations where this situation was discussed, the workshop moved to a participatory mode, with the goal of collectively identifying what could be the markets for quantum technologies, and how these could be industrialised in Europe. In particular, after getting input from all the participants, the following six key areas of quantum technologies were identified:

• Quantum Metrology • Quantum Sensing • Quantum Communications • Quantum Memories • Quantum Simulation • Quantum Computation Groups were set to discuss and prepare a pitch for each of these areas, and all participants were invited to determine what could be the hurdles to the industrialisation of these technologies. The audience then came to a consensus on what are the key challenges that need to be addressed, and discussed in groups concrete measures to tackle those issues. Finally, all the participants contributed to prioritise these measures, and the workshop concluded with the proposal and discussion of the following key action plans for the development of a quantum technologies industry and market in Europe: 1. Improve the dissemination about the potential benefits of quantum technologies.

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2. Expand exploratory research on quantum technologies and extend it to support research aiming at higher technology readiness levels. 3. Improve the coordination between different existing research programmes on quantum technologies. 4. Mobilise European industrial players and have a policy paper on quantum technologies produced by industry, endorsed at CEO or board level. 5. Develop a programme for training in quantum technologies. 6. Develop standards for quantum technologies. These actions will need the proactive and collaborative intervention of the European Commission, Member States, academia and the industrial sector, and their corresponding leaders. Together with the unique assets of the EU, namely a strong culture and mechanisms for collaborative research, development and innovation, as well as a very strong expertise in quantum information sciences in particular, and in fundamental science in general, these measures can lead to the development and establishment of a quantum technology industry and market in Europe, with very strong expected economical and societal impacts, and making the EU a world leaders in this promising new domain.

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The Current Investment in Quantum Technologies The workshop started with an address by Thierry van der Pyl, Director of DG CNECT/C – Excellence in Science, who summarised the results of the investment by the European Commission (EC) in research on quantum information sciences and quantum technologies. Over the last 15 years, the EC has invested more than 350 million Euro in these fields, obtaining excellent results at the scientific level, including Nobel prizes, and putting the EU as a whole amongst the world leaders in this domain, as measured by the quality and quantity of scientific publications. However, the corresponding number of patents has been quite low. It was stated that it is now time to capitalise on the advanced level of expertise built in Europe over the last decade and further develop quantum technologies to the level of commercial applications, and contribute in a more direct way to the development of the EU economy. This strategy is, furthermore, in consonance with Horizon 2020, where innovation is as important as research. Georg Peter, head of the Security Technology Assessment Unit at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC), corroborated this view, explaining the role of the JRC and the strategic interest of quantum technologies for the EU.

Walter van de Velde, from DG CNECT/C2 – FET, one of the organizers of the workshop, then addressed the audience and set the goals of the meeting, asking why there is still not a large quantum technologies industry in Europe, and what would be necessary steps to establish it. The final talk of the first part of the workshop was delivered by Freeke Heijman-te Paske, who presented Global developments on Quantum Technologies, a study conducted for the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands. There are currently around 7,000 researchers worldwide publishing scientific work on quantum technologies (excluding those doing classified work, for states or in the private sector). The EU leads with a work force of almost 2,500 researchers and an accumulated investment of more than half-a-billion Euro by the EC, namely from the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) programme, the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, and the European Research Council. However, the USA, with around 1,200 researchers and a public investment of around 360 million Euro, leads by far in terms of publications in very high-impact journals, as well as in the number of citations. It is also North America which is leading the industrial investment in quantum computing, namely with D-Wave – The Quantum Computing Company in Canada, and IBM, Google and Microsoft in the USA, amongst others. And several countries are making governmental investments in quantum technologies considered of strategic interest for the state, namely in quantum communications, quantum cryptography and quantum computation, and their corresponding industrialisation. These include, amongst others, the USA, China, South Korea and Singapore. In Europe, the UK has recently launched a

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national strategy for quantum technologies, corresponding to an investment of 370 million Euro during the 2015-2020 period, with a significant part of it being targeted at industries. Another example is the Netherlands which has selected quantum technologies as one of the four Dutch National Icons, i.e. examples of ground breaking innovation projects selected from around 160 applicants at national level. Overall, the market for quantum technologies is growing worldwide, and Europe has the largest research body in this domain, but is behind in terms of technological and industrial leadership. The workshop then moved to a participatory mode, where all participants contributed with their views about quantum technologies and about their potential to emerge as a market, as well as the corresponding challenges, as described in the following sections.

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Applications for Quantum Technologies Following the first part of the workshop, based on presentations, the participatory part began with all participants being asked to identify where in Europe they came from, as well as if they were from the academic sector, the industry sector or from governmental/European agencies. The representation proved to be quite wide and significant, as there were participants from North, South, East and West Europe, and there was a good balance between participants from the university, industrial and governmental sectors (see Appendix 2 for the full list of participants). The participants were then asked to pair with someone from a different sector than their own, and try to convince each other what areas and applications of quantum technologies they find most promising. Furthermore, they were asked to write this information on a piece of paper and put it up on a wall, in one of three areas, indicating if they believed this would be a short term (less than 5 years), medium term (5 to 10 years) or long term (more than 10 years) application. Following this exercise, six key areas of quantum technologies were identified: 1. Quantum Metrology 2. Quantum Sensing 3. Quantum Communications 4. Quantum Memories 5. Quantum Simulation 6. Quantum Computation The participants were then divided into six groups, one for each of these areas, to discuss them in more detail. After the discussion period, one representative from each group made a three minute pitch to gain support from industry and investors for their quantum technology, as summarised below. Quantum Metrology aims at achieving the ultimate precision measurements, namely at the quantum scale. It is establishing new standards for time, distance, etc., which are not only of fundamental interest, but furthermore have very important applications, allowing, for example, for more precise positioning and navigation technologies. Associated to that is also the development of very sensitive quantum accelerometers and gyroscopes. However, a regulatory framework will be needed to test, validate and certify the new standards and measures. Quantum Sensing is a very promising quantum technology. For example, cold atoms systems are very sensitive to gravitational distortions from varying mass densities and can thus be used for prospecting natural resources and for finding buried assets and constructions. A timeline of 18 months was proposed to develop a portable demonstrator to image gravity. Note this technology can also be exploited for inertial navigation, where GPS satellite signals are not available, for example indoors, or in tunnels and underground parking lots. The ultrasensitive measurement of magnetic fields, in the range of femtotesla, can also have medical applications, for example for brain imaging using magnetic encephalography. Finally, quantum enhanced imaging exploits squeezed or entangled light sources for a wide range of applications, including sub-shot noise detection, seeing around corners, low light levels for biological/medical

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imaging to minimise damage, and detecting light at wavelengths where there are no single-photon detectors (or no cheap single-photon arrays). Quantum Communications can be used to ensure privacy against eavesdropping. In principle, quantum cryptography can also be exploited to keep secrets secure indefinitely. In fact, quantum cryptography is currently the most developed quantum technology, being already a commercial product, albeit with a limited range (around 300 km in cable communications) and with a very limited number of customers. However, it is a growing field, expected to gain a larger market share over the next three to five years, finding customers amongst large companies, namely in the health and finance sectors. Furthermore, it may also become increasingly present in government communications, and in the management of infrastructures such as smart electricity grids. Quantum cryptography will eventually be available for ordinary consumers. And it raises issues of state security which will have to be dealt with. Quantum Memories are a crucial ingredient for building quantum repeaters. These, in turn, are necessary for the development of long-distance quantum communication without the use of classical trusted nodes. Furthermore, new technologies are necessary for the development of quantum networks and the corresponding routing of quantum information. Finally, quantum memories will also be very important for quantum information processing. Quantum Simulation exploits quantum systems to efficiently simulate the dynamics of other quantum systems. Currently it still does not beat a classical computer, but it is believed it may do so within the next three years or so. This could then lead to faster quantum chemistry and materials simulations, with potential applications for the development of new drugs, as well as of new superconducting materials that could make energy distribution much more efficient. Quantum Computation is the hardest of the quantum technologies to develop and a longer term goal, possibly decades away. Once available, it would allow for the fast solving of very complex problems, such as optimisation problems with a wide range of applications, namely in machine learning, in medicine (protein folding), etc. However, the development of scalable hardware is still a major challenge, although there are many research groups tackling it. One potential spin-off of this experimental effort is the development of more energy-efficient (cryo)electronics. During these presentations all participants were invited to note the challenges they believed would be an obstacle to the ideas being pitched. These challenges were then discussed in the next session of the meeting.

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Tackling the Challenges of Quantum Technologies Following the sales pitch for each of the quantum technologies described in the previous section, each participant was invited to identify the potential hurdles to the industrialisation of these technologies. These hurdles were then discussed and summarised with the participation of the whole audience, and the following eight questions were deemed necessary to address: • Are there other applications for quantum technologies, namely for daily use? • What are the societal benefits of quantum technologies? How to raise quantum awareness and counter quantum "phobia"? • Why invest now in quantum technologies? And how to establish academic/industry partnerships to develop these technologies? • How to create a quantum technologies supply chain? • What skill set do we need in Europe? How to get it? • Who should be the industrial players? Large companies or SMEs? • How much will be the return on investment in quantum technologies? And when? What will be the market size? • What level of standardisation will be necessary? When and how can it be achieved? The participants were then divided into eight groups, to discuss and find answers to these questions, with one rotation allowing each participant to contribute to two groups. A set of measures were distilled from these discussions, as summarised below for each of the questions.

Are there other applications for quantum technologies, namely for daily use? Quantum technologies have applications in many sectors, including small applications for daily use, not only large scale ones. The following potential applications were identified, presented per sector:

- Security/Defence: random number generators, quantum cryptography for all, detection of objects underground and across walls, long term data storage, gas sensors for pollutants, detection of drugs and explosives. - Transport: inertial navigation, without GPS satellite signals. - Computing: faster algorithms, namely for factoring, searching and machine learning. - Retail: secure financial transactions, product authentication, magnetic skin type determination for adequacy of cosmetics, functional sensing in packaging. - Finance: time stamping, time synchronisation, holdover clocks, secure communications. - Healthcare: drug development, biomolecular readout, precision dosimetry, higher resolution medical imaging, faster artificial intelligence diagnostics, long term storage of medical records. - Energy: more efficient photovoltaics, fossil fuel exploration, carbon sequestration supervision, cryoelectronics, high-temperature superconducting materials for energy efficient distribution, secure smart energy networks, timing for phase synchronisation. - Education: teaching quantum physics with demonstrations, quantum toys. - Gaming: magnetic brain interface, faster artificial intelligence computing, random number generators.

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- Infrastructure: utility mapping, assessing water distribution networks for leakage, detecting sinkholes, assessing rail track integrity. To help develop these promising quantum technologies, the following measures were proposed: Create quantum technologies application competitions. Create quantum technologies demonstration competitions. Proactive adoption of quantum technologies by governments. Create rolling grant innovation initiatives.

