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QUOTES ABOUT MACEDONIA On ancient Macedonian history Ancient Sources Geographers Afterwards they added races for chariots and pairs of foals, and for single foals with rider. It is said that the victors proclaimed were: for the chariot and pair, Belistiche , a woman from the seaboard of Macedonia; for the ridden race, Tlepolemus of Lycia. Tlepolemus, they say, won at the hundred and thirty-first Festival [Olympics], and Belistiche at the third before this. o Pausanias , "Description of Greece", 5.8.11 The Phocians were deprived of their share in the Delphic sanctuary and in the Greek assembly, and their votes were given by the Amphictyons to the Macedonians. o Pausanias , "Description of Greece", 10.3.3 They say that Amphictyon himself summoned to the common assembly the following tribes of the Greek people: Ionians, Dolopes, Thessalians, Aenianians, Magnesians, Malians, Phthiotians, Dorians, Phocians, Locrians who border on Phocis, living at the bottom of Mount Cnemis. But when the Phocians seized the sanctuary, and the war came to an end nine years afterwards, there came a change in the Amphictyonic League. The Macedonians managed to enter it, while the Phocian nation and a section of the Dorians, namely the Lacedaemonians, lost their membership, the Phocians because of their rash crime, the Lacedaemonians as a penalty for allying themselves with the Phocians. o Pausanias , "Description of Greece", 10.8.2 The Amphictyons today number thirty. Nicopolis , Macedonia and Thessaly each send six deputies; the Boeotians , who in more ancient days inhabited Thessaly and were then called Aeolians , the Phocians and the Delphians , each send two; ancient Doris sends one. o Pausanias , "Description of Greece", 10.8.4 There remain of Europe , first, Macedonia and the part of Thrace that are contiguous to it and extend as far as Byzantium ; secondly, Greece; and thirdly, the Islands that are close by. Macedonia, of course, is a part of Greece, yet now, since I am following the nature and shape of the place geographically, I have decided to classify it apart from the rest of Greece and to join it with that part of Thrace ... o Strabo , "Geography", VII, Frg. 9, Loeb

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QUOTES ABOUT MACEDONIA

On ancient Macedonian history

Ancient Sources

Geographers

Afterwards they added races for chariots and pairs of foals, and for single foals with rider. Itis said that the victors proclaimed were: for the chariot and pair, Belistiche, a woman from theseaboard of Macedonia; for the ridden race, Tlepolemus of Lycia. Tlepolemus, they say, wonat the hundred and thirty-first Festival [Olympics], and Belistiche at the third before this.

o Pausanias, "Description of Greece", 5.8.11

The Phocians were deprived of their share in the Delphic sanctuary and in the Greekassembly, and their votes were given by the Amphictyons to the Macedonians.

o Pausanias, "Description of Greece", 10.3.3

They say that Amphictyon himself summoned to the common assembly the following tribesof the Greek people: Ionians, Dolopes, Thessalians, Aenianians, Magnesians, Malians,Phthiotians, Dorians, Phocians, Locrians who border on Phocis, living at the bottom of MountCnemis. But when the Phocians seized the sanctuary, and the war came to an end nine yearsafterwards, there came a change in the Amphictyonic League. The Macedonians managed toenter it, while the Phocian nation and a section of the Dorians, namely the Lacedaemonians,lost their membership, the Phocians because of their rash crime, the Lacedaemonians as apenalty for allying themselves with the Phocians.

o Pausanias, "Description of Greece", 10.8.2

The Amphictyons today number thirty. Nicopolis, Macedonia and Thessaly each send sixdeputies; the Boeotians, who in more ancient days inhabited Thessaly and were then calledAeolians, the Phocians and the Delphians, each send two; ancient Doris sends one.

o Pausanias, "Description of Greece", 10.8.4

There remain of Europe, first, Macedonia and the part of Thrace that are contiguous to it andextend as far as Byzantium; secondly, Greece; and thirdly, the Islands that are close by.Macedonia, of course, is a part of Greece, yet now, since I am following the nature and shapeof the place geographically, I have decided to classify it apart from the rest of Greece and to joinit with that part of Thrace ...

o Strabo, "Geography", VII, Frg. 9, Loeb

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The Aegean sea washes Greece on two sides: first, the side that faces towards the eastand stretches from Sunium, towards the north as far as the Thermaic Gulf andThessalonica a Macedonian city ...; and secondly, the side that faces towards the south, I meanthe Macedonian country, extending from Thessaloniceia as far as the Strymon.

o Strabo, "Geography", 7.7.4-5

Three classes inhabited the city (Alexandria in Egypt): first the Egyptian or native stock ofpeople, who were quick-tempered and not inclined to civil life; and secondly the mercenaryclass, who were severe and numerous and intractable...; and, third, the tribe of the Alexandrians,who also were not distinctly inclined to civil life, and for the same reasons, but still they werebetter than those others, for even though they were a mixed people, still they were Greeks byorigin and mindful of the customs common to the Greeks.

o Strabo, "Geography", 17.1.12-13

“What is now called Macedonia was in earlier times called Emathia. And it took itspresent name from Macedon, one of its early chieftains. And there was also a city emathia closeto the sea. Now a part of this country was taken and held by certain of the Epeirotes and theIllyrians, but most of it by the Bottiaei and the Thracians. The Bottiaei came from Creteoriginally, so it is said, along with Botton as chieftain. As for the Thracians, the Pieres inhabitedPieria and the region about Olympus; the Paeones, the region on both sides of the Axius River,which on that account is called Amphaxitis; the Edoni and Bisaltae, the rest of the country as faras the Strymon. Of these two peoples the latter are called Bisaltae alone, whereas a part of theEdoni are called Mygdones, a part Edones, and a part Sithones. But of all these tribes theArgeadae, as they are called, established themselves as masters, and also the Chalcidians ofEuboea; for the Chalcidians of Euboea also came over to the country of the Sithones and jointlypeopled about thirty cities in it, although later on the majority of them were ejected and cametogether into one city, Olynthus; and they were named the Thracian Chalcidians.

o Strabo, "Geography", book 7, Fragm 11

Historians

He also buried the Persian commanders and the Greek mercenaries who were killed fightingon the side of the enemy. But as many of them as he took prisoners he bound in fetters and sentthem away to Macedonia to till the soil, because, though they were Greeks, they were fightingagainst Greece on behalf of the foreigners in opposition to the decrees which the Greeks hadmade in their federal council. To Athens also he sent 300 suits of Persian armour to be hung upin the Acropolis as a votive offering to Athena, and ordered this inscription to be fixed overthem, "Alexander, son of Philip and all the Greeks except the Lacedaemonians", presentthis offering from the spoils taken from the foreigners inhabiting Asia".

o Arrian, "Anabasis Alexandri", I, 16, 7

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Our enemies are Medes and Persians, men who for centuries have lived soft and luxuriouslives; we of Macedon for generations past have been trained in the hard school of danger andwar. Above all, we are free men, and they are slaves. There are Greek troops, to be sure, inPersian service - but how different is their cause from ours! They will be fighting for pay - andnot much of at that; we, on the contrary, shall fight for Greece, and our hearts will be in it.As for our foreign troops - Thracians, Paeonians, Illyrians, Agrianes - they are the best andstoutest soldiers in Europe, and they will find as their opponents the slackest and softest of thetribes of Asia. And what, finally, of the two men in supreme command? You have Alexander,they - Darius!

o Alexander the Great addressing his troops prior to the battle of Issus. Arrian,"Anabasis Alexandri", II, 7

Your ancestors came to Macedonia and the rest of Greece and did us great harm, thoughwe had done them no prior injury. I have been appointed leader of the Greeks, and wanting topunish the Persians I have come to Asia, which I took from you ...

o Alexander's letter to Persian king Darius in response to a truce plea. Arrian,"Anabasis Alexandri", II, 14, 4

He (King Philip) wanted as many Greeks as possible to take part in the festivities in honourof the gods, and so planned brilliant musical contests and lavish banquets for his friends andguests. Out of all Greece he summoned his personal guest-friends and ordered the members ofhis court to bring along as many as they could of their acquaintances from abroad.

o Diodorus Siculus, "Histories", 16.91.5-6

Every seat in the theater was taken when Philip appeared wearing a white cloak and by hisexpress orders his bodyguard held away from him and followed only at a distance, since hewanted to show publicly that he was protected by the goodwill of all the Greeks, and had noneed of a guard of spearmen.

o Diodorus Siculus, "Histories", 16.93.1

Such was the end of Philip (II, king of Macedonia) ...He had ruled 24 years. He is known tofame as one who with but the slenderest resources to support his claim to a throne won forhimself the greatest empire among the Greeks, while the growth of his position was not due somuch to his prowess in arms as to his adroitness and cordiality in diplomacy.

o Diodorus Siculus, "Histories", 16.95.1-2

These races, Ionian and Dorian, were the foremost in ancient time, the first a Pelasgian andthe second a Hellenic (Greek) people. The Pelasgian race has never yet left its home; the

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Hellenic has wandered often and far. For in the days of king Deucalion it inhabited the land ofPhthia, then the country called Histiaean, under Ossa and Olympus, in the time of Dorus son ofHellen; driven from this Histiaean country by the Cadmeans, it settled about Pindus in theterritory called Macedonian; from there again it migrated to Dryopia, and at last came fromDryopia into the Peloponnese, where it took the name of Dorian.

o Herodotus, " Histories", 1.56, ed. A. D. Godley

Tell your king (Xerxes), who sent you, how his Greek viceroy ( Alexander I) of Macedoniahas received you hospitably.

o Herodotus, " Histories", 5.20.4 ,Loeb

Now that these descendants of Perdiccas are Greeks, as they themselves say, I myselfchance to know and will prove it in the later part of my history.

o Herodotus, " Histories", 5.22.1, ed. A. D. Godley

Alexander ( I of Macedon), however, proving himself to be an Argive, was judged to be aGreek. He accordingly competed in the furlong race and tied step for first place.

o Herodotus, " Histories", 5.22.2, ed. A. D. Godley

The following took part in the war: from the Peloponnese, the Lacedaemonians providedsixteen ships; the Corinthians the same number as at Artemisium; the Sicyonians furnishedfifteen ships, the Epidaurians ten, the Troezenians five, the Hermioneans three. All of theseexcept the Hermioneans are Dorian and Macedonian and had last come from Erineus and Pindusand the Dryopian region. The Hermioneans are Dryopians, driven out of the country now calledDoris by Herakles and the Malians.

o Herodotus, " Histories", 8.43.1, ed. A. D. Godley

Men of Athens ... In truth I would not tell it to you if I did not care so much for all Greece;I myself am by ancient descent a Greek, and I would not willingly see Greece change herfreedom for slavery. I tell you, then, that Mardonius and his army cannot get omens to hisliking from the sacrifices. Otherwise you would have fought long before this. Now, however, itis his purpose to pay no heed to the sacrifices, and to attack at the first glimmer of dawn, for hefears, as I surmise, that your numbers will become still greater. Therefore, I urge you to prepare,and if (as may be) Mardonius should delay and not attack, wait patiently where you are; for hehas but a few days' provisions left. If, however, this war ends as you wish, then must you takethought how to save me too from slavery, who have done so desperate a deed as this for the sakeof Greece in my desire to declare to you Mardonius' intent so that the barbarians may not attackyou suddenly before you yet expect them. I who speak am Alexander the Macedonian.

