QUOTING & CITING SOURCES

“I Wish I’d Said That”

Plagiarism!

The APA Publication Manual advises scholars to record even sources of inspiration as well as direct borrowings (pp. 15-16)

Papers offered for download often contain frank plagiarism!

Repeating four to five words, even when interrupted by new minor elements, may be considered plagiarism!

Plagiarism!

“Plagiarism sometimes happens because researchers do not keep precise records of their readings. . . . Presenting an author’s exact wording without marking it as a quotation is plagiarism, even if you cite the source” (Modern Language Association [MLA] 55)

“If your own sentences follow the source so closely in idea and sentence structure that the result is really closer to quotation than to paraphrase . . . you are plagiarizing, even if you have cited the source. You may not simply alter a few words of your source. . . . You need to recast your summary into your own words and sentence structure, or quote directly” (Retrieved 22 Feb., 2004 from <http:// www.fas.harvard.edu/~expos/sources/chap3.html>).

Bradley vs. Wegman

2006: Edward Wegman (George Mason University) wrote a report critical of use of statistics by Thomas Bradley (among others)

2010: Thomas Bradley (University of Massachusetts) alleges that Wegman reproduced sections of a textbook he wrote without quoting—and he’s right!

Wegman’s report, submitted to a U. S. Congressional Committee plagiarized Bradley’s textbook! However . . .

Bradley & Fritts

Once the regression coefficients have been calculated, the eigenvectors incorporated in the regression equation are mathematically transformed into a new set of n coefficients corresponding to the original (intercorrelated) set of n variables. These new coefficients are termed weights or elements of the response function and are analogous to the stepwise regression coefficients discussed earlier. . . . (Bradley, 1985, p. 346)

Once the regression coefficients for the selected set of orthogonal variables have been calculated, they may be mathematically transformed into a new set of coefficients which correspond to the original correlated set of variables. These new coefficients (sometimes referred to as weights or elements of the response function) are analogous to the stepwise regression coefficients described in the previous section. . . . (Fritts, 1976, p. 353)

15 new/different words out of 55Quibbles: “are termed” vs. “referred to”“discussed earlier” vs. “described in the previous section”SAME order of ideas EXACTLY

Cheating

Moral of the story: mind your Ps and Qs (paraphrases and quotations)

Plagiarism Roll of (Dis)Honour:Stephen E. Ambrose, Civil War historianDoris Kearns Goodwin, biographer of the

Kennedy clanDavid Rotor and Douglas Tipple, consultants

to Public Works Dept., Ottawa30 Carleton University engineering students

(2002)

Must I Cite?

Each time you refer to specific results/concepts drawn from published work, cite the source in a brief parenthetical note

“information and ideas you deem broadly known by your readers and widely accepted by scholars . . . Can be used without documentation” (MLA 59).

APA Citations:The Basics

Citations in General

You may require many citations per paragraph—not just one note per page

Two main components:

Author’s/Authors’ name(s), year

Three Basic Approaches

Zundel and Ladouceur (2006) warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism.

The course instructors warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (Zundel & Ladouceur, 2006).

As recently as 2006, Zundel and Ladouceur warned against the dangers of accidental plagiarism.

1. Info. in parentheses

2. Text & parentheses

3. All in text

use & in parentheses; use and in the text.

PM describes this as a “rare case” (p. 207).

What Not To Do

In a journal article published in 2006, Dr. Pierre Zundel and Nadya Ladouceur, course instructors at the University of New Brunswick, warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (Zundel & Ladouceur, 2006).

From 14 words to 32—with no additional INFORMATION

Parenthetical Citation

A recent report stresses how “mental health and mental

illness need to be addressed across the lifespan, with

particular attention to the developmental stage of each

individual” (Mental Health Commission of Canada

[MHCC], 2009, p. 12).

Introduce acronym in square brackets; subsequent

citations can be reduced to (MHCC, 2009).

Parenthetical Citation

A recent report stresses how “mental health and mental

illness need to be addressed across the lifespan, with

particular attention to the developmental stage of each

individual” (Mental Health Commission of Canada

[MHCC], 2009, para. 2).

Introduce acronym in square brackets; subsequent

citations can be reduced to (MHCC, 2009).

Two by Same Author in Same Year

The structure and culture of the firm are both important factors affecting leadership style. While Bos Inc. has been classified as strongly hierarchical (Johnson, 2009a), individual departments have adopted a more holacratic approach (Johnson, 2009b).