What are the societal benefits of quantum technologies? How to raise quantum awareness and counter quantum "phobia"? The potential societal benefits of quantum technologies are enormous, given all their possible applications, as described in the previous question. Furthermore, the development of quantum technologies offers also a deeper understanding of nature and new fundamental knowledge. To achieve these societal benefits, the following measures were proposed:

Launch an EU initiative to build a market/supply chain. Identify existing EU research and innovation programmes to which quantum technologies can contribute. Academia and industry should communicate the benefits of their discoveries.

Why invest now in quantum technologies? And how to establish academic/industry partnerships to develop these technologies? Given the potential disruptive applications of quantum technologies in many sectors, as already described in the first question, and the strong investment in these technologies in other parts of the world, the European industrial sector cannot stand back, or it risks losing its competitiveness. Furthermore, given the strong expertise existing in the European academic sector in quantum information sciences and quantum technologies, it would be of mutual interest to establish partnerships between these two sectors. The development of research associated to industrial partners is of great interest for academic organisations, which can benefit from the expertise in systems engineering and from the embedding for societal impact, as well as from future jobs. And for the industrial sector it is also beneficial to develop work in partnership with academia, obtaining early exposure to new scientific and technological developments, as well as getting access to a highly skilled employable work force, and also leverage public investment in this domain. To ensure this development, the following measures were proposed:

Give grants for start-ups and incubators in quantum technologies, not necessarily fast track, but allowing for medium track. Find mechanisms to help industry make smart investments, fostering the creation and developing of companies, promoting European technological leadership. Create a programme at EU level on quantum technologies.

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How to create a quantum technologies supply chain? How to make the technology choices, including for scalability and manufacturability, is non-trivial. Markets are driven by early adopters, regulations and critical volume. One first, shorter term, approach to creating a quantum technologies supply chain could be to develop component technologies. For example, there are currently about 1,000 groups around the world doing experimental research on cold atoms, each of them typically spending 250 kEuro on components. Thus, providing research and development (R&D) funds for components and sub-components (e.g. photonics, electronics, vacuum technologies) would be very beneficial. For more innovative technologies, a supply chain should be fostered for early adopters, and adapted to reach volume. An example could be the defence industries, where the complete supply chain could be grown to partially cover the civilian market as well. To achieve these goals, the following measures were proposed: Development of technology roadmaps and market studies to identify the unique selling points of different quantum technologies. Sufficient funding made available for intellectual protection and for "proof of market" demonstrators. Governments and the EC should fund technological gap analysis, as well as fill the gaps and single points of failure.

What skill set do we need in Europe? How to get it? The EU has an excellent academic expertise in quantum technologies, but the links to industry are still not very strong. For the development of quantum technologies, a dialogue between researchers, system designers, testing engineers and business leaders and entrepreneurs will need to be cultivated. Furthermore, the incubation of new companies in quantum technologies could be done within a network, benefiting from a wide range of expertise, contributing in a more effective manner to filling the gap of missing companies in Europe in this domain. To achieve these goals, the following measures were proposed: Create training networks on quantum technologies involving both academic and industrial partners. Fund feasibility studies for quantum technological companies, e.g. 30 kEuro in a first stage, and then 150 kEuro if they make it to the development stage. Create an EU-wide incubator network for quantum technology, where funding for the research groups is improved if they have a spin-off component, and reward delivery.

Who should be the industrial players? Large companies or SMEs? The field of quantum technology in Europe is recognized as an academic activity with very high potential for industrialisation. The required future tasks are a complex interplay between large institutions and SMEs. On the one hand, large companies, but also universities and governmental labs, need the support to invest in basic research and development. On the other hand, well established and very specialized SMEs are needed to contribute by the means of quantum-technology-related new applications in their field of expertise. New SMEs and start-ups need to be incubated to enable the new

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market on quantum technologies. As a conclusion it can be stated that all the players are required to contribute. Several large companies, such as Thales and Airbus, already have some activity in the domain of quantum technologies. However, there is need to foster the SMEs as well. To achieve progress on the industrial side within Europe, the following measures were proposed: Support the existing industry by the means of Horizon 2020 and other programs to accelerate efforts in performing research and development on quantum technologies and in its related fields. National and EU agencies should coordinate efforts and strategic directions in what fosters the creation of new quantum technology companies and start-ups. Educate people for industry, but in particular as customers and consumers for the new quantum technologies.

How much will be the return on investment in quantum technologies? And when? What will be the market size? The EU offers some good advantages for the development of quantum technologies, namely good collaborative R&D mechanisms and culture. Furthermore, it has the European Space Agency (ESA) as an early adopter, as well as many national metrology institutes working on quantum metrology. On the other hand, the EU has a more limited defence R&D and less focussed research programmes compared to the USA and China. Sensing and metrology quantum technologies correspond to a 100 – 1,000 MEuro global market, with a time scale of a few years, and approaching return on investment. In this domain, the EU is in a good position. Quantum communications is a very large global market, in the range of billions of Euro, and still emerging. The EU is in a good position, but Asia, and China in particular, are catching up quickly. The return on investment will be medium term. Finally, quantum computing is potentially an even larger market, but will take a long time to develop, and the return on investment is hard to predict at this stage. The EU position at the purely scientific level is excellent, but in terms of the technological developments it is behind the USA, where IBM, Google and Microsoft have been investing consistently in this area. To grow the quantum technologies market size and return on investment in Europe, the following was proposed:

Fund quantum technologies in the Horizon 2020 programme, including collaborations between academia and industry. Possibly create a large centre of excellence or grand project on quantum technologies at EU level. Further coordinate and share academic progress in this domain.

What level of standardisation will be necessary? When and how can it be achieved? The establishment of standards for quantum technologies, be it for communications or for sensing or metrology, is crucial for their development. In particular, standardisation

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will ensure interoperability, accelerate a widespread adoption, and stimulate a supply chain. This will be crucial to development of global markets, and building trust with assurance and certification. To achieve these goals, the following measures were proposed: Develop appropriate traceable measurement techniques useful for the standards. Fund European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Specialist Task Forces and their supporting projects dedicated to particular technical issues, which need elaboration by very specialised (and rare) experts. Fund the participation of SMEs in the standardisation processes, especially start-ups and spin-offs, who otherwise will not be able to pursue a sustainable contribution to standardisation, which is crucial for its success and for fostering the intellectual property portfolios of these small organisations. These conclusions, from each of the eight groups, were presented to and discussed by the whole audience. After that, each participant was invited to choose the five measures he or she considered as priority measures for the industrialisation of quantum technologies in Europe. Finally, once the key next steps were identified, the participants gathered to identify who should be responsible to promote each of these steps: the European Commission, the Member States, academia or the industry sector. The concrete actions to be taken, and by whom, are described in the following section.

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Action Plans and Concluding Remarks Following the discussions previously described and the contributions from the participants from the different sectors, the workshop ended with the identification of the key concrete actions that need to be taken to market and industrialise quantum technologies in Europe, as well as with the identification of the corresponding actors. In conclusion, the following concrete actions were proposed, associated to the following actors: 1. Improve the dissemination about the potential benefits of quantum technologies (All actors, i.e. EC, Member States, academia and industry) Quantum technologies are emergent technologies, with the potential to bring very innovative applications to a wide range of sectors, including security, energy and healthcare, amongst others, as described in the previous section. However, these are still largely unknown outside the research community. In view of the importance and impact of these applications, as well as of the development and industrialisation of quantum technologies taking place elsewhere in the world, it was deemed necessary to improve the awareness of European decision-makers and of European society about this novel and promising technological domain. In particular, the measures to improve the dissemination about the potential benefits of quantum technologies should target:

• policy makers and the general public, including measures to prevent and address "quantum phobia" effects. • CEOs and company board members to stimulate investments, as well as Angel investors. • potential students and researchers, tomorrow's quantum technologies engineers. All actors, i.e. EC, Member States, academia and industry, should contribute to this important effort.

2. Expand exploratory research on quantum technologies and extend it to support research aiming at higher technology readiness levels (EC and Member States) In Europe, in the current research on quantum information sciences and quantum technologies there is still a significant gap between the results obtained in the laboratory and industrially relevant technology. It is of paramount importance that the EC and Member States expand support for exploratory research on quantum technologies and extend it to also support research projects aiming at bridging this gap. These should include sufficient funding for intellectual protection and for "proof of market" demonstrators. Furthermore, governments and the EC should fund technological gap analysis, as well as fill the gaps and single points of failure. To exploit the synergies and vast expertise in quantum technologies existing in Europe, some EU-level measures were further proposed, such as the creation of a Flagship in quantum technologies, and the development of a grand European project in this domain, such as an European-wide quantum key distribution system. Finally, it was suggested that European agencies (e.g. ESA) and governments themselves should proactively adopt quantum technologies and contribute to generate the corresponding supply chain.

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3. Improve the coordination between different existing research programmes on quantum technologies (EC, Member States, academia and industry) To reduce the duplication of the research efforts, it was deemed very important to improve the coordination between the different research programmes on quantum technologies currently ongoing in Europe. Furthermore, the coordination with efforts from other relevant research domains should also be considered. Further coordination at the European level can also contribute to improve the links between academia and industry with the goal of developing more industrially relevant technology. In fact, the creation of a EU-wide incubator network for quantum technology was suggested as a more efficient and effective mean to foster the creation of new companies and start-ups. Furthermore, it was suggested the JRC could help identify which market sectors are relevant for application of quantum technologies. Overall, a common strategy for the development and industrialisation of quantum technologies should be defined at EU level, taking into account the different stakeholders. Namely, it was suggested to create a European programme on quantum technologies, as well as a large centre of excellence in this domain. One of the goals should be to exploit the unique culture and mechanisms of international collaboration that exist in Europe to create a globally attractive and fruitful research, development and innovation environment in quantum technologies. 4. Mobilise European industrial players and have a policy paper on quantum technologies produced by industry, endorsed at CEO or board level (Industry and academia) In the closing discussion of the workshop it was emphasised how important it will be to have input from the industrial sector in the definition of a European strategy for quantum technologies, as well as a strong commitment to contribute to the development of this strategy. In particular, it was suggested to explore the possibility of forming an industry platform on quantum technologies. Furthermore, it was decided to have a policy paper on quantum technologies produced by industry, with a strong endorsement from company leaders. Richard Murray, from Innovate UK, volunteered to lead this effort. Finally, it was suggested to link this initiative to the white paper on quantum technologies being prepared by the FET coordination action QUTE-EUROPE – Quantum Technologies for Europe, namely with the addition of a new layer on quantum control and quantum engineering. Overall, the strategic input and commitment from industry leaders is deemed crucial for the industrialisation of quantum technologies in Europe. 5. Develop a programme for training in quantum technologies (Academia and industry) It is important to ensure that sufficient numbers of quantum engineers will be ready to support the rollout of quantum technologies in the market. Therefore, the creation of training networks in this domain, involving both academic and industrial partners, were

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suggested. It will be important to train a new generation of individuals in this area, with the necessary scientific and technical skills, as well as with a development and innovation culture. Additional support should also be made available to foster entrepreneurial and spin-off initiatives. 6. Develop standards for quantum technologies (ETSI, academia and industry) The establishment of standards will be key for the development and maturing of quantum technologies. Standards are needed to address a global market and support the emergence of supply chains and quantum technology eco-systems. Important work has already been started at the level of quantum communications, namely for quantum key distribution, but it needs to be expanded to other types of quantum technologies. In particular, it was suggested that (pre)standardisation should be started as early as possible and continuously pursued as the research, development and innovation proceed, as otherwise there is the danger this will become a too expensive and too slow process. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) will play a key role at global level in this effort, and Gaby Lenhart volunteered to lead this initiative. Conclusion In conclusion, the EU is in an excellent position to develop a quantum technology industry and market. It currently benefits from unique assets at a global level: a very strong culture and mechanisms for collaborative research, development and innovation, as well as a very strong expertise in quantum information sciences in particular, and in fundamental science in general. Building on these, the concrete action plans that resulted from this workshop, with the committed intervention of the EC, Member States, academia and the industrial sector, and their corresponding leaders, can make the EU a world leader in quantum technologies, with the potential for very important economical and societal impacts.