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o The speech of Alexander I of Macedonia when he was admitted to the Olympicgames, Herodotus, " Histories", 9.45, ed. A. D. Godley

The Aetolians, the Acarnanians, the Macedonians, men of the same speech, are unitedor disunited by trivial causes that arise from time to time; with aliens, with barbarians, allGreeks wage and will wage eternal war; for they are enemies by the will of nature, whichis eternal, and not from reasons that change from day to day...

o Titus Livius, "History of Rome", Book XXXI, 29.15

Yet through Alexander (the Great) Bactria and the Caucasus learned to revere the gods of theGreeks ... Alexander established more than seventy cities among savage tribes, and sowed allAsia with Greek magistracies ... Egypt would not have its Alexandria, nor Mesopotamia itsSeleucia, nor Sogdiana its Prophthasia, nor India its Bucephalia, nor the Caucasus a Greek city,for by the founding of cities in these places savagery was extinguished and the worse element,gaining familiarity with the better, changed under its influence.

o Plutarch, " Moralia: On the Fortune of Alexander", I, 328d, 329a Loeb

If it were not my purpose to combine foreign things with things Greek, to traverse andcivilize every continent, to search out the uttermost parts of land and sea, to push thebounds of Macedonia to the farthest Ocean, and to disseminate and shower the blessingsof Greek justice and peace over every nation, I should not be content to sit quietly in theluxury of idle power, but I should emulate the frugality of Diogenes. But as things are,forgive me, Diogenes, that I imitate Heracles, and emulate Perseus, band follow in the footstepsof Dionysus, the divine author and progenitor of my family, and desire that victorious Greeksshould dance again in India and revive the memory of the Bacchic revels among the savagemountain tribes beyond the Caucasus.

o Plutarch, " Moralia: On the Fortune of Alexander", I, 332a-b, Loeb

What spectator ... would not exclaim ... that through Fortune the foreign host was prevailingbeyond its deserts, but through Virtue the Greeks were holding out beyond their ability? And ifthe ones (i.e., the enemy) gains the upper hand, this will be the work of Fortune or of somejealous deity or of divine retribution; but if the others (i.e., the Greeks) prevail, it will be Virtueand daring, friendship and fidelity, that will win the guerdon of victory? These were, in fact, theonly support that Alexander had with him at this time, since Fortune had put a barrier betweenhim and the rest of his forces and equipment, fleets, horse, and camp. Finally, the Macedoniansrouted the barbarians, and, when they had fallen, pulled down their city on their heads.

o Plutarch, " Moralia: On the Fortune of Alexander", II, 344 e-f, Loeb

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In the presence of Zeus, Hera, and Apollo: in the presence of the Genius of Carthage, ofHeracles, and Iolaus: in the presence of Ares, Triton, and Poseidon: in the presence of the godswho battle for us and the Sun, Moon, and Earth; in the presence of Rivers, Lakes, and Waters: inthe presence of all the gods who possess Macedonia and the rest of Greece: in the presence ofall the gods of the army who preside over this oath.

o Polybius, "Histories", VII, 9.2-3, Loeb

Surely it would have been much more dignified and fairer to include Philip's achievementsin the history of Greece than to include the history of Greece in that of Philip.

o Polybius, "Histories", VIII, 11.4, Loeb (Statement on Theopompus)

How highly should we honor the Macedonians, who for the greater part of their lives nevercease from fighting with the barbarians for the sake of the security of Greece? For who is notaware that Greece would have constantly stood in the greater danger, had we not been fenced bythe Macedonians and the honorable ambition of their kings?

o Polybius, "Histories", IX, 35.2, Loeb

Then your rivals in the struggle for supremacy and renown were the Achaeans andMacedonians, peoples of your own race, and Philip was their commander.

o Polybius, "Histories", IX, 37.7, Loeb

For in their anxiety to get the better of Philip and humiliate the Macedonians, they havewithout knowing it invoked such a cloud from the west as may, perhaps, at first only cast itsshadow on Macedonia, but in time will be the cause of great evil to all Greece.

o Polybius, "Histories", IX, 37.10, Loeb

Holy shadows of the dead, I'm not to blame for your cruel and bitter fate, but the accursedrivalry which brought sister nations and brother people, to fight one another. I do not feel happyfor this victory of mine. On the contrary, I would be glad, brothers, if I had all of you standinghere next to me, since we are united by the same language, the same blood and the samevisions.

o Alexander the Great addressing the dead Greeks of the battle of Chaeronia. CurtiusRufus, "Historia"

The country on the sea coast, now called Macedonia, was first acquired by Alexander (I), thefather of Perdiccas, and his ancestors, originally Temenids fromArgos.

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o Thucydides, " The Peloponnesian War", London, 2.99.3, J. M. Dent, New York, E. P.Dutton, 1910

Now Alexander [the Great], when he had taken Gaza, made haste to go up to Jerusalem [...]And when the Book of Daniel was showed him wherein Daniel declared that one of the Greeksshould destroy the empire of the Persians, he supposed that himself was the person intended.

[The Bible verses showed Alexander might be Daniel 7:6; 8:3-8, 20-22; 11:3. Some or all ofthem are plain predictions of his conquests and successors.]

o Flavius Josephus' "Antiquities of the Jews" Book 11, Chapter 8, Paragraphs 4&5

Military commanders

Caesar judged that he must drop everything else and pursue Pompey where he had betakenhimself after his flight, so that he should not be able to gather more forces and renew, and headvanced daily as far as he could go with the cavalry and ordered a legion to follow shorterstages. An edict had been published in Pompey's name that all the younger men in theprovince (Macedonia), both Greeks and Roman citizens, should assemble to take an oath.

o Julius Caesar, "Civil War", 111.102.3

Orators

For at a congress of the Lacedaemonian allies and the other Greeks, in which Amyntas, thefather of Philip, being entitled to a seat, was represented by a delegate whose vote wasabsolutely under his control, he joined the other Greeks in voting to help Athens to recoverpossession of Amphipolis. As proof of this I presented from the public records the resolution ofthe Greek congress and the names of those who voted.

o Aeschines, "On the Embassy", 32

Argos is the land of your fathers.

o Isocrates, "To Philip", 5.32, Loeb

Therefore, since the others are so lacking in spirit, I think it is opportune for you to head thewar against the King; and, while it is only natural for the other descendants of Heracles, and formen who are under the bonds of their polities and laws, to cleave fondly to that state in whichthey happen to dwell, it is your privilege, as one who has been blessed with untrammeledfreedom, to consider all Greece your fatherland, as did the founder of your race, and to beas ready to brave perils for her sake as for the things about which you are personally mostconcerned.

o Isocrates, "To Philip", 5.127, Loeb

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. ... all men will be grateful to you: the Greeks for your kindness to them and the rest of thenations, if by your hands they are delivered from barbaric despotism and are brought under theprotection of Greece.

o Isocrates, "To Philip", 5.154, Loeb

Poets

And she conceived and bore to Zeus, who delights in the thunderbolt, two sons, Magnes andMacedon, rejoicing in horses, who dwell round about Pieria and Olympus.

o Hesiod, "Catalogues of Women and Eoiae", 3, Loeb, H.G. Evelyn-White

Miscellaneous

(16:9) And a vision appeared to Paul in the night; There stood a man of Macedonia, andprayed him, saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us. [...] (17:1) Now when they hadpassed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where was a synagogueof the Jews: (17:2) And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath daysreasoned with them out of the scriptures, [...] (17:4) And some of them believed, and consortedwith Paul and Silas; and of the devout Greeks a great multitude, and of the chief women not afew. [...] (17:10) And the brethren immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night unto Berea:who coming thither went into the synagogue of the Jews. (17:11) These were more noble thanthose in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searchedthe scriptures daily, whether those things were so. (17:12) Therefore many of them believed;also of honourable women which were Greeks, and of men, not a few.

o New Testament (Holy Bible KJV), Acts of the Apostles 16:9; 17:1-2, 4, 10-12

Modern Sources

Archaeologists

Greek epigraphic monuments created before definitive Roman domination of our areaare to be found in modest quantity.

o Vera Bitrakova Grozdanova, FYROM archaeologist, "Hellenistic Monuments in S.R.Macedonia", Skopje, 1987, p. 130

Macedonia and Epirus were the buffers of Greece in Europe ...

o R. M. Cook, British archaeologist, "The Greeks until Alexander", 1962, p. 23

At the end of the Early Iron Age kings still reigned in Argos, Messenia, Epirus andMacedonia, and at Sparta there was the curious system of two co-regnant kings. But most Greekstates were governed by aristocracies with annual magistrates of limited functions and a

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permanent council, whether hereditary or chosen ...

o R. M. Cook, British archaeologist, "The Greeks until Alexander", 1962, p. 65

Herodotus stated quite clearly that Perdiccas, the first recorded king of Macedonia, andhis descendants were Greeks and there is no reason why we should not take the Father ofHistory's word on this fundamental point..

o John Crossland, British archaeologist and Diana Constance, "Macedonian Greece",p.16, W.W. Norton & Company (September 1982)

Tradition held the other element to be Hellenic, and no one in the fourth century seriouslyquestioned its belief.

o David George Hogarth, "Philip and Alexander of Macedon", p.5

The king [of Macedon] was chief in the first instance of a race of plain-dwellers, who heldthemselves to be, like him, of Hellenic stock.

o David George Hogarth, "Philip and Alexander of Macedon", p.8

From Alexander I, who rode to the Athenian pickets the night before Plataea and proclaimedhimself to the generals their friend and a Greek, down to Amyntas, father of Philip, who joinedforces with Lacedaemon in 382, the kings of Macedon bid for Greek support by being moreHellenic than the Hellenes [...] Archelaus patronized Athenian poets and Athenian drama andcommissioned Euripides to dramatize the deeds of his Argive ancestors [...] "Macedonia"therefore, throughout historical times until the accession of Philip the Second, presents thespectacle of a nation that was no nation, but a group of discordant units, without community ofrace, religion, speech or sentiment, resultant from half-accomplished conquest and weak as theseveral sticks of the faggot in the fable.

o David George Hogarth, "Philip and Alexander of Macedon", pp.9-10

We are not to be amazed that in the archaeological material of Pelagonia we have a rarelygreat wealth of reflections of all pronounced cultural events in the relations betweenmiddle-Danubian and Graeco-Aegean world [...] In a such great chronological distance in thelife of ancient Pelagonia two stages are visible: development and existence in the frames ofHellenic culture and later the Roman one.

o Ivan Mikulčić, FYROM archaeologist, "Pelagonija", Skopje, 1966, p.2, p.4

The star of Vergina applies to the 3rd Century BC northern Greece - a very differentsituation, not related to the 21st Century AD. I think it's modern politics, and we're

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witnessing the use of an archaeological symbol for history that it's really not related to.

o Bajana Mojsov, FYROM archaeologist, "BBC News (2004), When archaeology getsbent, BBC World Service, 2004, The World Today programme", Accessed 12 October2006

Here we notice that in Acts [of the Apostles] the term "Hellenes" (or "Greeks") is used withnoteworthy propriety: the people of Thessalonica, of Berea, of Ephesus, of Iconium. and ofSyrian Antioch are spoken of as Hellenes. Those were all cities which had no claim to beRoman, except in the general way of being parts of the Roman provinces Macedonia, Galatia,and Syria. They were counted Greek cities, and reckoned themselves as such.