Use alphabetical suffixes to distinguish papers from the same year.

Two Primary Authors With Same Last Name

While dietary patterns changed between 1970 and 2010 (Y. C. Wang, Hsiao, Rundle, & Goldsmith, 2015), similar patterns of obesity were detected in populations with stable dietary practices (H. Wang & Zhai, 2013).

Give the two primary authors’ initials.

Personal Communications

Group work can lead to frustration and anger if participants do not understand their individual responsibilities (personal communication, N. Ladouceur, March 14, 2014).

Use interlocutor’s name and the full date.

Email

Group work can lead to frustration and anger if participants do not understand their individual responsibilities (Ladouceur, 2014).

This is an archived email, and so will have a corresponding reference list entry.

Secondary Source

Florence Nightingale’s classic Notes on Nursing warns of the public ignorance of the principles of good health (as cited in Ladouceur, 2014, p. 27).

The writer used Ladouceur (2014), not Nightingale (1859).

MLA Citations:The Basics

MLA vs APA: Variations in Style

MLA writers quote far more oftenMLA writers include source information in

the textIn his seminal 1982 study, Jacques Derrida seeks to expose “the pyramidal silence of the graphic difference between the a and the e” (4).

Derrida (1982) exposed “the pyramidal silence of the graphic difference between the a and the e” (p. 4).

MLAVersion:

APAVersion:

MLA vs APA

MLA citations USUALLY have page numbers, even when not quoting

MLA citations do not provide year of publication (except in the text) or abbreviations for :page”

MLA: Three Basic Approaches

Zundel and Ladouceur warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (56).

The course instructors warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (Zundel and Ladouceur 56).

As recently as 2006, Zundel and Ladouceur warned against the dangers of accidental plagiarism (56).

Info. in parentheses; note use of “and.”

Authors in text; page # in parentheses

3. All in text, page # at end.Include the year only if it is relevant to the discussion.

Authors with Same Name

While this was considered “bad style” (E. B. White 23), it was also pronounced to be “hilarious” (T. H. White 45).

Add initials to distinguish different authors with the same last name.

Authors with Same Name

The essayist was both condemned as “congenitally self-centred” (White, Foreword vii) and praised as the possessor of “a little capsule of truth” (White, Letters 85).

Short titles are provided and separated from the author’s name with a comma.

APA Quotations

Quotation Guidelines

1. Introduce quotations effectively: create a context

2. Do not duplicate the content of quotations

3. Cite and format them correctly4. Interpolate appropriately5. Use ellipsis to cut what you do not need

Note: Use quotations sparingly; good, brief paraphrases are usually better.

Introducing Embedded Quotations

Goals:

1. Quote no more than is necessary

2. Create a clear context

3. Develop a coherent statement (intro. + quotation)

4. Maintain authorial control (do not surrender to

your sources)

Quoting from a Chapter

Andrejevic (2012) noted that the advent of the “totally

documented life” (p. 80) spelled the end of individual

anonymity.The page number for a quotation (and for any paraphrase “from a long or complex text” [APA, 2010, p. 171]) immediately follows the quoted material.

Quoting from a Chapter

The advent of the “totally documented life”

(Andrejevic, 2012, p. 80) will spell the end of

privacy.

All information in Parentheses.

Block Quotations (40 words plus)

Andrejevic (2012) explains the capital costs of digital

enclosures:

The privatization process relies not just on the

construction of electromagnetic enclosures, but

also on facilities to store the tremendous amounts

of data captured by interactive networks . . . we are

witnesses to the unprecedented construction of

giant data centers around the globe. (p. 80)

These signal the end of the “open” Internet.

MLA Quotations

MLA Quotations

• Close work with the text is crucial and quotations are much more common than in most APA papers

• Three basic techniques:1. Block quotations2. Embedded quotations3. Paraphrase

Block Quotations

As this passage reveals, the description of the setting of "The Lottery" is deceptively pleasant:

The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green. The people of the village began to gather in the square, between the post office and the bank, around ten o'clock; in some towns there were so many people that the lottery took two days and had to be started on June 26th, but in this village, where there were only about three hundred people, the whole lottery took less than two hours, so it could begin at ten o'clock in the morning and still be through in time to allow the villagers to get home for noon dinner. (782) There is no indication of the dark meaning of this gathering.

144 words—my goodness!