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Appendix 1 – The Workshop Agenda

Agenda

Workshop on Quantum Technologies

6 May 2015 European Commission

Avenue de Beaulieu 25, 1160 Brussels Room: BU25 0/S1

09:00 Arrival of participants / networking 09:30 Welcome address - Thierry Van der Pyl, Stefan Lechner,

European Commission 09:45 Market for Quantum Technologies - Freeke Heijman-te Paske,

Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs 10:00 Applications for Quantum Technologies (participatory) State-of-the-art in quantum sensing/metrology, QKD, quantum computing/simulation 11:00 Coffee / networking 11:15 Markets for Quantum Technologies (participatory) Standards, supply chains, end-users, timescales 12:30 Standing Lunch / networking 13h30 What is needed to industrialise Quantum Technologies? (participatory) Roadmaps, researcher-industry liaison, forums, training, investment 15:15 Coffee / networking 15:30 Action plans for Quantum Technologies and industry (participatory) Who? What? When? 16h30 Closing of the meeting /networking

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Appendix 2 – The Workshop Participants

Name Organisation Marc Almendros Signadyne (ES) Klitos Andrea Univ York (UK)

Elke Anklam JRC, Institute For Reference Materials and Measurements (EU)

Hans Aschauer Siemens (DE) Konrad Banaszek Univ Warsaw (PL) Paolo Bianco Airbus/Astrium (UK) Kai Bongs Univ Birmingham (UK) Roumen Borissov REA, FET Open (EU) Gabriele Bulgarini Single Quantum (NL) Tommaso Calarco Univ Ulm (DE) Brendan Casey Kelvin Nanotechnology (UK) Bob Cockshott Innovate UK (UK) Trevor Cross e2v (UK) Aymard de Touzalin DG Connect, FET (EU) Thierry Debuisschert Thales (FR) Ivo Degiovanni INRIM (IT) David Delpy (UK) Jean-Luc Dorel DG Connect, eInfrastructure (EU) Marceline Du Prie TU Delft (NL) Servaas Duterloo TU Delft (NL) Julian Ellis DG Connect, FET (EU) Mark Farries Gooch and Housego (UK) Andrea Feltrin DG Connect, FET (EU) Afonso Ferreira DG Connect, Trust and Security (EU) Ales Fiala DG Connect, FET (EU) Martin Freer Univ Birmingham (UK) Eric Fribourg-Blanc DG Connect, Components (EU) David Guedj DG Connect, Digital Science (EU) Freeke Heijman-te Paske Ministry of Economic Affairs (NL) Nils Hempler M Squared Lasers (UK) Andrew Houghton DG Connect, FET Flagships (EU) Meret Kraemer JRC, Security Technology Assessment (EU) Sigrid Landry DG Connect, FET (EU) Gaby Lenhart ETSI (FR) Adam Lewis JRC, Security Technology Assessment (EU) Leon Lobo NPL (UK) Charles Marcus Univ Copenhagen (DK) Matthew Markham Element 6 (UK) Béatrice Marquez-Garrido DG Connect, FET (EU) Paul Martin Plextek Limited (UK)

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John Morton UCL (UK) Peter Mueller IBM (CH) Richard Murray Innovate UK (UK) Per Nihlen Sunet (SE) Yasser Omar Univ Lisbon (PT), rapporteur Georgios Papadakis Innovate UK (UK) Douglas Paul Univ Glasgow (UK) Momtchil Peev AIT (AT) Rene Penning de Vries (NL) Georg Peter JRC, Security Technology Assessment (EU) Iuliana Radu IMEC (BE) Pascal Rochat Spectratime (CH)

Guillem Sague High-Tech Gründerfonds Management GmbH (DE)

Andrew Shields Toshiba CRL (UK) Thomas Skordas DG Connect, FET Flagships (EU) Peter Smith Univ Southampton (UK) Tim Spiller Univ York (UK) Rob Thew Univ Geneva (CH) Albert van Breemen ASML (NL) Walter van de Velde DG Connect, FET (EU) Floor van der Pavert (NL) Thierry Van der Pyl DG Connect, Excellence in Science (EU) Willy Van Puymbroeck DG Connect, Components (EU) Rogier Verberk TNO /QuTech (NL)

Lee Vousden Department for Business Innovation & Skills (UK)

Andreas Wallraff ETHZ (CH) Ian Walmsley Univ Oxford (UK) Frans Widdershoven NXP (NL) Alastair Wilson Univ Glasgow (UK) Mario Ziman Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) Katerina Ivaskeviciute DG Connect (EU) – Photographer

QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES Opportunities for European industry

Tommaso Calarco Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) University of Ulm

and European Academy of Sciences

Report on a round table discussion and stakeholder meetingheld in the Berlaymont building of the European Commission on October 13, 2015

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Table of Contents

Executive summary .................................................................................................................. 3

Quantum Technologies: Opportunities for European Industry ................................................... 4

Industry round table ................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction by Commissioners Günther H. Oettinger and Carlos Moedas ......................................... 4 Discussion topics .............................................................................................................................. 5

1. Scientific Leadership and Training.............................................................................................. 5 2. Coordination ............................................................................................................................. 5 3. Favorable innovation ecosystem ............................................................................................... 5 4. Establishing engineering capability ............................................................................................ 6 5. Standardization ......................................................................................................................... 6

Conclusions by the Commissioners ................................................................................................... 6

Stakeholder meeting ‘Bridging from excellent research to innovation’ ...................................... 7 Introduction by JRC Director General V. Sucha .................................................................................. 7 Session 1: Quantum Communication ................................................................................................ 7 Session 2: Quantum Metrology and Sensing ...................................................................................... 7 Session 3: Quantum Computing and Simulation ................................................................................ 8 Session 4: Member States Involvement............................................................................................. 8 Conclusions by DG Connect Deputy Director General Z. Stancic ......................................................... 8

Appendix 1: Agenda ................................................................................................................. 9 10.00 – 12.00 Industry Round Table .................................................................................................. 9 13.00 – 13.10 Introduction to stakeholders'session .......................................................................... 9 Session 1: Quantum communication .................................................................................................. 9 Session 2: Quantum metrology and sensing ....................................................................................... 9 Session 3: Quantum computing and simulation ................................................................................. 9 Session 4: Member States involvement ............................................................................................. 9

Appendix 2: List of participants .............................................................................................. 10

Appendix 3: Presentation by JRC Director General V. Sucha .................................................... 12

Appendix 4: Industry Perspectives on Quantum Technologies ................................................. 19

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Executive summary The impact of quantum science on industry and society has been revolutionary, bootstrapping the semiconductor industry on which all computing, communications as well as the vast majority of sensors are nowadays based. The resulting first generation quantum devices are everywhere: we wear them on our wrist, we talk into them, we watch and share content on them, they even control the engines in our cars.

The discussion at both the round table and the stakeholder meetings made it apparent that we are on the verge of a new revolution, with new quantum technologies poised to have a comparable impact on almost every aspect of our daily lives.

The question that has been thoroughly addressed was: what exactly does it take for Europe to stay at the forefront of this second quantum revolution? This is not an easy question to answer, given the unique nature of the quantum technology field, in which the distinction between basic science, applied research and technology are no longer valid in a traditional sense.

Several elements of a European strategy have been identified, which can be summarized in a few important points.

1. Scientific and industrial leadership should be reinforced, as research and its application are indispensable for innovation like light is for painting. This can be achieved through: − Scaling up targeted investment in outstanding scientific projects and centres across

Europe, promoting intra-European collaboration and mobility of researchers and engineers, in academia as well as in industry;

− Broad-spectrum but agile roadmapping, in terms of goals rather than specific milestones, with the agility to adapt to progress and to concentrate on the most successful options;

− Developing educational programs targeting the training of technicians, engineers, scientists, and developers of quantum technologies.

2. Investment should be coordinated, both at the National and European level through strategic platforms and documents. In particular, current joint programming instruments such as the ERA-NET scheme should be used to encourage all Member States to participate through public-public and public-private partnerships.

3. A favorable European innovation ecosystem should be created, in order to facilitate the transfer of basic research findings into real life market applications. This can be achieved through: − Fostering the growth of SMEs, for example by actively seeking their engagement in public

R&D, and stimulating academia spin-off; − Creating a European wide quantum innovation fund to share the business and technical

risks with quantum technology enterprises investing in long-term endeavors. 4. Leading engineering capability attractive to industry and investments should be

established. This can be achieved through: − Investing in excellent local ecosystems in which academia, technology centers and

companies collaborate towards common strategic goals; − Fostering public-private partnerships offering modalities for cooperation between

industry and academia.

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5. Standardization should be encouraged for the most mature quantum technologies, such as quantum key distribution. At the same time, national metrological institutes should collaborate in developing quantum-based standards and certifications.

Quantum Technologies: Opportunities for European Industry The event, convened by Commissioner Günther H. Oettinger with the participation of Commissioner Carlos Moedas, was structured in two parts. A morning high-level industry round table gave an opportunity to discuss industrial interest and a potential European strategy for investment in the domain of quantum technologies. An afternoon stakeholder meeting further elaborated on the way forward to bridge from excellent research to future commercial exploitation of quantum technology research results in Europe. High-level scientists from Europe's leading quantum laboratories participated in the event, including Nobel laureates Serge Haroche and David Wineland, as did policy makers and representatives of major industrial research and technology laboratories with an interest in quantum technologies (ASML, Bosch, e2V, IMEC, Nokia, Safran, Thales).

Industry round table Introduction by Commissioners Günther H. Oettinger and Carlos Moedas Commissioner Oettinger opened the morning discussion by pointing out the need to turn the European research capability into future uses of quantum technologies (QT). Europe has now the ambition to advance the quantum technologies agenda, making this exciting topic a priority in order to play a major role in this technological revolution, capable of transforming many sectors of the digital economy in the short, medium and long term – for instance in health monitoring, data security, and high-performance computing. Europe has already invested in these technologies, and the Commission welcomes the strong activities taking place e.g. in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. To move forward, Europe needs a concerted effort in this direction, involving European industries. Indeed, fierce competition is building up and there is a concrete risk that our competitors (the US and China with particularly strong strategies and investments, but also Japan and Korea to mention a few examples) will take the lead, while Europe might risk lagging behind. Hence the Commission would like to strengthen European public-private partnership activities, and to hear what participants expect in terms of Commission funding, to enable Europe to be at the leading edge of the QT revolution.