o William Mitchell Ramsay, "Historical Commentary on First Corinthians", p.34

With the end of Iron Age III, i.e. with the total Hellenisation of material culture, theprehistory of Macedonia ends.

o Vojislav Sanev, FYROM archaeologist, "Prehistory of S.R. Macedonia", Skopje 1977,p.13

Diplomats

Soon after Athens had reached the height of its glory under Pericles in the Fifth Century, B.C., and had started on its decline, the rise of Macedon under Philip carried Greek influenceinto new regions. The glory of Athens had been based upon sea power, but the conquests ofMacedon were the work of land armies— Philip invented the invincible phalanx. Upon Philip'sdeath his son, Alexander the Great, set forth to conquer the whole of the then known world, andas that world in his day lay to the east, his marches were in that direction. In a few years he hadoverrun the fertile plains and opulent cities of Asia Minor, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia, andhad carried his conquests to the gates of Delhi. In all the cities in the intervening countries heleft large garrisons of Greek soldiers. In many of these countries he founded flourishing newcities. In every place his soldiers were followed by large colonies of Greek civilians. The resultwas that the whole of western Asia, and of what we call the Near East, including Asia MinorEgypt, Palestine, Syria, Babylonia, Mesopotamia, Persia, and northwestern India, was saturatedwith the Greek influence and with Greek colonies.

o Henry Morgenthau, "I was sent to Athens", Doubleday, Doran & Company, inc(1929)

The imagination of these conquered peoples was dazzled by the introduction of Greek art,literature, philosophy, and public works. Though the successors of Alexander were unable tomaintain the political control of the lands he conquered, and though successive waves of Roman,Arabian, and Tartar conquests swept over these lands in succeeding centuries, none of the laterconquerors has been able wholly to eradicate the influence of Greek culture, nor to exterminatethat element of population which was of Greek blood.

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o Henry Morgenthau, "I was sent to Athens", Doubleday, Doran & Company, inc(1929)

Historians

Philip II, at least from the time of his victory over Phocis, Athens, and their allies in 346,prepared to proclaim himself the champion of a United Greece against the barbarians.

o Ernst Badian, "Cambridge history of Iran", p. 421

Our understanding of the Macedonians' emergence into history is confounded by two events:the establishment of the Macedonians as an identifiable ethnic group, and the foundation of theirruling house. The "highlanders" or "Makedones" of the mountainous regions of westernMacedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin both to those who atan earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical "Dorians", and to otherPindus tribes who were the ancestors of the Epirotes or Molossians. That is, we may suggestthat northwest Greece provided a pool of Indo-European speakers of Proto-Greek from whichwere drawn the tribes who later were known by different names as they established theirregional identities in separate parts of the country... First, the matter of the Hellenic origins ofthe Macedonians: Nicholas Hammond's general conclusion (though not the details of hisarguments) that the origin of the Macedonians lies in the pool of proto-Greek speakers whomigrated out of the Pindus mountains during the Iron Age, is acceptable.

o Eugene N. Borza, "Makedonika", Regina Books, Claremont CA

Only recently have we begun to clarify these muddy waters by revealing theDemosthenean corpus for what it is: oratory designed to sway public opinion and therebyto formulate public policy. That elusive creature, Truth, is everywhere subordinate toRhetoric; Demosthenes' pronouncements are no more the true history of the period thanare the public statements of politicians in any age.

o Eugene N. Borza, "In The Shadow of Olympus", pp. 5-6, Princeton University Press

There is no doubt that this tradition of a superimposed Greek house was widely believed bythe Macedonians [...] There was a persistent, well attested tradition in antiquity that told of agroup of Greeks from Argos -descendants of Temenus, kinsman of Heracles- who came toMacedonia and established their rule over the Makedones, unifying them and providing a royalhouse.

o Eugene N. Borza, "In The Shadow of Olympus", p. 80, Princeton University Press

"There is no reason to deny the Macedonians' own traditions about their early kings and themigration of the Makedones [..] The basic story as provided by Herodotus and Thucydides,minus the interpolation of the Temenid connections, undoubtedly reflects the Macedonians'

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own traditions about their early history.

o Eugene N. Borza, "In The Shadow of Olympus", p. 84, Princeton University Press

Their daughter, who would be the half-sister of Alexander the Great and, later the wife ofCassander, was appropriately named Thessalonike, to commemorate Philip's victory inThessaly. In 315 Cassander founded at or near the site of ancient Therme the great citythat still bears her name.

o Eugene N. Borza, "In The Shadow of Olympus", p.220, Princeton University Press

Alexander ruled the world as his father had ruled Macedon, concentrating power in his ownhands and office to his Companions. In nationality the Companions remained overwhelminglyHellenic.

o A.B. Bosworth, professor of Classics and Ancient History at the University ofWestern Australia, "Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great",Cambridge University Press, Reissue Edition, March 1993

It [Corinthian League] comprised states, which were each bound to Macedon by bilateraltreaties; and it was perfectly natural that they should create a general alliance under theleadership of the Macedonian king, acting as the spiritual successors of the HellenicLeague of 480 BC.

o A.B. Bosworth, professor of Classics and Ancient History at the University ofWestern Australia, "Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great",Cambridge University Press, Reissue Edition, March 1993

The prime example of a change in status is the case of Aspendus in Pamphylia. The degreeof Hellenism there has been questioned in recent years, but Alexander certainly regarded thecity as Greek, There seems to have been no doubt about the Aeolic origins of the barbaricpopulation of Side (cf. Air. 1.26.4). The Aspendians, who at least used a dialect, which wasrecognizably Greek, were granted citizen rights at Argos in the latter part of the fourth century,as kinsmen and (probably) colonists, and the people of Cilician Soli who also claimed Argiveorigins were given privileged access to the assembly. They were certainly regarded as Helleniccommunities and Alexander will have treated them as such, as he did the people of Mallus,whose Argive origins inspired his generosity (Arr. 11.5.9) [...] Alexander himself seems tohave made little distinction in his last years between Greeks of Europe or Asia, or even betweenGreeks and Barbarians.

o A.B. Bosworth, professor of Classics and Ancient History at the University ofWestern Australia, "Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great",Cambridge University Press, Reissue Edition, March 1993

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Macedonian kings were proud of their Greek blood, and it was only jaundicedopponents like Demosthenes the Athenian who ventured to call them "barbarians." Theyclaimed descent from Herakles through the Dorian Kings of Argos, and they learned the tales ofTroy and of Odysseus, and the songs of the Greek lyric poets, as they learned their letters. Fiftyyears before Alexander was born, a King of Macedon had been proud to give a home to the aged"modernist" playwright, Euripides, eighty years old and sick and tired of a democracy whichhad led Athens into defeat and revolution, and whose philistines accused Euripides of preachingatheism and immorality …

o A. R. Burn, "Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empire", Macmillan, 1948, p.4

Macedonia (or Macedon) was an ancient, somewhat backward kingdom in northern Greece.Its emergence as a Hellenic (Greek) power was due to a resourceful king, Philip II (359-336),whose career has been unjustly overshadowed by the deeds of his son, Alexander the Great.

o Mortimer Chambers, Professor of History at the University of California at LosAngeles, "The Western Experience", p. 79, Mortimer Chambers et al, Alfred A. Knopf,New York, 2nd edition, 1997

Such a glorious ancestry was in the eyes of Greeks the hallmark of the Hellenicpersona of the king of Macedon, who could, on the other hand, rely on fidelity of the peoplefrom which he had sprung. The Greek cities did not feel that they were allying with a barbarian,since for generations the Macedonian dynasty had been allowed, as Greeks, to take part inthe Olympic games, where they won prizes [...] In Greece proper nevertheless, there remaineda number of people like Demosthenes, who had in no way renounce their hatred ofMacedon. They did not lack the means to take action: the new king of Persia, Darius IIICodomannus, whose reign started in 336, anxious to war off the threat of a Macedonianinvasion, liberally distributed among the Greeks funds that were to buy consciences and coverthe expenses of war against Alexander.

o Francois Chamoux, French historian, "Hellenistic Civilization", BlackwellPublishing Professional, 2002, p.8, 9’’

To a certain extent the Macedonian monarchy had already been a unifying element inGreek history, even before the conquests of Alexander.

o Michael Crawford, Fergus Millar, Emilio Gabba, "Sources for Ancient History", p.12, Cambridge University Press

We have for the first time a standard of Macedonian royal burial by which to judge otherrich tombs. We have much new information on the military equipment of the era. We have awhole new chapter in the history of Greek tomb paintings, a fragmentary field but one whichthrows unique and contemporary light on the whole lost achievement of Greek free painting.

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o Michael Crawford, Fergus Millar, Emilio Gabba, "Sources for Ancient History", p.181, Cambridge University Press

The king of the Macedonians was now a member of the Synhedrion, whose decrees had tobe expressly ratified by the individual states. These Hellenistic Leagues, directed by Macedon,rounded off a process of which the general unity is unmistakable, quite apart from all that wasconditioned by the time and the special circumstances of each case.

o Victor Ehrenberg, "The Greek State", Methuen, (July 2000), p.120

For the Greeks of the third century B.C., it is true, the Hellenistic world was only anextension of the earlier Greek world; that in itself is perhaps sufficient justification forincluding the present discussions under the one general title. There is more to add. It wasGreeks who most strongly determined the general spirit and the cultural form of theHellenistic age. It was the Greek spirit which, nourished and merged in the stream ofGreek evolution, took over the local influences.

o Victor Ehrenberg, "The Greek State", Methuen, (July 2000), p.135

Alexander and the Macedonians carried Greek civilization into the East. It is, I believe,a historical fact that a command was issued by the king to the Greek states to worship him as agod; with this the monarchy took a new form, which went far beyond the Macedonian orPersian model, and which was destined to have immense importance in world history. How farAlexander deliberately tried to Hellenize the East remains uncertain; but the outcomecertainly was that he opened up the world to a Greek.

o Victor Ehrenberg, "The Greek State", Methuen, (July 2000), p.139

Ancient allegations that the Macedonians were non-Greeks all had their origin in Athens atthe time of the struggle with Philip II. Then as now, political struggle created the prejudice. Theorator Aeschines once even found it necessary, in order to counteract the prejudice vigorouslyfomented by his opponents, to defend Philip on this issue and describe him at a meeting of theAthenian Popular Assembly as being 'Entirely Greek'. Demosthenes' allegations were lent onappearance of credibility by the fact, apparent to every observer, that the life-style of theMacedonians, being determined by specific geographical and historical conditions, was differentfrom that of a Greek city-state. This alien way of life was, however, common to westernGreeks of Epiros, Akarnania and Aitolia, as well as to the Macedonians, and theirfundamental Greek nationality was never doubted. Only as a consequence of the politicaldisagreement with Macedonia was the issue raised at all.

o Malcolm Errington, "A History of Macedonia", University of California Press,February 1993

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The Molossians were the strongest and, decisive for Macedonia, most easterly of the threemost important Epirote tribes, which, like Macedonia but unlike the Thesprotians and theChaonians, still retained their monarchy. They were Greeks, spoke a similar dialect to that ofMacedonia, suffered just as much from the depredations of the Illyrians and were inprinciple the natural partners of the Macedonian king who wished to tackle the Illyrianproblem at its roots.

o Malcolm Errington, "A History of Macedonia", University of California Press,February 1993

… demonstrate that not even the forces of nature could thwart the advance of the Great King.The most northerly Greek state, the Kingdom of Macedon, had already submitted to Xerxes'envoys: Thessaly did not resist either.

o Colin McEvedy, "The New Penguin Atlas of Ancient History: Revised Edition", p. 62

The Macedonian kings, who maintained that their Greek ancestry traced back to Zeus,had long given homes and patronage to Greece's most distinguished artists.

o Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", p.48

But Alexander was stressing his link with Achilles ... Achilles was also a stirring Greek hero,useful for a Macedonian king whose Greek ancestry did not stop Greeks from calling hima barbarian.

o Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", p.60

No man, and only one hero, had been called invincible before him, and then only by a poet,but the hero was Heracles, ancestor of the Macedonian kings.

o Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", p.71

To his ancestors (to a Persian's ancestors) Macedonians were only known as 'yonatakabara', the 'Greeks who wear shields on their heads', an allusion to theirbroad-brimmed hats.

o Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", p.104

As for the hired Greeks in Persian service, thousands of the dead were to be buried, but theprisoners were bound in fetters and sent to hard labour in Macedonia, because they had foughtas Greeks against Greeks, on behalf of barbarians, contrary to the common decrees of theGreek allies.