Bulk Quotation

Not only is this overkill, but it fails to emphasize the key details

All we know is that something is missing from the passage: a sinister note

Need we read the whole passage for this?

Embedded Quotation/Paraphrase

The setting of "The Lottery," evocative of flowers, green grass, and "the fresh warmth of a full-summer day," is deceptively pleasant. A small crowd forms in the square, amiably confident that their business will soon be finished, allowing them "to get home for noon dinner" (782); there is no indication of the dark purpose of this gathering.

57 words—And more analysis!

Less Is More

The specific details are highlighted by being separated from the original passage

The passage is shorter and contains more editorial comment

There is no interruption in the flow of the argument

Advantages over “pure paraphrase”?

Pure Paraphrase

The opening description of the gathering of the villagers in Jackson's "The Lottery" is filled with references to summer growth and minor details of the small town setting (783) that effectively conceal its dark purpose.

35 words—But a little flat!

A Choice of Tools

It uses the same evidence, but the absence of direct quotation makes it less colourful, convincing, and emphatic

Some paraphrase/citation work is necessary for a long work

Students should be adept in all three formsThey should also recognize weak approaches.

. . .

Larry seemed to enjoy having his father appear only at long intervals, leaving him to monopolize his mother's affections. "The war was the most peaceful period of my life" ("My Oedipus Complex" 1322). His world changed when his father came home. "Life without my early morning conferences was unthinkable" (1325). Jump: The

loss of the “early morning conferences”

Weak impliedlink

Ungoverned Quotation!

Ungoverned Quotations

The reader is forced to supply connections between the writer's comments and the quoted material.

While encouraging the reader' s active participation, this abrupt, associative style quickly becomes annoying.

It should be used only to emphasize unusually clear relationships

The war was "the most peaceful period of my life" ("My Oedipus Complex" 1322) because his father's absence let him monopolize his mother's affections. When his father returned and tried to end Larry's "early morning conferences" with her, the boy found the change "unthinkable" (1325)!

Embedded quotation/ Paraphrase

Introducing Quotations

There is something jarring about “as the following suggests,” “as this passage shows”

Explicit introductions are usually unnecessary

The syntactic relationship is often enough

The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after Emily's death, as this passage shows:

What was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow beside him lay that even coating of the patient and biding dust. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron gray hair. (472-73) Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with Homer Barron's disappearance; therefore, the hair on the pillow indicates that Emily had lain with his corpse.

Use What You Choose

This quotation is too long and is introduced awkwardly by the phrase "as this passage shows”

Shift the emphasis to the interpretation by using brief extracts

The implications of the final scene are grotesque: the pillow beside Homer Barron's rotted body bears the imprint of a head, and here the townspeople find "a long strand of iron-gray hair" (473). Because Emily's hair became gray only after Homer Barron's disappearance (471), she must have lain beside his corpse. 51 words

doing the work of 125

Ellipsis: Your Ally against Wordiness

Use only what you needUse ellipsis points to cut

unnecessary/irrelevant material

The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after Emily's death:

What was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow beside him lay that even coating of the patient and biding dust. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron gray hair. (472-73) Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with Homer Barron's disappearance; therefore, the hair on the pillow indicates that Emily had lain with his corpse.

Mid-Sentence Ellipsis

The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after Emily's death, as this passage shows:

What was left of him . . . had become inextricable from the bed in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow beside him lay that even coating of the patient and biding dust. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron gray hair. (472-73) Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with Homer Barron's disappearance; therefore, the hair on the pillow indicates that Emily had lain with his corpse.

Mid-Sentence Ellipsis

Three spaced ellipsis points.

The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after Emily's death, as this passage shows:

What was left of him . . . had become inextricable from the bed. . . . Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron gray hair. (472-73) Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with Homer Barron's disappearance; therefore, the hair on the pillow indicates that Emily had lain with his corpse.

From Mid-Sentence to the Start of Another

Period after “bed” then three more spaced ellipsis points.

The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after Emily's death, as this passage shows:

What was left of him . . . had become inextricable from the bed . . . in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron gray hair. (472-73) Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with Homer Barron's disappearance; therefore, the hair on the pillow indicates that Emily had lain with his corpse.

Mid-Sentence to the Middle of Another

Just three spaced ellipsis points.

Dickinson’s relationship with Death is cordial: Because I could not stop for Death—He kindly stopped for me– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Since then – ‘tis Centuries – and yetFeels shorter than the DayI first surmised the Horses’ Heads Were toward Eternity – (1-2, 19-22) He appears to be no more than the servant or harbinger of eternity.