Commissioner Moedas noted that DG Connect and DG Research are active at the border where the digitalization will take place, so it is important that the two DGs share a common strategy, also because the research being carried out needs to be adequately explained to citizens. This is indeed a major challenge for quantum technologies but it needs to be addressed, as it would be hard to justify major investments in this area if the public cannot understand what we are doing and why. So far, EC investment in quantum technologies has been channeled through FET programs but the EC now wants to do more, since it will be paramount for the implementation of the strategy envisioned by Commissioner Oettinger for the future of Europe. However, policy makers need help from scientists to understand the challenges ahead. Commissioner Moedas identified two main challenges: first, translating basic research into real life market applications, i.e. bridging the gap from the needed basic research towards the industrial and societal dimensions; and second, understanding how Europe can make the difference, e.g. what can ERC do to get the industry and societal pillars involved. The round table discussion would be

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important to hear the level of European industry interest and participation in Quantum Technologies, to identify the main difficulties and bottlenecks, and to gather suggestions to contribute to a European strategy for open science and open innovation.

The ensuing discussion revolved mainly around five themes as summarized below.

Discussion topics 1. Scientific Leadership and Training

We have to be aware that Nature is much more imaginative that we will ever be, Prof. Haroche warned the audience. Thus, in no other field is basic research so important to turn ideas into applications as it is in quantum technologies. Scientists are really to be regarded as the first quantum engineers, who use the laws of quantum mechanics to build and control systems at the quantum level, added Prof. Sanpera. Basic research in this field is by itself part of the technology development process, and the students and postdocs we train today in our labs will be the engineers and technology developers of future companies. In fact, remarked Prof. Kouwenhoven, training the best researchers and keeping them in Europe will be a decisive factor for success. Science will give rise to new technologies which will stimulate further scientific development, according to Prof. Walmsley. Quantum technologies cannot be developed in any different way, as they are more future looking, more high-risk and more high-payoff than any other technology. Europe is currently a leader in the global research effort on QT, also thanks to the European funding leveraging that of Member States in the past 15/20 years, remarked Minister Draxler. But now it is time to step up investment in both basic and applied research to capitalize on the previous efforts and sustain the momentum that has been built up. The point is that in the last three years the state-of-the-art of quantum technologies has really changed, concluded Prof. Zeilinger, and there are now specific goals that are within reach in the short to medium term. An exciting time is ahead of us, provided the right decisions are taken now.

2. Coordination In the field of quantum technology Europe has always been a single country, claimed Prof. Giacobino, thanks to the centralized funding of the field across several Framework Programmes. Building on such a stimulating atmosphere, an ERANET Cofound initiative in the field is being prepared, with a call for projects focusing on basic and applied research. The preparatory work triggered a lot of interaction on strategic thinking, giving also rise to a dialogue between Member States on how the area can be brought forward. And indeed, said State Secretary Dekker, if Europe wants to stay at the forefront in this promising area, it has to develop a coordinated strategy, in particular on how to help the transition from basic science to industrial take up. This will be one of the main points in the agenda of the Dutch Presidency of the EU, during which a broadly shared strategy will be presented at a major event in Amsterdam. On its side, Slovakia will make sure that the momentum is not lost when it will take over the EU presidency in June 2016, stated Minister Draxler. Federating regional, national and European agendas on quantum technologies coming both from the scientific and the industrial side will be a crucial ingredient for success, because no individual industry or Member State will be able to succeed alone in this field, concluded Prof. Calarco.

3. Favorable innovation ecosystem A five-year development plan represents a long term gap from an industrial perspective, stated Mr. Romero. This is a difficult situation from the business model angle, as industries may look at these kinds of technologies as too risky; for example, this represents the main reason why Nokia

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is not yet strongly investing in the technology, as Dr. Niskanen explained. In fact, QT still needs a significant amount of basic research, confirmed Dr. Bolle, and the gap between basic and applied research, as well as academia and industry, should be bridged if we are to succeed in making these technologies a reality. This could be achieved, suggested Prof. Kouwenhoven, through a European program that supports investments in research, innovation, skills and technology demonstrations. The role of the EC in this field, which Safran sees as a new frontier, added Dr. Fabre, should be to catalyze the transition from basic research to application. A scheme to help companies identifying and develop uses, applications and markets for new technologies that will impact their business would be welcome, continued Dr. Erman. We have an incredible opportunity to make a difference, concluded Prof. van den Hove, if Europe is able to integrate the excellent research centers and fabrication facilities it possesses.

4. Establishing engineering capability If the aim is to build a future European quantum industry, what is needed, as already remarked by several participants, is a closer collaboration between the research and industrial communities, in order to realize the technology transfer phase, said Dr. Matthes. A worldwide race for technology and talent has started and the economic stakes are high, added Dr. Cross. Now is the time in which the landscape is beginning to form and it is important to step in, investing according to a well defined and clearly laid down strategy. Public-private partnerships can accelerate innovation, providing a relatively easy entry point for companies interested in exploring the potential of emerging quantum technologies. This would have the further advantage that industry would bring in their expertise into academia, acquiring at the same time expertise in quantum technologies, added Prof. Kouwenhoven. Dr. Cross concluded by presenting a report “Industry perspectives on Quantum Technologies”, attached in Appendix 4.

5. Standardization All players will cooperate towards the ultimate goal of building a scalable technology, said Mr. Romero; and the way to scale is through standards, which will provide at the same time specifications to enable technologies to come to the market. Closely related to standardization is the field of (quantum) metrology, added Prof. Inguscio, which together with quantum sensors constitute the areas having applications in the shortest term. In particular, national metrological institutes should collaborate for developing quantum-based standards and certifications. In this way Europe will be ready to play a key role in the future market where quantum limits will define the performance of industrial applications. Conclusions by the Commissioners There is an intrinsic danger in the exercise of predicting the future, remarked Commissioner Moedas. For example, predictions made in the past to anticipate the future of the internet turned out to be mostly wrong, apart from two aspects: first, a bottom-up approach is the way to go, giving freedom to researchers to invent the future; second, policy makers need to create links between stakeholders. The EU can be a catalyst in overcoming psychological barriers between basic and applied research. Quantum technology research is at the same time fundamental and applied: investing in this field is therefore important. The discussion has shown that quantum technologies have both a short-term and a long-term dimension, concluded Commissioner Oettinger. There is no reason why Europe cannot succeed in the global competition, given its broad and solid knowledge base, provided optimal synergies can be developed. The important question is which research goals should be funded at EU level, to remain competitive with the scientific and financial strength of other countries like USA and

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China. This discussion should not remain an isolated event: a common protocol should be developed together with the EU Parliament and the rotating Presidencies of the next two years (Netherlands, Slovakia, Malta and United Kingdom), and in one year at the latest Commissioner Oettinger plans to host a follow-up discussion to advance collaboration on this strategic issue.

Stakeholder meeting ‘Bridging from excellent research to innovation’ Introduction by JRC Director General V. Sucha Director General Sucha recalled the first round table organized by the Joint Research Centre, as the scientific service of the EC for policy advice, in the Spring of 2013. After this initial horizon scanning, JRC recruited two scientists who are now screening the developments in the field of Quantum Technologies in order to identify areas in which there may be some need to change the policy framework. On top of this, JRC is developing new tools in cooperation with CERN to look at trends in science, based on patents, companies active in a certain field as well as mapping of cooperations. DG Sucha presented the first results of the application of this tool to Quantum Technologies, with a presentation that is attached in Appendix 3. Session 1: Quantum Communication An increase in world-wide dependence on accurate and secure records, involving increasing volumes of data handled across a growing global data infrastructure, coupled with increasingly sophisticated criminality are driving the demand for improved data and communications security, argued Dr. Baloo. Quantum technology is part of the solution to this problem if we build more affordable, user-friendly, off-the-shelf products for the wider business and consumer sectors. And to do that, according to Prof. Spiller, three things are needed: (1) a specific investment program, separated from basic research funding, for (2) early industrial engagement which must be (3) coordinated at the European level. Standardization is also an important dimension, Dr. Lenhart pointed out, as quantum key distribution systems have to be compatible with current fiber technology; it will build trust and secure interoperability at the same time. In addition, standardization will help us thinking in terms of a global market, like big players do. Session 2: Quantum Metrology and Sensing Until now quantum mechanics has been only used to understand basic properties of materials, as devices have been built using classical laws. However, as Prof. Aspect explained, we can now make use of quantum entanglement and the ability to manipulate single quantum objects to build truly quantum devices. The latter – which include but are not limited to quantum clocks, accelerometers, gyroscopes, gravity sensors and nano-optomechanical systems – are poised to disrupt a global market worth billions of dollars. So we are here in the presence of the two factors that Dr. Desruelle thinks are needed to run a successful company: a killer product and a mass market where to sell it, in order to improve everybody’s life. But then, as Dr. Roelver pointed out, this implies that these devices need to be affordable (0.1 to 1 euro), reliable (up to 10 years), small and operate at room temperature. That’s why Bosch is looking at systems based on Nitrogen Vacancy centers, which have shown good promise but are still far from commercialization. Indeed, for most quantum technologies, industry must still rely on the excellent research done in academia, which needs in turn to develop and propose new ideas. This is why, according to Dr. Desruelle, the field is in a phase where ‘patient’ funding preceding venture capital investments is called for: in fact, it is difficult to attract the latter as it is currently problematic to clearly assess the business and technological risks. And this is a very good idea, concluded Prof. Aspect, as in the process of making sensor devices featuring exquisite precision