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o Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", p.123

Alexander son of Philip and the Greeks, except the Spartans ..., as Sparta did not consider itto be her fathers' practice to follow, but to lead.

o Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", p.123

In spirit, Alexander made a gesture to the Lydians' sensitivities, though his Greek crusadeowed them nothing as they were not Greeks.

o Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", p.128

Alexander was not the first Greek to be honoured as a god for political favour...

o Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", p.131

Macedonia as a whole was tended to remain in isolation from the rest of the Greeks ...

o Peter Green, "Alexander the Great", page 20

...for the first time he (Phillip) started to understand how Macedonia's outdated institutionsof feudalism an aristocratic monarchy so despised by the rest of Greece.

o Peter Green, "Alexander the Great", page 24

The men of Lower Macedonia worshipped Greek gods; the royal family claimed descentfrom Heracles. … The Molossian dynasty of Epirus, on the marches of Orestis and Elimiotis,claimed descent from Achilles, through his grandson Pyrrhus - a fact destined to haveimmeasurable influence on the young Alexander, whose mother Olympias was of Molossianstock ...

o Peter Green, "Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 B.C.: A Historical Biography"

In particular with the grim struggle for the succession still fresh in their minds, they urged -very reasonably - that before leaving Macedonia he should marry and beget an heir. However,the king rejected this motion out of hand, a decision which was to cause untold bloodshed andpolitical chaos after his death. It would be shameful, he told them, for the captain - general ofthe Hellenes, with Philip's invincible army at his command, to idle his time away onmatrimonial dalliance...

o Peter Green, "Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 B.C.: A Historical Biography"

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In less than four years he had transformed Macedonia from a backward and primitivekingdom to one of the most powerful states in the Greek world.

o Peter Green, "Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 B.C.: A Historical Biography"

That the origin of this new population should be the supposed Dorian of northwest Greeceseemed to be confirmed by the early appearance of cist graves at Kalbaki in Epeiros,Kozani, Vergina and Khaukhitsa in Makedonia.

o Jonathan M. Hall, Professor of Ancient Greek History at the University of Chicago,"Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity", Cambridge University Press, 1998

At the end of the bronze age a residue of Greek tribes stayed behind in Southern Macedonia[...] one of these, the "Makedones" occupied Aegae and expanded into the coastal plain oflower Macedonia which became the Kingdom of Macedon; their descendants were theMacedonians proper of the classical period and they worshipped Greek gods. The otherGreek tribes became intermingled in upper Macedonia with Illyrians, Paeonians andThracians[...] in the early 5th century the royal house of Macedon, the Temenidae wasrecognized as Greek by the Presidents of the Olympic Games. Their verdict was and is decisive.It is certain that the Kings considered themselves to be of Greek descent from Heracles sonof Zeus. "Macedonian" was a strong dialect of very early Greek which was not intelligibleto contemporary Greeks.

o Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, "A History of Greece to 323 BC",Cambridge University, 1986 (p 516)

Philip was born a Greek of the most aristocratic, indeed of divine, descent ... Philip wasboth a Greek and a Macedonian, even as Demosthenes was a Greek and an Athenian ...The Macedonians over whom Philip was to rule were an outlying family member of theGreek-speaking peoples.

o Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, "Philip of Macedon" Duckworth Publishing,February 1998

As subjects of the king the Upper Macedonians were henceforth on the same footing as theoriginal Macedonians, in that they could qualify for service in the King's Forces and therebyobtain the elite citizenship. At one bound the territory, the population and wealth of the kingdomwere doubled. Moreover since the great majority of the new subjects were speakers of the WestGreek dialect, the enlarged army was Greek-speaking throughout.

o Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, "Philip of Macedon" Duckworth Publishing,

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February 1998

The terms for the Phocians were mild by Greek Standards (one Greek state proposed theexecution of all the men) disarmament, division into village-settlements, payment of allindemnity to Apollo and expulsion from the Amphictiony. In their place the Macedonianswere elected members. The two votes of Phocis on the council were transferred to theMacedonian state.

o Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, "The Genius of Alexander the Great", p.18,Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd (November 26, 2004)

The Balkan situation was far from secure, with the Odrysians and Scythians only recentlydefeated and with the Triballi still defiant. Yet Philip was confident of success in the interestof the Greek-speaking world and of Macedonia in particular.

o Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, "The Genius of Alexander the Great", p.21,Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd (November 26, 2004)

What Clearhos saw there was the familiar features of his Greek world far to the west: aMacedonian palace, Rhodian porticoes, coan funerary monuments, Athenian propylaea,Delian houses, Megarian bowls, Corinthin tiles, and Mediterranean amphorae.Traditionally Greek but cosmopolitan and eclectic this city provided a fitting home for theeasternmost copy of the Delphic maxims.

o Frank L. Holt, "Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria", p. 44

King Philip of the northern Greek kingdom of Macedon perfected this system, and hisson, Alexander the Great, used it to conquer Greece and the Persian Empire.

o Archer Jones, American historian, "The Art of War in Western World" (University ofIllinois Press, 2000), p. 21

... for with Alexander the stage of Greek influence spread across the world.

o John Pentland Mahaffy, "Alexander's Empire", p. 8

Hadrian... also founded a temple of `Zeus Panhellenios', and established Panhellenic gamesand an annual Panhellenic assembly of deputies from all the cities of Greece and all those

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outside which could prove their foundation from Greece;... The importance attached toHadrian's institution is best illustrated by an early third-century inscription from Thessalonicahonouring a local magnate, T.Aelius Geminius Macedo [Makedon] , who had not only heldmagistracies and provided timber for a basilica in his own city, and been Imperial `curator' ofApollonia, but had been archon of the Panhellenic congress in Athens, priest of the deifiedHadrian and president of the eighteenth Panhellenic Games (199/200); the inscription mentionsproudly that he was the first `archon' of the Panhellenic Congress from the city of Thessalonica.That was one side of the picture, the development of Greek civilization and the consciouscelebration of its unity and prosperity. In the native populations of the East it produced mixedfeelings, nowhere better exemplified than the conversation of three Rabbis of the secondcentury ...

o Fergus Millar, "The Roman Empire and its Neighbours," 2nd ed. (London:Duckworth, 1981), pp.205-206

For their part, the fifth-century Macedonian kings used their newfound wealth to pursuetheir twin goals of winning recognition for themselves as Greeks and Hellenizing the life of theroyal court.

o Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan , Jennifer Tolbert Roberts,"Ancient Greece. A Political, Social, and Cultural History", Oxford University Press,USA, 1998, p. 376

In its marginal status it [Macedonia] bore some resemblance to the less urbanized areas ofGreece such as Achaea and Aetolia. It resembled them as well in the fact that it preserved earlierand less sophisticated political structures and like them it suffered from internal disunity. Boththe land and its population had the potential under favorable conditions of developing a statewhose power far exceeded other Greek powers [...] It [Macedonia] was a strategicallyimportant centre of routes leading northwards out of Greece towards the Danube.

o Michael M. Sage, American historian, "Warfare in Ancient Greece", Routledge.p.162

Little is known of the Macedonian army before the reign of Philip II. Certainly, the areawhich the earlier Macedonian kings drew their recruits was limited only to lowland Macedonia.The only effective arm appears to have been cavalry. These horsemen, generally acknowledgedas the best in Greece, were drawn from the local nobility [...] The only really effective infantryin this period appears to have been drawn from southern Greeks settled within Macedonia'sborders who fought as hoplites.

o Michael M. Sage, American historian, "Warfare in Ancient Greece", Routledge,pp.163-164

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Philip first cut the ground from under it by uniting the nation in his Corinthian League [...]In this manner Philip united all Greeks (with the single exception of Sparta) into a Leagueof states, and so for the first time in history created a Greek unified state.

o Ulrich Wilcken, "Alexander the Great"

When we take into account the political conditions, religion and morals of theMacedonians, our conviction is strengthened that they were a Greek race and akin to theDorians. Having stayed behind in the extreme north, they were unable to participate in theprogressive civilization of the tribes which went further south ...

o Ulrich Wilcken, "Alexander the Great", p. 22

This was Macedonia in the strict sense, the land where settled immigrants of Greekstock later to be called Macedonians.

o W. J. Woodhouse, Australian historian, "The tutorial history of Greece, to 323 B.C. :from the earliest times to the death of Demosthenes", p.216, University Tutorial Press,1904, (reprinted 1944)

Miscellaneous

Certain proto-populations occupying distinct areas of the Balkans could be distinguished onthe territories of the cultural groups: in western part of the Balkans the proto-Illyrians, in theeast the proto Thracians, in the south the Hellenes (i.e: Greeks), in the northern part of theBalkans the proto Daco-Moesians and in the southwest of the Central Balkans the proto Bryges.

o "Arheologija" magazine, No 1, Skopje 1995, "Bryges on the central Balkans in the2nd and 1st millennium b.c." (summary)

The latest archaeological findings have confirmed that Macedonia took its name froma tribe of tall, Greek-speaking people, the Makednoi (ma(e)kos = length). They shared thesame religious beliefs as the rest of the Hellenic world but up until the Classical periodremained outside the cultural and political development of the southern city states [...] Yet"vulgar" Macedonians were not unanimously accepted by "refined" southern Greeks, especiallyby Athenians, as brethren. Occasionally they were classified as "barbarians". This was not dueto some latent but still distinguishable Thracian and Paeonian cultural influences or tolocal linguistic peculiarities. To a certain extent Athenian reluctance could be attributed tothe Macedonian’s rough manners, their monarchic government, and their delayedappearance on the scene. But the main source of antipathy was more than a century ofconflict over eastern Macedonia, Thrace, the Chalcidice colonies, and, of course, the final

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victorious military involvement of Macedonia in southern affairs from 350 B.C. onwardswhich signaled the end of the Classical period.

o "Encyclopaedia of Greece and Hellenic Tradition", Volume 2, Edited by GrahamSpeake, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000, pg 972

During the early archaic period at the Macedonian territory, the Dorian tribal groups cameacross over the Pindos mountain, to the area of today's North-Western Greece and parts ofthe southern Republic of Macedonia [FYROM]. They established several early principalitiespartially by chasing away the local Paeonian tribes. Those tribal groups were the ancientMacedonians.