Lines of Poetry Omitted

Ellipsis points “approximately the length of a complete line of the quoted poem” (MLA 100).

Note “broken” line ranges.

At the end of "Great Falls," Jackie explains the destruction of his family this way: "it is just low-life, some coldness in us all, some helplessness that causes us to misunderstand life when it is pure and plain" (636).

Another Laboured introduction: HUGE pause created by “this way”

At the end of "Great Falls" Jackie explains that his family was destroyed by "some coldness in us all, some helplessness that causes us to misunderstand life when it is pure and plain" (636).

Well-integrated embedded quotation

Verse

In “Ozymandius,” Shelley’s traveller offers an ambiguous assessment of the relationship between the ruler and the artist, who “well those passions read / Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things” (6-7).

Use line numbers for poetry

Drama

Hal, impersonating his own father, attacks Falstaff directly:

Why dost thou converse with that trunk of humours, that bolting-hutch of beastliness, that swollen parcel of dropsies, that huge bombard of sack, that stuffed cloak-bag of guts, that roasted Manningtree ox withthe pudding in his belly, that reverend Vice, that grey Iniquity, that father Ruffian, that Vanity in years? (2.5.409-14)

Note 2 tab indentationAct, scene, line numbers

Drama

Hal, impersonating his own father, attacks Falstaff directly:

Why dost thou converse with that trunk of humours, that bolting-hutch of beastliness, that swollen parcel of dropsies, that huge bombard of sack, that stuffed cloak-bag of guts, that roasted Manningtree ox withthe pudding in his belly, that reverend Vice, that grey Iniquity, that father Ruffian, that Vanity in years? (II.v.409-14)

Some prefer Roman cap, roman lower case, arabic:

APA Reference List

Journal Article

Andrejevic, M. (2002). The work of being watched.

Critical Studies in Media Communication 19(2),

230-248. doi:10.1080/07393180216561

Given name initial only

Article/Chapter title only first word capitalized, no

italics or quotation marks.

Journal title & volumenumber in italics

Book Chapter

Andrejevic, M. (2012). Exploitation in the data mine.

In C. Fuchs, K. Boersma, A. Albrechtslund, & M.

Sandoval (Eds.), Internet and surveillance: The

challenges of Web 2.0 and social media (pp. 71-

88). New York, NY: Routledge. Editors’ names (initial for

Given name, last name last)

Article/Chapter title only first word capitalized, no

italics or quotation marks. Page range of chapter

Institutionally Published Documents: Reference List

Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2009). Toward recovery and well-being: A framework for a mental health strategy for Canada. Calgary, AB: Author.

When the “author” is also the publisher, use this format.

Unpublished Manuscripts

Author, I. (Year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript for NURSXXXX, Faculty of Nursing, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.

Two With Same Year

Johnson, D. (2009). Travelling to the business world and back. Toronto, ON: Pearson.

Johnson, D. (2009). Taking my time: A new approach to problem solving. Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill.

Two With Same Year

Johnson, D. (2009a). Taking my time: A new approach to problem solving. Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill.

Johnson, D. (2009b). Travelling to the business world and back. Toronto, ON: Pearson.

arrange alphabetically by title and use alphabetical suffixes

Course Posting

Ladouceur, N. (2014, March 14). Re: Submitting work in a timely fashion. [RCLP2023 posting]. Retrieved from https://lms.unb.ca/d2l/le/43372/ discussions/List

Anything that is archived should have areference list entry.

MLA Works Cited

Works Cited Entries

alphabetical order by the first word of the item (usually author's surname)

MLA no longer considers print to be the "normal" format; the format of every work must be included as part of the citation.

Alphabetical Order

Works Cited

Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism:

Four Essays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton

UP, 2000. Print.

Layton, Irving. "The Cold Green

Element." Elements of Literature. 3rd

Can. ed. Ed. Robert Scholes et al. Don

Mills, ON: Oxford UP, 2004. 616-17.

Print.

Alphabetical Order

Works Cited

Thornton, Billy Bob. Interview by Jian

Ghomeshi. Q. CBC, Toronto, 8 Apr.

2009. cbc.ca. Web. 10 Apr. 2009.

<http://

www.cbc.ca/q/pastepisodes.html.>

Would you like to know more?

www.unbwritingcentre.ca/Workshopsgo.unb.ca/wss