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we learn about the quantum limits of Nature, we master them, and we finally find ways to go past them. Session 3: Quantum Computing and Simulation The way Nature computes is quantum, stated Prof. Kouwenhoven. This is not how our current computers compute, and that is why they are so slow and poorly performing for certain optimization tasks, whether it is maximizing the efficiency of a supply chain or the balance of stocks in a portfolio. And in industrial R&D, the search for the next generation of materials and chemicals involves painstaking laboratory trial and error, the most inefficient strategy. On the other hand, Dr. Curioni said, our society has grown thanks to an unprecedented growth in computational power; but a paradigmatic shift will be soon be needed if we want to ensure more growth, as already now one can clearly see huge amounts of workloads displaying exponential complexity. Not investing in its development is not an option anymore. It is a long term investment in basic science, engineering and device development, Prof. Walmsley pointed out, in which collaboration and networking are key factors. And Europe is ideally suited for being the place were a new synergy between industry and academia, between intellectual and entrepreneurial activities, is established. After 25 years of funding excellence in quantum information sciences, it is now time to embrace long term support and make an effort to deliver the technology. And this can be only done by ensuring a critical mass of excellent people capable of identifying ideas and corresponding business opportunities. Session 4: Member States Involvement There are two reasons that lead the Polish national funding organization NCN to coordinate the efforts for setting up the future QUANTERA proposal, an ERA-NET Cofund action in the quantum technology field, illustrated Prof. Karonski. The first one is how strong this scientific area is in Poland; the second one is the enthusiasm that can be infused in the initiative by a young agency such as NCN. There is also an emotional component, in that Poland as a new Member State feels a responsibility to take the lead in some initiatives. In addition, continued Prof. Delpy, no single Member State is able to cover all the knowledge needed, whereas Europe as a whole certainly can. The objective must be to develop an entire ecosystem, by training not only scientists but also engineers; therefore it is important that industry is involved in preparing and shaping the call for projects. This is certainly what should be done, remarked Ms. Heijman, as we need to capitalize on the excellent ideas that are emerging and bring at least some of them to the market. This will be one of the major items in the agenda of the next EU Presidency by the Netherlands, which will host a conference in Amsterdam on the 17-18 of May of 2016 with the intent to foster collaboration between the European scientific and industry communities, showcase innovation and provide a platform to present a comprehensive vision and roadmap across the spectrum of quantum technologies. Conclusions by DG Connect Deputy Director General Z. Stancic We have a unique opportunity in front of us, concluded Deputy Director General Stancic: a lot of exciting developments both at the Member State as well as at the European Union level, including two Commissioners who find Quantum Technologies extremely attractive and want to take them further. Time is ripe to accelerate the quantum technology endeavor, and this can be done by preparing a very comprehensive research agenda on quantum technologies, beyond the views of the research and industry communities alone, or of individual Member States. We need to be able to integrate all of the latter in a coherent vision. Success will depend on all of the involved actors, but the EC on its side is fully committed, and importantly DG RTD shares this

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view. A challenge is in front of us: To build on this momentum, and make Quantum Technologies happen.

Appendix 1: Agenda

10.00 – 12.00 Industry Round Table

Hosted by Commissioner Günther H. Oettinger with Commissioner Carlos Moedas

13.00 – 13.10 Introduction to stakeholders'session

Vladimir Šucha, Director-General, Joint Research Center, European Commission

13.10 – 13.15 Reporting from the morning round table

Tommaso Calarco, European Academy of Sciences

13.15 – 14.15 Chair: Thierry Van der Pyl, Director DG Connect, European Commission

Session 1: Quantum communication

Ms Jaya Baloo, KPN Prof Tim Spiller, University of York Ms Gaby. Lenhart, ETSI

Session 2: Quantum metrology and sensing

Prof. Alain Aspect, Institut d’Optique Dr Bruno Desruelle, Muquans Dr Robert Roelver, Robert Bosch GmbH

14.15 Coffee break

14.45 – 15.45 Chair: Thierry Van der Pyl, Director DG Connect, European Commission

Session 3: Quantum computing and simulation

Prof. Ian Walmsley, University of Oxford Prof. Leo Kouwenhoven, Technical University of Delft Dr. Alessandro. Curioni, IBM

Session 4: Member States involvement

Prof. Dr. Hab. Michal Karonski, National Science Center of Poland Ms Freeke. Heijman-te Paske, Dutch Ministry for Economic Affairs Prof. David. Delpy, Chair UK Quantum Technologies Strategic Advisory Board

15.45 – 16.00 Conclusions

Zoran Stančič, Deputy Director-General, Communications Networks, Content and Technology, European Commission

Rapporteur: Tommaso Calarco, European Academy of Sciences

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Appendix 2: List of participants Alain Aspect* Institut d'Optique Jaya Baloo KPN Konrad Banaszek Univ. of WarsawPaolo Bianco Airbus Defence & Space Michael Bolle* Robert Bosch GmbHVladimir Bužek Slovak Academy of SciencesTommaso Calarco* Univ. Ulm Brendan Casey Kelvin NanotechnologyGerrit Cornelis Katerberg* Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, NL Trevor Cross* e2v Alessandro Curioni IBM Jo De Boeck IMEC Sander Dekker* Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, NL David Delpy EPSRC Bruno Desruelle Muquans David DiVincenzo RWTH Aachen/FZ Juelich Sander Dorenbos Single QuantumJuraj Draxler* Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports SK Marceline du Prie TU Delft Marko Erman* Thales Daniel Esteve CEA Pierre Fabre* Safran Elisabeth Giacobino* CNRS Nicolas Gisin Univ. GenevaJean-Pierre Hamaide Alcatel-Lucent Serge Haroche* Collège de FranceFreeke Heijman* Ministry of Economic Affairs NLIvan Hromada* SK Permanent Representation to EU Monika Hucáková* Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports SK Massimo Inguscio* INRiM Michał Karoński NCN Leo Kouwenhoven* TU Delft and QuTechGaby Lenhart ETSI Markus Matthes* ASML John Morton University College LondonRichard Murray Innovate UKAntti Niskanen* Nokia Christian Picollet Safran Iuliana Radu IMEC Grégoire Ribordy IdQuantique Guy Roberts Géant

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Pascal Rochat Spectratime Robert Rölver Robert Bosch GmbHLuis Jorge Romero* ETSI Pavol Šajgalík Slovak Academy of Sciences Dušan Šándor* SK Permanent Representation to EUAnna Sanpera* Univ. Autonoma de BarcelonaTim Spiller Univ. York Thomas Strohm Robert Bosch GmbHRobert Thew Univ. GenevaLluis Torner ICFO Luc Van den hove* IMEC Cora Van Nieuwenhuizen European ParliamentIan Walmsley* Univ. Oxford Witte Wijsmuller European ParliamentDavid Wineland NIST Paul Ymkers* NL Permanent Representation to EU Anton Zeilinger* Austrian Academy of SciencesMarek Żukowski Univ. Gdansk and NCN

(* denotes participants at the morning round table) European Commission. Günther H. Oettinger Carlos Moedas Michael Hager Cabinet Commissioner OettingerMaria Da Graça Carvalho Cabinet Commissioner MoedasVladimír Šucha JRC Meret Krämer JRC Martino Travagnin JRC Roberto Viola DG Connect Zoran Stančič DG ConnectThierry Van der Pyl DG ConnectAles Fiala DG Connect Aymard De Touzalin DG ConnectPascal Drabik DG ConnectAndrea Feltrin DG Connect Sigrid Landry DG ConnectWalter Van de Velde DG Connect

Technology Maturity for 5 quantum technologies.

Quantum computing and Quantum cryptography more mature than the three other technologies.

From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), Scopus (Elsevier), Patstat (European Patent Office).

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Comparing 2 quantum technologies with a commercialised technology

From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN),using data from Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), Scopus (Elsevier), Patstat (European Patent Office).

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Appendix3:PresentationbyJRCDirectorGeneralV.Šucha

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Scientific categories for articles about 5 quantum technologies

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QuantumComputingQuantumCryptographyQuantumSimulationQuantumRepeatersQuantumMetrology&Sensing

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From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier).

Comparing number of scientific categories of 2 Quantum technologies with a commercialised technology

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From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier)

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Countries active in Quantum Computing (Patents+Publications, 2000-2013)From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

Countries active in Quantum Cryptography (Patents+Publications, 2000-2013)From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

14

Countries in Quantum Metrology & Sensing (Patents+Publications,2000-2013)From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

Countries active in Quantum Repeaters (Patents+Publications, 2000-2013)From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

15

Countries active in Quantum Simulation (Patents+Publications, 2000-2013)From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

Publishing countries (2672 articles) Vs Patenting Countries (196 patents)

For Quantum Computing (2000-2013)

From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

Evolution weight of actors in Quantum Cryptography (Publications+Patents)

2001

From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

2007

Evolution weight of actors in Quantum Cryptography (Publications+Patents)From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

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200120072014

Evolution weight of actors in Quantum Cryptography (Publications+Patents)From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

Weight of actors for Quantum Cryptography (Publications+Patents)Europe disaggregated

From Technology and Innovation Monitor (JRC-CERN), using data from Scopus (Elsevier) and Patstat (EPO)

2014

18

Industry  Perspectives  on  

Quantum  Technologies  

Report  produced  by:  Richard  Murray  (Innovate  UK-­‐  UK),  Peter  Mueller  (IBM  Zurich  Research-­‐  CH),  Jean  Lautier-­‐Gaud  (Muquans-­‐  FR),  Kelly  Richdale  (IDQuantique-­‐  CH),  Steve  Maddox  (e2v-­‐  UK),  Freeke  Heijman  (Dutch  ministry  of  economic  affairs-­‐  NL),  

Tommaso  Calarco  (University  of  Ulm-­‐  DE)  

13th  October  2015  

Draft  5  

Appendix4:IndustryPerspectivesonQuantumTechnologies

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2  

Contents  Executive  Summary  ...........................................................................................................................  4  Introduction  –  Why  Quantum  Technologies?  .........................................................................  5  What  are  the  Opportunities  for  Quantum  Technologies?  .................................................  6  Quantum  Sensing  and  Measurement  Systems  ..................................................................  6  Quantum  Metrology  ......................................................................................................................  6  Quantum  imaging  systems  .........................................................................................................  7  Quantum  Information  and  Computation  .............................................................................  7  Quantum  Communications  ........................................................................................................  7  Quantum  Enabling  Technologies  ............................................................................................  8  

Existing  Quantum  Technology  Markets  ....................................................................................  9  Quantum  Technologies  in  Europe  ............................................................................................  10  Global  activities  in  Quantum  Technologies  ..........................................................................  12  What  is  the  Current  Level  of  Industry  Interest  for  Quantum  Technologies?  .........  13  Question:  What  relevance  does  your  company  see  for  the  following  technologies?  ................................................................................................................................  14  Question:  What  size  market  does  your  company  see  for  devices  with  the  following  characteristics?  ........................................................................................................  15  Question:  What  are  the  current  foreseen  roadblocks  to  a  future  quantum  technologies  industry?  ..............................................................................................................  15  Question:  How  can  local,  national  and  European  support  be  used  to  overcome  these  roadblocks?  .......................................................................................................................  17  

Conclusions  and  Recommendations  ........................................................................................  19  1.  Fund  technology  development  projects  within  companies  .................................  19  2.  Stimulate  European-­‐wide  co-­‐working  and  networking  ........................................  19  3. Coherent  support  for  development  of  technologies  at  all  stages  of  maturity  .............................................................................................................................................................  19  5.  Promote  market  finding  activities  ..................................................................................  20  6.  Create  an  industry  leadership  group  .............................................................................  20  

References  ...........................................................................................................................................  21  

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List  of  Figures  Figure  1  Global  investments.  ......................................................................................................  12  Figure  2  Industrial  activities  .......................................................................................................  13  Figure  3  Relevant  application  areas  ........................................................................................  14  Figure  4  Expected  market  areas:.  .............................................................................................  15  Figure  5  Barriers  identified  by  industry  ................................................................................  16  Figure  6  Actions  for  industry  ......................................................................................................  17  

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Executive  Summary  Quantum   technologies   are   a   new   generation   of   optical   and   electronic   devices  that  use  quantum  effects   to   significantly  enhance   the  performance  over   that  of  existing,   ‘classical’  technologies.  There  is  mounting  evidence  that  many  of  these  quantum   technologies   are   ready   to   transition   into   commercial   products,   with  significant   short,  medium  and   long-­‐term  opportunities   for  new  businesses   and  job  creation  across  the  whole  of  Europe.  This  will  strengthen  the  future  position  of   European   industries   for  many   decades   to   come   in   areas   as   diverse   as:   ICT,  finance,  communication,  health,  space,  construction  and  consumer  markets.  