o "Macedonian Heritage" magazine for History, Art, History, Archaeology andEthnology. Skopje, FYROM, No 1, july 1996, p.5

Persian rule in Egypt was not to survive long, but its overthrow was not the work ofEgyptians. In 336 BC a Greek army, led by Alexander III (Alexander the Great) king ofMacedonia invaded the Persian empire [...] It would be easy to see in this, the formalestablishment of Greek rule in Egypt, the logical culmination of three centuries of Greekinfluence and patronage. But, except in so far as the earlier involvement of Greeks in Egyptianaffairs prepared the Egyptians psychologically to accept Greek rule.

o "The Cambridge History of Africa" edited by J. D. Fage, pp. 105-106

By Demosthenes the interval was spent rallying Greek opinion against 'The barbarian', as heunjustly and inaccurately called the Macedonian (the near-Greekness of whose culture is nowrevealed in a clearer light by such archaeological finds as the painted frescoes at Vergina,uncovered in 1977). That Demosthenes propagandist and political efforts almost succeeded isshown by the closeness of Philips' final victory on the field at Chaeronea.

o "The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World" edited by JohnBoardman, Jasper Griffin, Oswyn Murray, p.148

In 350 BCE Philip of Macedonia united Greece under Macedonian rule. His sonAlexander, surnamed the Great, in turn conquered the entire Persian empire uniting Greecewith the Ancient Near east.

o Steven Bayme, "Understanding Jewish History: Text and Commentaries", KtavPublishing House (July 1997), p.50

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The city-states of ancient Greece established colonies in almost every part of of their knownworld. Later Alexander of Macedonia through his conquests spread Hellenic culture botheast to Asia and south to Egypt. One of the lesser-known legacies of Alexander's excursionsis the Greeks who stayed in northern India, ruling there for twenty generations.

o Benjamin J. Broome, Professor of Communication, "Exploring the Greek Mosaic: AGuide to Intercultural Communication in Greece", p.27

The Macedonians were of Greek stock, as their traditions and remains of theirlanguage prove.

o Thomas Kelly Cheyne, "Encyclopaedia biblica: A critical dictionary of the literary;political and religious history, the archaeology, geography, and natural history of theBible"

The idea of the city-state was first challenged by the ideal of pan-Hellenic unity supportedby some writers and orators, among which the Athenian Isocrates (436-338) became a leadingproponent with his Panegyrics of 380 suggesting a Greek holy war against Persia. However,only the rise of Macedonia made the realization of Panhellenic unity possible.

o Vilho Harle, Professor of International Relations at University of Lapland in Finland,"Ideas of Social Order in the Ancient World", p. 24

Although the Macedonians, whose territory occupied the area around present-dayThessaloniki in northern Greece, considered themselves part of the Greek cultural sphere,many Greeks regarded them with contempt. In the eyes of the Greeks, the Macedonianswere a mere offshoot of the original stock. They spoke a Greek dialect, to be sure, but theywere led by a backward monarchy and their nobles.

o Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries, Dutch author, researcher and clinical professor ofleadership development, "Are Leaders born or Are they made?: The case of Alexanderthe Great", Karnac Books (June 2004)

Philip, on campaign in Thrace, got the news along with two other messages. His general,Parmenion, had soundly defeated the Illyrians in the west; and his racehorse had won at theOlympic Games. The right of Olympic entry was a prized inheritance of the kings ofMacedon. The Games were only open to Greeks; and Macedonians were not recognized inthe south as the offshoots of the original stock, which in fact they were. They wereregarded as semi-barbarous (the actual term 'barbarian' was reserved for Persians) andthe royal house had just scraped in on the strength of a remote Argive ancestry. For Philip,to whom acceptance in the Greek world was a lifelong dream, this news may have been the

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most welcome item of the three ...

o Mary Renault, English writer, "The Nature of Alexander", p. 28-29

The wedding plans were resplendent. High ranking guests and state envoys were invitedfrom all over Greece, as befitted Philip's of pan Hellenic war leader. Festival games inhonour of the twelve Olympian gods were to be dedicated at a ceremony in the theatre atAegae, near modern Edessa, the ancient capital ...

o Mary Renault, English writer, "The Nature of Alexander", p. 61

The Greek leaders perceived the sudden resurgence of Persian power in the region as a newand significant challenge to their interests. To gain support for an activist policy, someattempted to redefine the nature of the Greek-Persian conflict from one of straightforwardgeopolitics to the more emotional issue of pan-Hellenism. For such proponents of a continuationof the struggle the issue was no longer merely the matter of the defense of the Greek city-states.The Persian challenge was now characterized as a conflict of principle, of Hellenic culture andcivilization against Asiatic barbarism in an unrelenting struggle for survival. They advocated acrusade to be carried out by a unified Greek nation that was to include all that partook of Greekcivilization. However, the traditional leadership of Athens and the other prominentcity-states, exhausted by the long external and internal wars, were unable to mobilize thesupport necessary for an effective response to the Persian challenge. Nonetheless, thepan-Hellenic crusade was soon to be undertaken, but not by Athens. It was Macedoniathat was to impose its own leadership on Greece and undertake the renewed struggleagainst Persia in the name of the Hellenes.

o Martin Sicker, political scientist, "The Pre-Islamic Middle East", p.99, PraegerPublishers (April 30, 2000)

After successfully annexing Thessaly and Thrace, Philip was widely acknowledged as thenatural leader of a Hellenic alliance. The venerable Isocrates saw Philip as the man that Greeceneeded to deal with a chronic demographic problem that menaced its future. He argued thatGreece was plagued by overpopulation, which produced large numbers of men suitable formilitary service who wandered about, without loyalty to any city, selling their services toanyone who could pay for them and thereby posing a constant menace to the stability of thecountry. What was needed, he suggested, was a new country that might be colonized byGreece's surplus population. This new land would have to be conquered from Persia, andPhilip of Macedon, who was already successfully challenging the Persians in a contest forcontrol of the European shores of the Hellespont, was clearly the only one who might beable to annex all Anatolia to the Hellenic world.

o Martin Sicker, political scientist, "The Pre-Islamic Middle East", p.100, PraegerPublishers (April 30, 2000)

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Philip had no illusions about the stability of the Common Peace, given the turbulent historyof the Greek city-states, their competitiveness, and their general reluctance to sacrifice theirfreedom of action even for the common good. Moreover, he was a Macedonian, from thebackwater of the Greek world [...] A Persian offer of 300 talents was privately accepted byDemosthenes, who employed it for purposes compatible with mutual Athenian-Persian interestsin thwarting Macedonian ascendancy.

o Martin Sicker, political scientist, "The Pre-Islamic Middle East", p.102, PraegerPublishers (April 30, 2000)

Paeonians, a people who during the first millennia b.c inhabited border area between thethree great paleobalkanic peoples - Illyrians, Thracians and Hellenes. (i.e: Greeks)

o Fanica Veljanovska, FYROM anthropologist, "An Attempt at AnthropologicalDefinition of the Paeonians", Skopje, 1994

On ancient Macedonian language

Modern Sources

Archaeologists

The first Greek-speaking people in the southern Balkan Peninsula arrived inMacedonia, Thessaly, and Epirus sometime after 2600 B.C. and developed, probably dueto the extreme mountainous nature of the country, their several different dialects.

o David Noel Freedman, "The Anchor Bible Dictionary", Doubleday, 1992, p. 1093

Historians

Here we have seen that their early history is still largely an open question. They may havehad Greek origins: Whatever process produced the Greek-speakers (of that is how onedefines "Greek") who lived south of Olympus may have also produced the Makedoneswho wandered out of the western mountains to establish a home and a kingdom in Pieria.

o Eugene N. Borza, "In The Shadow of Olympus", pp. 277-278, Princeton UniversityPress

The Macedonian people and their kings were of Greek stock, as their traditions and thescanty remains of their language combine to testify.

o John Bagnell Bury, "A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great", 2nded. (1913)

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That the Macedonians and their kings did in fact speak a dialect of Greek and boreGreek names may be regarded nowadays as certain.

o Malcolm Errington, "A History of Macedonia", University of California Press,February 1993

He was still in a world of Greek gods and sacrifices, of Greek plays and Greeklanguage, though the natives might speak Greek with a northern accent which hardened'ch' into 'g','th' into 'd' and pronounced King Philip as Bilip.

o Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", p.30

Cleopatra VII would have described herself as a Greek. Whatever the racial ingredientsof her Macedonian ancestors, her language, like theirs (though they had spoken a dialect),was Greek and so was her whole education and culture.

o Michael Grant, "From Alexander to Cleopatra: The Hellenistic World", ScribnerPaper Fiction

That the Macedonians were of Greek stock seems certain. The claim made by the Argeaddynasty to be of Argive descent may be no more than a generally accepted myth, butMacedonian proper names, such as Ptolemaios or Philippos, are good Greek names, and thenames of the Macedonian months, although differed from those of Athens or Sparta, were alsoGreek. The language spoken by the Macedonians, which Greeks of the classical period foundunintelligible, appears to have been a primitive northwest Greek dialect, much influenced by thelanguages of the neighboring barbarians.

o J.R. Hamilton, Australian historian, "Alexander the Great", Hutchinson, London,1973

The toponyms of the Macedonian homeland are the most significant. Nearly all of them areGreek.

o Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, "The Macedonian State" (1989)

Hesiod first mentioned 'Makedon', the eponym of the people and the country, as a son ofZeus, a grandson of Deukalion, and so a first cousin of Aeolus, Dorus, and Xuthus; in otherwords he considered the 'Makedones' to be an outlying branch of the Greek-speakingtribes, with a distinctive dialect of their own, "Macedonian".

o Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, "Oxford Classical Dictionary", 3rd ed.(1996), pp.904,905

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All in all, the language of the Macedones was a distinct and particular form of Greek,resistant to outside influences and conservative in pronunciation. It remained so until thefourth century when it was almost totally submerged by the flood tide of standardizedGreek.

o Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, "A History of Macedonia" Vol ii, 550-336BC

There were two parts of the Greek-speaking world at this time which did not suffer fromrevolution and did not seek to impose rule over the city states. In Epirus there were threeclusters of tribal states, called Molossia, Thesprotia and Chaonia [...]the other part of theGreek-speaking world extended from Pelagonia in the north to Macedonia in the south. Itwas occupied by several tribal states, which were constantly at war against Illyrians,Paeonians and Thracians.

o Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, "The Genius of Alexander the Great", p.11,Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd (November 26, 2004)

Macedonians had their own language related to Greek, but the members that dominatedMacedonian society routinely learned to speak Greek because they thought of themselves andindeed all Macedonians as Greek by blood.

o Thomas R. Martin, "Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times", YaleUniversity Press, p. 188

Certainly the Thracians and the Illyrians were non-Greek speakers, but in the northwest, thepeoples of Molossis (Epirot province), Orestis and Lynkestis spoke West Greek. It is alsoaccepted that the Macedonians spoke a dialect of Greek and although they absorbed othergroups into their territory, they were essentially Greeks.

o Robert Morkot, British historian, "The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece",Penguin Publishing USA, January 1997

... despite ancient and modern controversies it seems clear that the Macedonians as awhole were Greek-speakers. While the elite naturally communicated with other elites instandard, probably Attic, the ordinary Macedonians appear to have spoken a dialect ofGreek, albeit with load-words from Illyrian and thracian which gave ammunition to theirdenigrators [...] if proof needed of the sophistication of Macedonia at this time, one may bringforward the fragments of the earliest surviving Greek literary papyrus, a carbonized book-rollfound in a tomb-group of c. 340-320 at Derveni near Thessaloniki. It preserves parts of aphilosophical text on Presocratic and Orphic cosmology composed around 400, and surely had areligious significance for the man in whose funeral pyre it was placed. The Derveni rollprovides evidence for a high level of culture among the aristocracy.