European  scientists  already  have  a  worldwide  reputation   for  work   in  quantum  science.  In  order  to  translate  this  advantage  into  an  economic  reward  European  companies   must   be   incentivised   to   develop,   integrate   and   sell   quantum  technologies   as   products   and   services   that   will   serve   real-­‐world,   commercial  problems.  

This  paper  seeks  to  understand  the  current  level  of  company  interest  in  quantum  technologies,   and   what   barriers   are   preventing   companies   from   expressing   a  greater   level  of   involvement.   Secondly,   it  presents   recommendations   for  action  that   will   generate   more   industry   traction   from   quantum   technologies   in   the  future.    

To   achieve   this,   the   authors   conducted   a   survey   of   company   opinions   with  respect   to   quantum   technologies.   An   analysis   of   the   survey   leads   to   six  recommendations  for  the  European  commission  and  other  national  agencies.    

1. Public  funding  for  technology  development  projects  withincompanies.2. Stimulate  European-­‐wide  co-­‐working  and  networking.3. Coherent  support  for  technologies  at  all  stages  of  maturity.4. Initiate  early  adopter  programs  within  the  public  sector.5. Promote  market-­‐finding  activities.6. Create  an  industry  leadership  group.

These  recommendations  are  expected  to  accelerate  the  translation  of  science  to  real  products  that  will  create  business  growth.  They  will  lead  to  a  new,  lucrative  industry  for  Europe,  creating  long-­‐term  economic  and  societal  benefits  for  the  taxpayer.  

 

5    

Introduction  –  Why  Quantum  Technologies?  More  than  100  years  ago,  a  revolution  occurred  when  mainly  European  scientists  developed   the   foundations   of   quantum   physics.   These   foundations   have   been  used   to   underpin   numerous   scientific   and   technological   advances   such   as   the  laser,   and   the   transistor.   We   are   now   in   the   midst   of   a   second   ‘quantum  revolution’  (Jonathan  P.  Dowling,  2003),  where  the  rules  of  quantum  physics  are  exploited   to   deliver   devices   with   superior   performance   and   revolutionary  capabilities  (see  chapter  What  are  the  Opportunities  for  Quantum  Technologies).  In   many   instances,   this   transition   to   quantum   devices   is   inevitable-­‐   such   as  electronic   devices,   which   will   naturally   become   quantum   as   they   are  miniaturized  over  the  next  decade.    These   second   revolution   quantum   devices   are   commonly   known   as   ‘Quantum  Technologies’.   They   are   a   new  generation   of   solid   state,   electronic,   optical   and  atomic   devices   with   functionalities   that   are   simply   not   possible   using  conventional  techniques.      The  academic  networks  within  Europe  are  prepared   for   this  upcoming  era  and  European   quantum   technologies   oriented   scientists   have   an   outstanding  scientific  output  and  worldwide  reputation.  In  order  to  turn  this  leading  position  in   research   into   business   growth   it   is   imperative   that   European   companies  become   active   in   developing,   integrating   and   selling   quantum   technologies   as  products  and  services  that  will  serve  real-­‐world,  commercial  problems.      For  the  small  numbers  of  companies  who  are  already  selling  products  based  on  quantum   technologies   (see   chapter   Existing   Quantum   Technology   Markets),  there  is  an  opportunity  to  grow  the  market  for  these  devices  from  sophisticated,  niche  markets  into  more  mainstream  markets,  with  higher  volumes  and  greater  profits.    The  purpose  of  this  document  is  to  present  an  industry  perspective  of  quantum  technologies.  This  paper  summarises  the  perceived  development  challenges  and  market  opportunities,  and  gives  suggestions  for  public  sector  actions  which  will  help  to  overcome  these  challenges.    These   initiatives  will   help   to   create   a  worldwide  wave   of   quantum   technology  based   applications   that  will   create  multiple,   high-­‐value  business   opportunities,  as  we  saw  when  the  transistor  was  invented.    

   

 

6    

What  are  the  Opportunities  for  Quantum  Technologies?  There   is   a   significant   opportunity   to   exploit   the   excellent   science   occurring   in  European   academic   laboratories,   bring   it   to   a   professional   engineering  environment   and   to   transition   early   scientific   demonstrators   of   these   devices  into  commercial  products.  

A   detailed   description   of   quantum   technologies   can   be   found  within   the   QIPC  report   (Qurope,   2015).   A   simplified   list   of   the   opportunities   for   quantum  technologies  is  shown  below:  

Quantum  Sensing  and  Measurement  Systems  Such   systems   use   quantum   effects   to   precisely   measure   properties   of   the  environment,   such   as   frequency,   acceleration,   rotation   rates,   electromagnetic  fields,  temperature.  

• Near-­‐term  technologies:  atomic  clocks,  quantum  gravity  sensors,  magnetic  sensors  

• Mid/Long-­‐term   technologies:   quantum   magnetometer   /   electrometers,  quantum  gyros.    

• Markets:   natural   resources   exploitation   and   civil   engineering,   indoor  positioning,   sensors   for   healthcare   (such   as   brain   imaging   and  Magneto  encephalography  (MEG)),  telecommunications,  security  and  defence,  time  stamping   applications,   synchronization,   underground   resource  exploitation   and   monitoring,   infrastructure   monitoring,   precise  positioning.    

Quantum  Metrology  These   are   systems   which   use   quantum   effects   to   allow   for   local,   verifiable,  reliable  and  robust  calibration  and  measurement  of  the  SI  standard  unit.  

• Near-­‐term  technologies:  atomic  clocks.  • Mid/long-­‐term   technologies:   higher   precision   quantum   clocks,   quantum-­‐

standardised  SI  units  (e.g.  Ampere,  Candela).  • Markets:   quality   and   safety   control   in   industry   (production,   assembly  

lines…),   time   certification   (commercial   and   financial   transactions),   and  portable  standard  tests.  

   

 

7    

 

Quantum  imaging  systems  These  devices  use  quantum  effects   to  offer   improved   technical  or   fundamental  noise  and  sensitivity  limitations  over  classical  imaging  devices  or  techniques.  

• Near-­‐term   technologies:   NMR   imaging,   scanning   tunnelling   microscope  single  pixel  imaging.  

• Mid/long-­‐term   technologies:   quantum-­‐secured   imaging,   in-­‐vivo   cellular  and  neural  imaging,  single  photon  imaging.  

• Markets:   healthcare,   biotechnology,   infrastructure   monitoring,   security  and  defence.  

Quantum  Information  and  Computation  Computing   architectures   which   use   data   held   in   quantum   states.   Allowing  significantly   faster   and   better   problem   solving,   for   certain   types   of   computing  problems.      

• Near-­‐term   technologies:   special-­‐purpose   quantum   computers,   non-­‐classical  algorithms,  post-­‐quantum  algorithms.  

• Mid/Long-­‐term   technologies:   universal   quantum   computer,   quantum  memories.    

• Markets:   IT   and   computer   industry,   Big   Data,   telecommunications,  defence  and  security,  real-­‐time  weather  forecast,  cognitive  computing  and  control  systems.    

Quantum  Communications  Such  communication  systems  use  quantum  effects  to  securely  transmit  classical  data,  or  transmit  quantum  data.  

• Near  term  technologies:  quantum  random  number  generators  (QRNG)  for  secure  key  or  token  generation,  point-­‐to-­‐point  quantum  key  distribution  (QKD)  for  secure  key  exchange  in  crypto  systems.    

• Mid/long-­‐term   technologies:   quantum   key   distribution   (QKD)   global  networks,  quantum  memories  and  repeaters,  the  quantum  Internet.  

• Markets:   telecommunications,   online   gaming   (QRNG),   security   and  defence,  high-­‐quality  entropy  (randomness)  for  crypto  functions  &  other  online   industries,   quantum-­‐secured   commercial   transactions,   user  authentication  and  ATM  withdrawals.    

                   

 

8    

   Quantum  Simulation  Quantum   simulators   are   quantum   systems,   which   for   example   simulate   the  performance   of   chemical   or   physical   objects   (materials)   which   are   too  complicated  (or  impossible)  or  too  costly  to  study  otherwise,  thereby  improving  physical  properties  of  existing  materials  or  providing  new  materials.  

• Near-­‐term   technologies:   early   studies   of   lattice   materials,   ultra-­‐cold  atoms,  superconducting  Qubits.  

• Mid/long-­‐term   technologies:   devices   for   direct   simulation   of  superconductivity,   complex   (bio-­‐)   chemical   reactions,   advanced  photonics,  metamaterials,  improved  batteries.  

• Markets:  materials,   pharmaceuticals,   biotechnology,   and   energy   efficient  materials.  

Quantum  Enabling  Technologies  Devices  which   are   fundamental   components   to   the   construction   of   a   quantum  technologies  system;  these  may  have  spin-­‐off  applications.  

• Near-­‐term   technologies:   cryogenic   systems,   stabilised   laser   systems,  optical   frequency   combs,   single   photon   source   detectors,  materials   (e.g.  semiconductors,   superconducting   junctions),   high   frequency   electronics,  device   processing   technologies   and   quantum   algorithms,   protocols   and  software.  

• Mid/long-­‐term   technologies:   on-­‐chip   cold   atom   devices,   qubits   and  quantum  information  storage  devices.  

• Markets:   There   are   many   opportunities   for   companies   to   sell   quantum  components  and  sub-­‐systems  at  first  to  the  academic  market,  and  then  to  the   growing   quantum   industry.   In   addition,   there   are   multiple   spin   off  markets  for  cutting  edge  photonic  and  electronic  devices.  

   

The  future  market  for  these  technologies  is  significant  and  far  reaching:  estimated  at  $1,150M  in  2020  for  quantum  communications  systems,  growing  at  a  20.6%  CAGR  in  2015-­‐2020,  and  $850M  in  2020  for  quantum  computing  systems,  growing  at  a  30%  CAGR  in  2015-­‐2020.  (Market  research  media  ltd,  2014)

     

 

9    

Existing  Quantum  Technology  Markets  There   is   a   significant   market   today   for   the   enabling   technologies   that   are  contained  within  quantum  technology  systems.  These  include  components  such  as:  vacuum  cells,   lasers,  optics,  cryogenic  and  semiconductor  systems,  and  high  specification  software  and  electronics.  The  initial  market  for  these  devices  is  to  the  scientific  and  research  community.  

In   addition,   systems   and   devices   that   rely   on   quantum   technology   are   already  beginning   to   gain   commercial   traction   in   some   specific   markets.   For   example,  Quantum   Random  Number   Generators   (QRNG)   are   already   in   commercial   use  with  Loterie  Romande  (one  of  the  biggest  lottery  operators  in  Switzerland),  and  Quantum   Key   Distribution   (QKD)   has   been   used   by   the   canton   of   Geneva   in  Switzerland  since  2007  to  secure  the  transmission  of  their  election  results.  