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o Graham Shipley, English historian, " The Greek World After Alexander", Routledge,p.111

Linguists

Before the times of the national unity installed by the Macedonians around the middleof the 4th century BC, Greece was composed of many regions or city states [...] That they[Dorians] were related to the North-West Dialects (of Phocis, Locris, Aetolia, Acarnania andEpirus) was not perceived clearly by the ancients.

o Sylvain Auroux, French linguist, "History of the Language Sciences: I. Approachesto Gender II. Manifestations", p.439

The nucleus of the Macedonian vocabulary consists of words which have exactcorrespondence in Greek. The importance of these words and the archaic phonological characterof Macedonian lead to the conclusion that these are not borrowings but inherited words: this factis confirmed by the genetic unity of Macedonian and Greek. Moreover, the numerous lexicaland phonological isoglosses in Macedonian and the different Greek dialects confirm thesupposition of genetic unity.

o Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev, Bulgarian linguist, "Introduction to the History of theIndo-European Languages", Sofia 1981, p. 169

Whoever does not consider the Macedonians as Greeks must also conclude that by the6th and 5th centuries BC the Macedonians had completely given up the original names oftheir nation - without any need to do so - and taken Greek names in order to demonstratetheir admiration for Greek civilization. I think it not worth the trouble to demolish such anotion; for any hypothesis of historical linguists which is put forward without taking intoaccount the actual life of a people, is condemned as it were out of its own mouth.

o Otto Hoffmann, German linguist, "Die Makedonen, Ihre Sprache und Ihr Volkstum",Göttingen, 1906

And now after supervising the ancient Macedonian linguistic thesaurus we are posting thedecisive question, if what is adding to the Macedonian language its character, are the hellenic orthe barbarian elements of it, the response can not be of any doubts. From the 39 "languages"that according to Gustav Mayer their form was "completely alien" has been proven after thisresearch of mine, that 10 of them are clearly Hellenic, with 4 more possibly dialectical forms ofcommon hellenic words, so from the entire collection are remaining only 15 words appearing tobe justifiable or at least suspected of anti-hellenic origins. Adding to those 15, few others whichwith regards their vocals could be hellenic, without till now being confirmed as such, then theirnumber, in comparison to the number of pure hellenic ones in the Macedonian language, is sosmall that the general Hellenic character of the Macedonian linguistic treasure can not bedoubted.

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o Otto Hoffmann, German linguist, "Die Makedonen, Ihre Sprache und Ihr Volkstum",Göttingen, 1906

The names of the genuine Macedonians and those born of Macedonian parents, especiallythe names of the elit class and nobles, in their formation and phonology are purely Greek.

o Otto Hoffmann, German linguist, "Die Makedonen, Ihre Sprache und Ihr Volkstum",Göttingen, 1906

For a long while Macedonian onomastics, which we know relatively well thanks to history,literary authors, and epigraphy, has played a considerable role in the discussion. In our view theGreek character of most names is obvious and it is difficult to think of a Hellenization dueto wholesale borrowing. ‘Ptolemaios’ is attested as early as Homer, ‘Ale3avdros’ occurs next toMycenaean feminine a-re-ka-sa-da-ra- ('Alexandra'), ‘Laagos’, then ‘Lagos’, matches theCyprian 'Lawagos', etc. The small minority of names which do not look Greek, like ‘Arridaios’or ‘Sabattaras’, may be due to a substratum or adstratum influences (as elsewhere in Greece).Macedonian may then be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and bylocal pronunciations (like ‘Berenika’ for ‘Ferenika’, etc.). Yet in contrast with earlier viewswhich made of it an Aeolic dialect (O. Hoffmann compared Thessalian) we must by now thinkof a link with North-West Greek (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote). This view is supportedby the recent discovery at Pella of a curse tablet (4th cent. BC) which may well be the first'Macedonian' text attested (provisional publication by E.Voutyras; cf. the Bulletin Epigraphiquein Rev.Et.Grec.1994, no.413); the text includes an adverb ‘opoka’ which is not Thessalian. Wemust wait for new discoveries, but we may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialectrelated to North-West Greek.

o Olivier Masson, French linguist, "Oxford Classical Dictionary:MacedonianLanguage", 1996

The problem of the nationality of the Macedonians has been studied a great deal. OttoHoffman with linguistics as his starting point solved it correctly and decisively when heaccepted that the Macedonians were Greeks.

o F. Munzer, German linguist, "Die Politische Vernichtung des Griechentums", Leipzig1925, p. 4

The Ancient Macedonian language:

The ancient language of the Macedonian kingdom in N. Greece and modern Macedonia[FYROM] during the later 1st millennium BC. Survived until the early 1st millenniumAD. Notto be confused with the modern Macedonian language [FYROM Slavic], which is a closerelative of the Slavic Bulgarian.

o Eastern Michigan University, The Linguist List

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Miscellaneous

The evidence for the language of the Macedonians has been reviewed and discussed byKalleris and Hammond, Griffith, and many others, all contending that it was a dialect ofGreek. The increasing volume of surviving public and private inscriptions makes it quiteclear that there was no written language but Greek. There may be room for argument overspoken forms, or at least over local survivals of earlier occupancy, but it is hard to imaginewhat kind of authority might sustain that. There is no evidence for a different"Macedonian" language that cannot be as easily explained in terms of dialect or accent.

o "Cambridge Ancient Histories", Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998

As a Macedonian [Philip] was looked down upon by the more refined Athenians, but theyshared the same Hellenistic culture. How deep this went is evident in aesthetically the leastspectacular, but politically the most explosive, of the finds in Vergina. In the Great Tumulusabove Philip's tombs, which was raised by the invading Galatians in 274 BC, the archaeologistsfound fragments of no fewer than seventy-five funeral monuments, or “stelai”. The names onthese were entirely Greek, save two, which appeared to be Hellenized versions of Thracian andPhoenician names. The implication is that Philip's Macedonia was thoroughly Hellenized, anoutpost of classical Greek culture...

o Robert Fox, journalist and a writer on defence issues, "The Inner Sea: TheMediterranean and its People", Sinclair- Stevenson, London 1991 (p 229-230)

On medieval Macedonian history

Medieval Sources

Roman Emperors

That much I can say, without endless talking and without becoming tiresome, that she[Eusebia] is of a family line that is pure Greek, from the purest of Greeks, and her city isthe metropolis of Macedonia.

o Julian, "Praise For The Empress Eusebia", p. 147'

Modern Sources

Historians

It was the Byzantine Empire, which was to realize Alexander's idea - MacedonianPanhellenism -in face of an Asia in revolt, and realize it for the Greeks.

o René Grousset, A. Patterson, "The Sum of History", p. 159

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The province of Thessalonica (Saloniki) had, together with Greece, been awarded to thewarlike Marquis Boniface of Montferrat with the royal title. It comprised the greater part ofancient Macedonia and Boniface carried his victorious arms into Greece, where heeverywhere divided the conquered territories among his knights; but having perished in askirmish with the Bulgarians, in 1207, his kingdom was invaded by the Greek despot,Theodore of Epirus who was received with open arms by the Greeks, and crownedemperor at Thessalonica in 1222.

o Adolphus Louis Koeppen, Danish historian, "The World in the Middle Ages: AnHistorical Geography, with Accounts of the Origin", Appleton, p.409

On modern Macedonian history

On the Former YugoSLAV Republic of “Macedonia”’s History

Diplomats

Journalist: What is your opinion for the problem in which Greece has to accept the nameMacedonia, which the Skopje Government (FYROM) is trying to implement?

Henry Kissinger: Look, I believe that Greece is right to object and I agree with Athens. The reasonis that I know history which is not the case with most of the others including most of theGovernment and Administration in Washington. The strength of the Greek case is that of thehistory which I must say that Athens have not used so far with success.

o Henry Kissinger, Management Centre Europe, Paris, 19 June 1992

For Macedonia [FYROM] to be recognized as an independent state, it would benecessary to change its name [...] It is historically proven that the Yugoslavian Democracy ofMacedonia was created by Stalin, Tito and Dimitrov, aiming at the stealthy removal of alarge part of Northern Greece. This Democracy was used during the period 1944-1949 inorder to destabilise Greece.

o Thomas Niles, US Ambassador, statement on the 23rd June 1992 to theSubCommittee of US Congress, Eleutherotypia newspaper, June 24, 1992

Since the Bulgarian idea, as it is well known to all, is deeply rooted in Macedonia, Ithink it is almost impossible to shake it completely by opposing it merely with the Serbianidea. This idea, we fear, would be incapable, as opposition pure and simple, of suppressingthe Bulgarian idea. That is why the Serbian idea will need an ally that could stand indirect opposition to the Bulgarianism and would contain in itself the elements which couldattract the people and their feelings and thus sever them from Bulgarianism. This ally I seein the Macedonism or to a certain extent in our nursing the Macedonian dialect andMacedonian separatism.

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o Stoyan Novakovich, Serbian diplomat, Novakovich's dispatch to the Serbian Ministerof Education in 1888

We are not related to the northern Greeks who produced leaders like Philip andAlexander the Great. We are Slavs and our language is closely related to Bulgarian. Thereis some confusion about our identity.

o Gyordan Veselinov, (Referring to the citizens of FYROM) Ottawa Citizen, February24, 1999

We do not claim to be descendants of Alexander the Great ...; Greece is Macedonia's[FYROM’s] second largest trading partner, and its number one investor. Instead of opting forwar, we have chosen the mediation of the United Nations, with talks on the ambassadorial levelunder Mr. Vance and Mr. Nimetz ... we are Slavs and we speak a Slav language.

o Ljubica Achevska, FYROM Ambassador to the US, reply to a question about theethnic origin of the people of FYROM, January 22, 1999

Historians

It is the national identity of these Slav Macedonians that has been the most violentlycontested aspect of the whole Macedonian dispute, and is still being contested today. There is nodoubt that they are southern Slavs; they have a language, or a group of varying dialects, that isgrammatically akin to Bulgarian but phonetically in some respects akin to Serbian, and whichhas certain quite distinctive features of its own ... In regard to their own national feelings, allthat can safely be said is that during the last eighty years many more Slav Macedonians seem tohave considered themselves Bulgarian, or closely linked to Bulgaria, than have consideredthemselves Serbian, or closely linked to Serbia (or Yugoslavia). Only the people of the Skopjeregion, in the north west, have ever shown much tendency to regard themselves as Serbs. Thefeeling of being Macedonians, and nothing but Macedonians, seems to be a sentiment of fairlyrecent growth, and even today is not very deep-rooted.

o Elisabeth Barker,"Macedonia, Its Place in Balkan Power Politics". Westport, CT:Greenwood Press. 1980. pp. p. 10. ISBN 0313225877.

... and Uskub, the great majority of the population is Slavic, [...] the middle ages until1913 called themselves and were called by their neighbors Bulgarians.

o George Hubbard Blakeslee, "The Journal of International Relations"

Modern Slavs, both Bulgarians and Macedonians [of FYROM], cannot establish a linkwith antiquity, as the Slavs entered the Balkans centuries after the demise of the ancientMacedonian kingdom. Only the most radical Slavic factions—mostly émigrés in the UnitedStates, Canada, and Australia—even attempt to establish a connection to antiquity [...] Thetwentieth-century development of a Macedonian ethnicity, and its recent evolution into

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independent statehood following the collapse of the Yugoslav state in 1991, has followed arocky road. In order to survive the vicissitudes of Balkan history and politics, the Macedonians[FYROM Slavs], who have had no history, need one. They reside in a territory once part of afamous ancient kingdom, which has borne the Macedonian name as a region ever since and wascalled ”Macedonia” for nearly half a century as part of Yugoslavia. And they speak a languagenow recognized by most linguists outside Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece as a south Slaviclanguage separate from Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian. Their own so-calledMacedonian ethnicity had evolved for more than a century, and thus it seemed natural andappropriate for them to call the new nation “Macedonian” and to attempt to provide somecultural references to bolster ethnic survival.

o Eugene N. Borza, "Macedonia Redux", in "The Eye Expanded: life and the arts inGreco-Roman Antiquity", ed. Frances B Tichener & Richard F. Moorton, University ofCalifornia Press, 1999

Macedonia was also an attempt at a multicultural society. Here the fragments are just aboutholding together, although the cement that binds them is an unreliable mixture of propagandaand myth. The Macedonian language [FYROM Slavic] has been created, some rather mistyhistory involving Tsar Samuel, probably a Bulgarian, and Alexander the Great, almost certainlya Greek, has been invented, and the name Macedonia has been adopted. Do we destroy thesemyths or live with them? Apparently these “radical Slavic factions” decided to live with theirmyths and lies for the constant amusement of the rest of the world ..."

o T.J. Winnifrith, "Shattered Eagles, Balkan Fragments", Duckworth,1995.

The [Slav-] Macedonian nationalists quite simply stole all of Bulgarian historicalargument concerning Macedonia, substituting Macedonian for Bulgarian ethnic tags inthe story. Thus Kuber formed a Macedonian tribal alliance in the late seventh century; Klimentand Naum were Macedonians and not Bulgarians; the medieval archbishop-patriarchate ofOhrid, which Kliment led, was a Macedonian, not a Bulgarian independent church, as shown bythe persistence of Glagolitic letters in the region in the face of the Cyrillic that were spawned inBulgaria; and the renowned Samuil led a great Macedonian, rather than a western Bulgarian,state against Byzantium (giving Slav Macedonia its apex in the historical sun).

o Dennis P. Hupchick, "Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe", Palgrave Macmillan,1995.

The obviously plagiarized historical argument of the [Slav-] Macedonian nationalists for aseparate Macedonian ethnicity could be supported only by linguistic reality, and that workedagainst them until the 1940s. Until a modern Macedonian literary language [FYROM Slavic]was mandated by the socialist-led partisan movement from [S.R.] Macedonia in 1944, mostoutside observers and linguists agreed with the Bulgarians in considering the vernacular spokenby the Macedonian Slavs as a western dialect of Bulgarian.

o Dennis P. Hupchick, "Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe", Palgrave Macmillan,

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1995.

Miscellaneous

The history of the construction of a Macedonian national identity does not begin withAlexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. or with Saints Cyril and Methodius in theninth century A.D. as Macedonian nationalist [FYROM Slav] historians often claim.

o Loring Danforth, "The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a TransnationalWorld", Princeton Univ Press, (December 1995), p.56

Finally, Krste Misirkov, who had clearly developed a strong sense of his own personalnational identity as a Macedonian and who outspokenly and unambiguously called forMacedonian linguistic and national separatism, acknowledged that a Macedonian nationalidentity was a relatively recent historical development.

o Loring Danforth, "The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a TransnationalWorld", Princeton Univ Press, (December 1995), p.63

The political and military leaders of the Slavs of Macedonia at the turn of the centuryseem not to have heard Misirkov's call for a separate Macedonian national identity; theycontinued to identify themselves in a national sense as Bulgarians rather thanMacedonians.

o Loring Danforth, "The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a TransnationalWorld", Princeton Univ Press, (December 1995), p.64

Whether a [Slav-] Macedonian nation existed at the time or not, it is perfectly clear thatthe communist party of Yugoslavia had important political reasons for declaring that onedid exist and for fostering its development through a concerted process of nation building,employing all the means at the disposal of the Yugoslav state.

o Loring Danforth, "The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a TransnationalWorld", Princeton Univ Press, (December 1995), p.66

I have even met people who believe there is a special race which they call 'Macedonian',whose 'cause' they wish to aid. The truth is, that in a district which has no official frontiers, andnever has had any stable ones, there are people of six races, who, as we have seen, all havecauses to be considered [...] I shall speak only of the part I have stayed in- the districts of LakesOchrida and Prespa. Here there are Greeks, Slavs, Albanians, and Vlahs. Of Turks, exceptofficials and such of the army as may be quartered on the spot, there are few. The Albanians, Ibelieve, are all Moslem. Should there be any Christians they would be officially classed asGreeks. A large part of the land near Lake Prespa is owned by Moslem Albanians as "chiftliks"(farms).

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o Edith Durham, "The Burden of the Balkans", (1905), p. 76

Some will ask why I speak of breaking away from the Bulgarians when in the past wehave even called ourselves Bulgarians and when it is generally accepted that unificationcreates strength, and not separation.

We are Bulgarians, more Bulgarians than the Bulgarians in Bulgaria themselves.

And, anyway, what sort of new Macedonian nation can this be when we and ourfathers and grandfathers and great-grandfathers have always been called Bulgarians?

o Krste Misirkov, "On Macedonian Matters", Macedonian Review Editions 1974,(Sofia 1903)

As a Bulgarian, I would willingly return to Bulgaria, if there is a need of a scientificresearch of the fate of the Bulgarian lands, especially in Macedonia.

o Krste Misirkov, "Diary 5 July to 30 August 1913", Sofia-Skopje, 2008, Published byState Agency "Archives" of the Republic of Bulgaria & State Archive of the FYROM, p.168

In Macedonia there are Greeks, Bulgarians and Turks.

o Petko Karavelov, former Prime Minister of Bulgaria, in the Greek newspaper"Empros", in the paper of 19th December of 1897.

But even stranger is the name Macedonians, which was imposed on us only 10 to 15years ago by outsiders, and not as something by our own intellectuals ... Yet the people inMacedonia know nothing of that ancient name, reintroduced today with a cunning aim onthe one hand and a stupid one on the other. They know the older word: "Bugari",although mispronounced: they have even adopted it as peculiarly theirs, inapplicable toother Bulgarians. You can find more about this in the introduction to the booklets I amsending you. They call their own Macedono-Bulgarian dialect the "Bugarski language",while the rest of the Bulgarian dialects they refer to as the "Shopski language".

o Kuzman Shapkarev, in a letter to Prof. Marin Drinov of May 25, 1888 (Makedonskipregled, IX, 2, 1934, p. 55; the original letter is kept in the Marin Drinov Museum inSofia, and it is available for examination and study)

But the Bulgarians, from the palace down to the meanest hut, have always been animated bythat racial and national idea. The annexation of Eastern Roumelia in 1885 was a great step inthe direction of its realization. And it was to carry that programme to completion that Bulgaria

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made war against Turkey in 1912. Her primary object was the liberation of the Bulgarians inMacedonia and their incorporation in a Great Bulgaria. And the Treaty of Partition withServia seemed, in the event of victory over Turkey, to afford a guarantee of the accomplishmentof her long-cherished purpose. It was a strange irony of fate that while as a result of thegeographical situation of the belligerents Bulgaria, at the close of the war with Turkey, foundherself in actual occupation of all European Turkey from the Black Sea up to the River Strumaand beyond,--that is, all Thrace to Chataldja as well as Eastern Macedonia--her allies (Bulgaria's)were in possession of the bulk of Macedonia, including the entire triangle she had planned toinject between the frontiers of New Servia and New Greece!

o American educationist Jacob Gould Schurman, The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913, [1].

For three weeks the Partisan National Liberation Committee had been busy creating, onpaper, the new Yugoslavia. Twice Tito had flown to Moscow, conferred with Stalin and thePeoples' Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vlacheslav M. Molotov [...] The new power at oncebegan to expand. Yugoslav Macedonians insisted that Yugoslavia's new Macedonian districtshould include not only Bulgarian Macedonia but Greek Macedonia.

o TIME Magazine, December 4, 1944

Though once the heart of the empire of Alexander the Great, (Macedonia) has been forcenturies a geographical expression rather than a political entity, and is today inhabited by aninextricable medley of people, among whom the Serbs, now Yugoslavs, are certainly the leastnumerous. But a "Federal Macedonia" has been projected as an integral part of Tito's planfor a federated Balkans...taking Greek Macedonia for an outlet to the Aegean Sea throughSalonica.

o THE NEW YORK TIMES, July 10, 1946

During the occupation[...]a combined effort was made to wrest Macedonia fromGreece[...]an effort that allegedly continues, although in altered form [...] The mainconspirational activity in Macedonia today appears to be directed from Skopje.

o THE NEW YORK TIMES, July 16, 1946

The possible creation of a Macedonian free state within Greece to amalgamate withMarshal Tito's Federated Macedonia State, with is capital in Skopje [...] would fulfill theSlavic objectives of re-uniting the ... province of Macedonia under Slavic rule, givingaccess of the sea to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.

o THE NEW YORK TIMES, July 26, 1946

According to most reliable information, a secret meeting was held yesterday at Comi in

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southern Bulgaria [...] to draw up plans for a general rising in Greek Macedonia, with theultimate object of incorporating that region with Salonica in an autonomous Macedonia underYugoslav hegemony.

o THE NEW YORK TIMES, August 19, 1946

The Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic and Consular Officers

The following is for your information and general guidance, but not for any positive action at thistime:

The Department has noted with considerable apprehension increasing propaganda rumors andsemi-official statements in favor of an autonomous Macedonia, emanating principally fromBulgaria, but also from Yugoslav Partisan and other sources, with the implication that Greekterritory would be included in the projected state. This Government considers talk ofMacedonian "nation", Macedonian "Fatherland", or Macedonia "national consciousness" tobe unjustified demagoguery representing no ethnic nor political reality, and sees in its presentrevival a possible cloak for aggressive intentions against Greece.

The approved policy of this Government is to oppose any revival of the Macedonian issue as relatedto Greece. The Greek section of Macedonia is largely inhabited by Greeks, and the Greek peopleare almost unanimously opposed to the creation of a Macedonian state. Allegations of serious Greekparticipation in any such agitation can be assumed to be false. This Government would regard asresponsible any Government or group of Governments tolerating or encouraging menacing oraggressive acts of "Macedonian Forces" against Greece.

The Department would appreciate any information pertinent to this subject which may come to yourattention.