Commercial   quantum   gravity   meters   have   already   been   provided   to   support  hydrology   survey   and   management   in   France.   New   generation   atomic   clocks  have  been  chosen  by  European  and  French   space  agencies   to  prepare   the  next  stage  of  the  Global  Navigation  Satellite  System.  

Quantum   technology   based   products   are   expected   to   be   used   first   in   small-­‐volume  applications  which  can  bear  higher  unit   costs.    As   technology  develops  further   and   manufacturing   techniques   are   enhanced   quantum   technology  devices  will  become  miniaturized,  cost-­‐reduced  and  mass-­‐producible.    This  will  open  up  multiple  new  market  opportunities  and  quantum  devices  will  begin  to  be  embedded  in  consumer  devices  such  as  mobile  phones  and  cars.  

   

 

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Quantum  Technologies  in  Europe  Over  the  last  15  years,  the  EC  has  invested  more  than  €350  million  in  research  on   quantum   technologies   and   quantum   information   (Omar,   2015).   In   addition  there   have   been   substantial   investments   made   by   individual   member   states:  over  the  last  2  years,  the  UK,  with  a  £270  million  national  quantum  technologies  programme  and   the  Netherlands,  with   a  €135  million  Qutech   investment   have  established   large   national   programs   for   the   translation   of   science   into  technologies   and   are   seen   as   key   milestones   in   the   growth   of   a   quantum  technologies  industry.    The   sum   of   this   investment   means   that   European   countries   together   are  investing  more  funding  into  quantum  technology  science  and  research  than  any  other   country,   according   to   publicly   disclosed   investments.   More   than   1/3   of  quantum   specialists   are   located   at   European   universities   and   governmental  laboratories.  They  published   the  most  papers  over   the   last  decade  and  created  the  second  highest  number  of  patents  worldwide  (MEZ,  2015).      Europe  also  has  a  growing  number  of  very  innovative,  small,  medium  and  large  sized   companies   working   in   areas   that   will   form   future   supply   chains   for  quantum  technologies.  These  include:  

•  components  manufacturers-­‐  such  as  Toptica  (DE)   in  Laser  technologies,  e2v   (UK)   in  vacuum  electronics  and  photonics  and  single  quantum  (NL)  selling  single  photon  detectors;  

• manufacturers   of   quantum     devices-­‐   such   as   IDQuantique   (CH)   selling  quantum   random   number   generators   and   quantum   key   distribution  systems,  and  Muquans   (Fr)  selling  quantum  gravity  sensing  devices  and  atomic  clocks;  

• multinational   enterprises-­‐   such   as   IBM,   Toshiba   and   Bosch   who   are  interested   in   developing   systems   based   on   quantum   technologies.  Companies   such   as  Microsoft   and   Intel   have  made   large   investments   in  European  labs  (NL,  DK);  

• ‘end  users’-­‐  such  as  Airbus  and  Alcatel-­‐Lucent  who  are  interested  buying  solutions,   but  who  may   not   necessarily   be   interested   in   the   underlying  technology.      

There   is   strong   competition   with   other   nations,   outside   of   Europe   and   in  comparison,  funding  of  high-­‐tech-­‐SMEs  within  Europe  is  often  challenging.  Much  of   this   is   driven   by   a   risk-­‐averse   culture   where   innovation   is   seen   often   as   a  source   of   risk   rather   than   an   opportunity.   This   causes   a   high   reticence   by  companies,   venture   capitalists   and   other   sources   of   private   equity   to   fund  projects   if   they   cannot   see   a   real   demonstration   of   the   project   to   fund.   For  contrast,   there   is  much  anecdotal   evidence  of   large  USA   companies   supporting  high-­‐risk  innovation,  where  in  Europe  it  would  be  seen  as  too  risky.    

 Public  funding  and  coordination  for  innovation  can  help  to  convince  businesses  and   private   equity   to   invest.   Programmes   such   as   the   Future   Emerging  Technologies   (FET)   to   are   useful   to   fight   this   trend.     Within   FET,   ‘Open’   and  ‘Proactive’   are   useful   sources   of   funds   for   academic   research   of   early   stage  technologies,  and  the  Key  Enabling  Technologies  (KET)-­‐  such  as  the  Photonics21  

 

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initiative   are   useful   for   later   stage   technologies.   However,   a   consistent   and  coherent  set  of  mechanisms  must  be  available  to  support  quantum  technologies  throughout  their  development.  This  funding  model  must  bridge  the  funding  gap  from   early   stage   research,   covered   by   FET   programmes,   through   to   a   more  established   technology   which   is   covered   by   KET   programmes.   These   support  mechanisms   should   provide   applicants   with   a   reasonable   chance   of   winning  funding   so   that   they   are   seen   as   a   worthwhile   investment   of   the   time   and  resources  that  are  required  to  submit  an  application.    Europe  also  does  not  have  large-­‐scale  public  procurement  processes,  such  as  the  USA   SBRI   or   DARPA  models,  which   have   been   shown   to   be   highly   effective   at  bringing   strategically   important   technologies   to   market.   For   example:   DARPA  sponsored   the   development   of   the   chip   scale   atomic   clock   (CSAC)     (Lutwak,  2011),  which   is  now  a  world   leading  timing  solution,  used  around  the  world   in  many  commercial  applications.  

   

 

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Global  activities  in  Quantum  Technologies  Worldwide   interest   in   quantum   technologies   is   increasing   rapidly.   Public  scientific   activity   has   grown   over   the   last   decade,  measured   by   the   number   of  authors  publishing  scientific  papers.  Europe  still  has  the  largest  public  research  body   in   the  world  working  on   the   topic,   even  compared   to  North  America  and  Asia.      However,   when   looking   at   industrial   and   public   funding,   some   challenges   are  foreseeable.   Especially   in   the   field   of   quantum   computation,   where   big  investments  are  needed  to  exploit  the  results  of  the  science,  the  investments  are  growing  fast  in  the  US,  with  big  projects  of  Google,  IBM,  Microsoft  and  Lockheed  Martin.  Also  public  agencies  like  NSA,  NASA  and  DARPA/IARPA  are  investing  for  strategic   reasons.   In  China,   Japan  and  South  Korea,  quantum  communication   is  high   on   the   agenda,   for   example   China   is   planning   to   launch   a   satellite   for   a  quantum  key  distribution  link  in  2016.    Looking   to   industry  co-­‐authorships,   Japan  shows  an  efficient  model  of  national  research  hub   infrastructure,  such  as   the  Advanced  Institutes,  Riken  and  others,  who  perform  close  collaborations  with  industry.  The  USA  has  created  an  efficient  strategy   for  producing  patent  publications,   funding   research   calls   that   are   also  open  to  industry.      

 Figure   1   Global   investments:   Global   investments   and   full   time   employees   in   quantum  technologies   in   2015.   The   sum   of   this   effort   is   approximately   7000   researchers  with   a   yearly  budget  of  1.5  Billion  Euros  (MEZ,  2015).  

   

 

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What  is  the  Current  Level  of  Industry  Interest  for  Quantum  Technologies?    

     

 Figure  2  Industrial  activities:  ‘What  is  your  current  interest/activity  in  quantum  technologies?’  

Sponsoring/partnering  ac/vi/es  with  universi/es  :  28  %  

 Scou/ng/reconnaissance  to  learn  what  will  be  possible  in  the  future  :  25  %  

Collabora/on  with  other  industrial  start-­‐ups  :  18  %  

We  are  planning  for  a  significant  R&D  spend  :  15  %  

Ini/al,  small  exploratory  investments  :  11  %  

Nothing  now,  but  perhaps  in  the  future  :  2  %  

A  large  share  of  our  R&D  is  used  to  develop  this  technology  :  2  %  

We  will  never  be  interested  :  0  %  

Quantum  Technologies  survey:  understanding  industry  perspectives    In  order  to  understand  more  about  industry  attitudes,  a  survey  was  

conducted.  In  total  110  companies  were  contacted  who  were  known  to  have  some  interest  in  quantum  technologies,  and  25  responses  were  received.  ll  

of  the  companies  who  replied  stated  that  they  had  some  interest  in  quantum  technologies.  The  questionnaire  consisted  of  15  questions,  the  results  from  which  have  been  used  along  with  other  sources  to  reference  this  paper.  In  multiple  choice  questions,  companies  were  permitted  to  vote  

for  more  than  one  answer.  

 

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 Many   companies   in   the   survey   responded   to   say   that   ‘quantum   enabling  technologies’,   such   as   components   were   very   relevant   to   their   business.   For  example  IDQuantique  produce  revenue  from  the  sale  of  single  photon  detectors  and   quantum   random  number   generators  which   fuel   the   development   of   later  stage  quantum  secure  networks.      There   are   a   number   of   large   companies   that   have   the   capacity   to   undertake  development  projects  which  may  have  a  very  long  development  time,  but  a  large  impact  on  future  revenues.  Today  it  is  mostly  American  ICT  companies  that  have  started  to  invest  in  quantum  computers.  Google,  IBM,  Lockheed  Martin,  Toshiba  and   Microsoft   all   have   considerable   R&D   efforts   to   develop   quantum  computation  systems.  Recently  Intel  announced  a  $50  million  investment  in  the  Delft  QuTech  centre  for  the  development  of  quantum  chips.    This  is  because  companies  are  only  interested  in  undertaking  work  that  leads  to  commercial,  profitable  opportunities  within  a  very  short  time.  Companies  need  a  compelling  case  to   invest,  such  as  a  short-­‐term  product   that  can  quickly  return  revenue   or   a   long-­‐term   product   with   the   potential   for   a   huge   payback   of  investment.  

Question:  What  relevance  does  your  company  see  for  the  following  technologies?    

 Figure  3  The   relevance  of   quantum   technologies:   ‘How  would   you   rate   the   relevance   of   the   quantum  technologies  identified  below  to  your  organization  within  5  years  (left)  and  within  10  years  (right)’?  In  this  graph,   red   boxes   indicate   a   large   number   of   votes;   green,   a   small   number.   Conclusion:   companies   are  interested  in  many  different  types  of  quantum  technologies,  with  most  technologies  having  some  relevance  within  5  years,  growing  to  medium  or  high  relevance  over  10  years.  

 

 

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Question:  What  size  market  does  your  company  see  for  devices  with  the  following  characteristics?    

 Figure  4  Expected  application  areas:  ‘Indicate  whether  your  company  would  see  a  market  for  devices  with   the   following   characteristics  within   5   years   (left)  within   10   years   (right)’.   In   this  graph,  red  boxes   indicate  a   large  number  of  votes;  green,  a  small  number.  Conclusion:  companies  thought  that   most   applications   for   quantum   technologies   would   serve   niche   or   multiple   niche   markets   within   5  years,  growing  to  multiple  niche  markets,  or  general/consumer  markets  within  10  years.  

   A  significant  number  of  respondents  had  or  were  planning  significant  activities  in  quantum  technologies:  15%  of  respondents  were  planning  a  significant  R&D  spend,   18%   were   involved   in   collaboration   with   industry   start-­‐ups   and   28%  were  working  with  universities.  25%  were  performing  scouting/reconnaissance  to  learn  more  about  the  technologies.  

Question:  What  are  the  current  foreseen  roadblocks  to  a  future  quantum  technologies  industry?    For  companies  to  have  an  interest  in  this  new  field,  it  is  important  that  they  are  able  to  provide  the  evidence  to  show  that  there  is  a  business  case  for  a  return  on  investment   within   a   relatively   short   time   frame,   typically   less   than   3-­‐5   years.  Companies  must  be   able   to  demonstrate   that   there   are   short-­‐term  commercial  opportunities  at   sufficiently   low  risk,  offset  against  opportunities   for   return  on  investment.  However,  this  return  on  investment  may  be  complex,  and  difficult  to  predict.  The  survey  asked  companies  to  vote  for  what  they  believed  to  be  the  most  significant  barriers.  

 

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 Figure   5   Barriers   identified   by   industry:     Answers   to   the   question:   What   are   the   current  barriers  to  commercialising  or  using  quantum  technologies  within  your  company?  

The   largest   barrier   to   the   commercialisation   of   quantum   technologies   was  perceived  to  be  that  the  supply  chain  needs  more  development  (19%  of  votes).  This   represents   the   view   stronger   links   are   needed   between   companies   in   the  supply  chain,  including  components  suppliers.    The  second  greatest  barrier  was  that  new  skills  and  expertise  and  understanding  were   needed   (17%)   due   to   the   limited   availability   of   trained   engineers   and  technicians,  who  can  work  with  the  complex  quantum  systems.    Third  greatest  barrier  (16%)  was  that  the  market  risk  was  too  great.  When  asked  about   the   perceived   value   of   quantum   technologies   for   end   customers,   most  respondents  noted  “most  people  simply  do  now  know  what  possibilities  there  are.  However  as  media,  news  and  big  corporations  are  increasingly  working  in  it,  public  demand   will   increase   exponentially”   or   “There   is   lack   of   understanding   of   what  benefits  [quantum  technologies]  will  offer”.              Respondents   also   noted   that   there   was   a   need   for   technical   challenges   to   be  overcome,  and  that  standardisation  was  needed.    This   points   to   a   circular   argument   –   end   customers   can   only   begin   to   find  solutions   and   applications   to   real   problems   when   they   have   a   evidence   and  

Supply  chain  :  19  %   Need  for  new  skills  :  17  %  

Market  risk  :  16  %   Technical  risk  :  15  %  

Standardisa/on/regulatory  hurdles  :  12  %   Need  for  new  facili/es  :  10  %  

Need  new  connec/ons  :  9  %   Lack  of  demand    :  1  %  

Import/export  regula/ons  :  1  %  

 

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understanding   of   the   performance   and   limitations   of   a   technology,     while  technology  providers  can  only  work  towards  a  relevant  technology  once  they  are  aware  of  the  solution  and  application.  This  is  an  area  where  the  EU  could  bring  value   to   incentivize   the   development   of   quantum   technologies   to   industry  leaders,   as   well   as   promoting   more   engineering   and   applications   around  quantum  technologies.    “Currently  quantum  technology  in  Europe  is  largely  driven  by   academics,   we   need   to   shift   the   centre   of   activity   to   the   end   users   and   the  industrial  supply  base.    However  the  technical  risk  is  high,  so  EU  support  is  needed  to  drive  commercialisation  of  a  few  key  strategic  areas”  (Industry  Perspectives  on  Quantum  Technologies  Consultation  questionnaire,  2015).    It  was  also  noted  that  there  is  a  lack  of  awareness  within  key  market  players,  and  that  import/export  regulations  may  present  some  barriers.  

Question:  How  can  local,  national  and  European  support  be  used  to  overcome  these  roadblocks?  

 Figure   6   Actions   for   industry:   Answers   to   the   question:   ‘What   actions   should   the   European  Commission  take  to  help  your  company  to  achieve  its  ambitions  in  quantum  technologies?’  

Funding  for  companies  :  22  %  

Collabora/ons  with  academics  :  21  %  

Funding  for  academics  :  18  %  

Collabora/ons  with  other  companies  :  17  %  

Interna/onal  collabora/on  :  10  %  

Facili/es  and  technology  parks  :  9  %  

EC  ac/on  will  have  no  effect  on  my  business  :  4  %  

No  ac/on  is  needed.    :  0  %  

 

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When  asked  in  the  questionnaire  “What  actions  should  the  European  Commission  take  to  help  your  company  to  achieve  its  ambitions  in  quantum  technologies?”  the  most   common   answer   was   that   funding   is   needed   to   undertake   projects   in  companies   (22%   of   votes).   This   shows   that   there   is   readiness   to   take   on  development  projects  within  companies,  and   that  some  companies  believe   that  the  timing  is  right  to  start  development  projects  to  understand  the  opportunities  or   develop   their   own   product   or   service.   Companies   stated   that   this   funding  would   be   useful   to   undertake   marketing   studies   “to   understand   immature   but  rapidly   developing   markets.”   or   to   spend   on   R&D   activities,   or   for   exploratory  research.  The  second  most  popular  answer  was  that  companies  need  funding  to  undertake  collaborations   with   academics   (21%)   and   that   funding   was   needed   for  academics   (18%),   showing   that   knowledge   exchange,   and   continuation   of  research   within   universities   was   important.   A   number   of   companies   believed  that  funding  was  needed  for  collaborations  with  other  companies  (17%).  Some   number   of   companies   believed   that   international   collaboration   was  needed  (10%),  or  that  facilities  and  technology  parks  were  needed  (9%).  

       

 

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Conclusions  and  Recommendations  Based   on   the   result   of   the   review,   we   recommend   the   following   actions   to  accelerate  the  industrialization  and  commercialization  of      quantum  technologies  within  Europe:  

1.  Public  funding  for  technology  development  projects  within  companies.  Public  funding  should  be  made  available  to  address  the  scientific,  engineering  and  manufacturing  challenges  of  bringing  quantum  technologies  to  the  point  of  commercial  products.  Many  of  the  required  skills  reside  in  companies  and  therefore  funding  must  be  made  available  for  projects  which  are  led  by  companies,  performed  within  companies  and  in  collaboration  with  the  academia.  The  projects  should  be  looking  to  deliver  tangible  and  functional  outputs  such  as  working  demonstrator  units.  Projects  should  support  patent  applications,  allow  for  testing,  validation  and,  if  necessary,  standardization  tasks.    This  action  will  create  substantial  interest  within  companies,  and  deliver  devices  that   have   been   engineered   for   use   and   manufactured   within   a   commercial  environment.   This   will   drive   higher   volume   production,   reduced   costs   and  stimulate  the  growth  of  new  markets.  

2.  Stimulate  European-­‐wide  co-­‐working  and  networking  The   knowledge   needed   to   bring   quantum   technologies   to   market   is   currently  spread  amongst  many  unconnected  groups.  A  European-­‐wide  mechanism  must  be   created   to   foster   better   links   between   these   individuals:   bringing   academic  groups  in  contact  with  companies,  putting  large  companies  in  contact  with  small  companies,   and   linking   the   future   supply   chain.   It   must   also   include   other  sectors,  such  individuals  from  private  equity  and  standardisation.    This  action  will   lead  effective  knowledge  exchange  between  relevant  people,   to  provide  information  to  the  people  who  will  need  it  to  support  commercialisation  efforts.  

3.  Coherent  support  for  development  of  technologies  at  all  stages  of  maturity  There   is   a   tremendous   intellectual   strength   within   European   academia   that  should  continue  to  be  supported.  A  mechanism,  such  as  a  commercially  focussed  roadmap  should  be  created  which  links  this  activity  to  commercial  activities,  and  focuses   development  work   on   areas  with   the   greatest   short,  mid   or   long   term  commercial  potential.  Secondly,  public  funding  and  support  should  be  available  for  development  activities   at   all   stages  of   technology  maturity,   from  blue   skies  

 

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academic   research   to   funding   for   supply   chain   and   late   stage   product  development    This   action  will   seed   the   creation   of   long-­‐lasting   and  meaningful   relationships  that  will  enable  greater  knowledge  exchange  between  academics  and  companies.  The  task  will  also  address  the  education  of  engineers  and  the  general  public.  

 

4.   Initiate   early   adopter   programs   within   the  public  sector  Support  must  be  made  available  to  link  up  procurement  by  public  organisations,  such  as  the  European  Space  Agency,  European  Research  Infrastructure,  defence  and  other  government  departments  to  act  as  early  adopters  which  may  purchase  and  start  to  use  the  new  technology.  

This   task  will   create   a   demand   for   quantum   technologies   that   will   incentivise  companies   to  explore  specific  development  programmes  for  a  well-­‐defined  end  market.  

5.  Promote  market  finding  activities  Support  should  be  available  to  enable  companies  to  identify  and  clarify  markets  for  quantum  technologies.  This  should  be  achieved  by  supporting  non-­‐technical  projects   that   look   to   understand   the   potential   benefits   of   new   technologies.   It  will   compare   these   technologies   to   alternative   solutions   and   should   take   into  account  use  in  real-­‐world  environments.  This  will  bring  a  greater  understanding  and  appreciation  of   the  opportunities  that  quantum  technologies  may  create  to  the  companies  that  will  actually,  buy,  sell  or  use  them.  This   task   will   clarify   the   business   case   for   quantum   technologies,   thereby  developing  them  into  a  solution.  This  will  allow  companies  to  develop  stronger  product  lines,  with  greater  revenue.  

6.  Create  an  industry  leadership  group  An   industry   leadership  group  must  be  created  who  will   represent   the  views  of  industry   in   this   emerging   sector.   The   group   will   provide   direction   to   other  individuals   and   organisations   seeking   to   deliver   commercialised   products   or  strategies   for  commercialisation.   In   the   first   instance,   this  group  will   consist  of  the  writing  group  for  this  document  (disclosed  on  the  front  cover),  who  will  be  available  for  immediate  consultation.  

       

 

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References  Industry  Perspectives  on  Quantum  Technologies  Consultation  questionnaire.  (2015,  September).  Jonathan  P.  Dowling,  G.  J.  (2003).  Quantum  technology:  the  second  quantum  revolution.  Philosophic  Transactions  A  .  Lutwak,  R.  (2011).  THE  SA.45S  CHIP-­‐SCALE  ATOMIC  CLOCK.  From  http://scpnt.stanford.edu/pnt/PNT11/2011_presentation_files/18_Lutwak-­‐PNT2011.pdf  Market  research  media  ltd.  (2014).  Quantum  computing  market  forecast  2015-­‐2020.    MEZ.  (2015).  Global  Development  of  Quantum  Technology  Market.  The  Netherlands:  Ministery  of  Economic  Affairs.  Omar,  Y.  (2015).  Workshop  on  quantum  technologies  and  industry.  University  of  Lisbon.  Qurope.  (2015).  Quantum  technologies  in  H2020.