Department of State

o U.S STATE DEPARTMENT Foreign Relations Vol. VIII Washington D.C. CircularAirgram (868.014/26 Dec. 1944)

On November 4, 2004, two days after the re-election of President George W. Bush, hisadministration unilaterally recognized the “Republic of Macedonia”. This action not onlyabrogated geographic and historic fact, but it also has unleashed a dangerous epidemic ofhistorical revisionism, of which the most obvious symptom is the misappropriation by thegovernment in Skopje of the most famous of Macedonians, Alexander the Great [...] We do notunderstand how the modern inhabitants of ancient Paionia (FYROM), who speak Slavic – alanguage introduced into the Balkans about a millennium after the death of Alexander – canclaim him as their national hero. Alexander the Great was thoroughly and indisputablyGreek. His great-great-great grandfather, Alexander I, competed in the Olympic Games whereparticipation was limited to Greeks [...] We call upon you, Mr. President, to help - in whateverways you deem appropriate - the government in Skopje to understand that it cannot builda national identity at the expense of historic truth. Our common international society cannot

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survive when history is ignored, much less when history is fabricated.

o From the "Letter to President Barack Obama", signed by 350 international scholars.

A Slavic-speaking people, todays ethnic Macedonians [of FYROM], are descendants ofSlavs who settled in the Balkans during the seventh century AD.

o Karen Dawisha, Bruce Parrott, "Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy inSouth-East Europe (Democratization and Authoritarianism in Post-CommunistSocieties)", Cambridge University Press, 1997

Despite the efforts of the post-1945 Macedonian [FYROM Slavic] historiography torepresent Delchev as a Macedonian separatist rather than a Bulgarian nationalist, Delchevhimself has stated: "... We are Bulgarians and all suffer from one common disease [e.g., theOttoman rule]" and "Our task is not to shed the blood of Bulgarians, of those who belong to thesame people that we serve".

o Victor Roudometof, American professor of sociology; "Collective memory, nationalidentity, and ethnic conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian question",Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0275976483, p. 79

Politicians

We belong to the same Slav people.

o Slobodan Casule, (born 1945), Foreign Minister of FYROM, to the Foreign Ministerof Bulgaria Solomon Pasi, in an interview to "Utrinski Vesnik" of Skopje on December29,2001.

We are Slavs who came to this area in the sixth century (AD) ... we are not descendantsof the ancient Macedonians.

o Kiro Gligorov, (first democraticaly elected president of FYROM, referring to thecitizens of his country), Foreign Information Service Daily Report, Eastern Europe,February 26, 1992

We are Macedonians but we are Slav Macedonians. That's who we are! We have noconnection to Alexander the Greek and his Macedonia. The ancient Macedonians no longerexist, they had disappeared from history long time ago. Our ancestors came here in the 5th and6th century (AD).

o Kiro Gligorov, (first democratically elected president of FYROM, referring to thecitizens of his country), Toronto Star, March 15, 1992

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The idea that Alexander the Great was something that belonged to our history was in theminds of some extremist political groups only! These groups were insignificant the first years ofour independence, but the big problem is that the old Balkan Nations have been used to belegitimized through their history. In the Balkans, if you want to be recognized as a Nation, youneed to have history 3000 years old. So since you made us invent a history, we invented it! (…)You forced us to the arms of the extreme nationalists who today claim that we are directdescendants of Alexander the Great!

o Denko Maleski, first Minister of foreign affairs of FYROM (1991 to 1993) andambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 1997, in an interview to Greek TVchannel Mega, November 2006

Why are we ashamed and flee from the truth that whole positive [Slav-] Macedonianrevolutionary tradition comes exactly from exarchist part of Macedonian people? We shall notsay a new truth if we mention the fact that everyone, Gotse Delchev, Dame Gruev, GjorchePetrov, Pere Toshev - must I list and count all of them - were teachers of the BulgarianExarchate in Macedonia.

o former Prime Minister and Vice President of FYROM, Ljubčo Georgievski, 2007, inhis book "С лице към истината" ("Facing the truth").

For many years, since the decade of the '90s, we have been making efforts so that the name“Republic of Macedonia” [FYROM] is not recognized, because no nation should steal thehistory and symbols of another nation.

o Australian politician, Mike Rann, Eleftherotypia newspaper, May 05, 2007

We are not stating by accident that Josip Broz Tito is Jesus Christ for Macedonia [FYROM],a father and a mother for Macedonia. Because we have, in that time, after NOB, for the firsttime created a [Slav-] Macedonian alphabet, a Macedonian television, a Macedonian state, alanguage, a passport, an identity card, a university for the first time, a Macedonian academy forthe first time. We, communists, have created the Macedonian Orthodox church.

o Slobodan Ugrinovski (Слободан Угриновски), politician of the FYROM and thecurrent leader of the left-wing political party Union of Tito's Left Forces, "Tito e IsusHristos za Makedonija" ("Tito is Jesus Christ for Macedonia [FYROM]"), A1 TV,FYROM May 04 2009.

"Liberal minds living within our side of the border, would certainly not feel ashamed of theirown Slavic language, or the fact that their basic identity, just like the language, is Slavic, insteadof establishing a variety of racist theories about antiquity and some super-humans from whichwe originate".

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o Denko Maleski, first Minister of foreign affairs of FYROM (1991 to 1993) andambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 1997, in an interview to Radio FreeEurope, March 30 2013

On Macedonia (Greece) History

Diplomats

The Greek War of Independence, which came to a successful conclusion in 1832, affectedless than one half of the Greeks in the Turkish Empire. It did not bring freedom to the Greeks ofMacedonia and Thrace, of Crete and the Aegean Islands, nor to the more than two millionGreeks in Asia Minor and Constantinople.

o Henry Morgenthau, "I was sent to Athens", Doubleday, Doran & Company, inc(1929)

When the Turks and the Bulgarians left, Macedonia remained a purely Greek region.

o Henry Morgenthau, "I was sent to Athens", Doubleday, Doran & Company, inc(1929)

Miscellaneous

The borders between Greece and Serbia were defined in 1913 on the basis of the advancesof the armies of the two nations during the first Balkan war. The border between Greece andBulgaria was defined at the Treaty of Bucharest. Since then, the borders of the three nations hadremained the same. Macedonia, a region mostly of Greece since ancient times, was dividedinto three perhaps even four parts, with Greece keeping the largest portion of about 50%,then-Yugoslavia receiving about 35%, Bulgaria about 10% and a small percentageeventually ending in Albania. The Greek people on the portion of the Macedonia part inGreece have been there since time immemorial -- over more than forty centuries before theSlavs arrived. The language spoken in the Greek region since antiquity is Greek, whereasthe language of the former-Yugoslavia portion is a Slavic dialect of Bulgarian (MarlineSimons, The New York Times, February 3, 1992). As a matter of fact, the portion of Macedoniain then-Yugoslavia was part of the Eastern Branch of the Roman Empire. The people who ruledover Serbia spoke Greek. Constantinople was their headquarters. Their main trade was to theSouth and East...

o Joseph C. Harsch, American journalist, "The Christian Science Monitor", January29, 1992

Journalist: Do you believe that the uprising in Macedonia will be suppressed soon?Stournaras: There is no uprising in Macedonia. Noone from the inhabitants has rebelled againstthe rulers of the region. There is an incursion of Bulgarian gunmen and other brigands andnothing more. Do you believe that these low-numbered Bulgarians will be able to conquer

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Macedonia or force the inhabitants to rebel? [...] In one clash in Panitze, outside of Serres, afew months ago where the notorious Delchev was murdered and 52 Bulgarians were arrested,only 2 Bulgarians managed to escape and the rest were killed. This of course has no meaninganymore, because through the fuss they managed to create, many believe now in Europethat Macedonian question is actually Bulgarian question.

o Interview of Greek consul in Serres, Stournaras, in the Greek newspaper "Empros"in the paper of 21 August of 1903. (Stournaras was an eye-witness of Ilinden uprisingand he is talking here about the uprising.)

Politicians

For all of us who love History, and know History,Macedonia is as Greek as the Acropolis.

o Mike Rann, Eleftherotypia newspaper, May 05, 2007

On modern Macedonian language

Linguists

The (modern) Macedonian language [FYROM Slavic] is actually an artifact producedfor primarily political reasons.

o Vittore Pisani (1899-1990), Italian linguist, "Il Macedonico, Paideia, RivistaLetteraria di informazione bibliografica", vol. 12, p. 250 (1957)

[Slav-] Macedonian national conscience and from that conscientious promotion ofMacedonian [FYROM Slavic] as a written language, first appears just in the beginning of ourcentury and is strengthened particularly during in the years between the two world wars.

o Friedrich Scholz, "Slavische Etymologie", 1966, p.61

Macedonian [FYROM Slavic] is Bulgarian typed on a Serbian type-writer.

o Otto Kronsteiner, “Der Zerfall Jugoslawiens und die Zukunft der makedonischenLiteratursprache: Der späte Fall von Glottotomie?”, Herausgeber Schriftenreihe Dieslawischen Sprachen, Erscheinungsjahr 1992, Seiten 142-171

Miscellaneous

Macedonian [FYROM Slavic] is similar to Bulgarian and is sometimes been regarded as avariety of that language.

o "Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education", Colin Baker, Sylvia PrysJones, p. 415

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From a strictly linguistic point of view Macedonian [FYROM Slavic] can be called aBulgarian dialect, as structurally it is most similar to Bulgarian.

o "Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics", R.E.Asher, J.M.Y.Simpson (editors),1994, vol.1, p.429

I call these songs Bulgarian and not Slavic, because if someone today should ask theMacedonian Slav "what are you?" he would be immediately be told: "I am Bulgarian"and would call his language "Bulgarian".

o Stefan Verkovich, Bosnian folklorist, "Folk Songs of the Macedonian Bulgarian", Vol.1, 1860

The ethnic Macedonians [FYROM Slavs] and the Macedonian language [FYROM Slavic]are a result of a Comintern conspiracy.

o Venko Markovski, Yugoslavian writer, poet and Communist politician (who in 1945participated in the Commission for the Creation of the Macedonian [FYROM Slavic]Alphabet) in an interview for Bulgarian National Television on 31/12/1987. Mitewa,Yulia (2001), "ИДЕЯТА ЗА ЕЗИКА В МАКЕДОНСКИЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕН КРЪЖОК —ЕСТЕТИЧЕСКИ И ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АСПЕКТИ", Veliko Tarnovo: Litera

Note:Words between “[ ]” brackets, like [FYROM Slavic] are not part of the original quotes.

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Quotations from Classical Sources Relating to MacedoniaIndisputable evidence that ancient Macedonians were Greek

(other translation variants)

"Trifling causes occasionally unite and disunite the Aetolians, Acarnanians, and Macedonians, menspeaking the same language. With foreigners, with barbarians, all Greeks have, and ever will have,eternal war: because they are enemies by nature, which is always the same, and not from causeswhich change with the times."(T. Livius XXXI, 29, 15 [ed. D. Spillan, A.M., M.D., Cyrus Evans])

"And she conceived and bore to Zeus, who delights in the thunderbolt, two sons, Magnes andMacedon, rejoicing in horses, who dwell round about Pieria and Olympus."(Hesiod, Catalogues of Women and Eoiae 3 [Loeb, H.G. Evelyn-White])

"For in the days of king Deucalion it (i.e. a Makednian tribe) inhabited the land of Phthiotis, then inthe time of Dorus, son of Hellen, the country called Histiaean, under Ossa and Olympus; driven bythe Cadmeians from this Histiaean country it settled about Pindus in the parts called Macedonian;thence again it migrated to Dryopia, and at last came from Dryopia into Peloponnesus, where it tookthe name of Dorian."(Herod. I, 56, 3 [Loeb, A.D. Godley])

"Tell your king (Xerxes), who sent you, how his Greek viceroy (Alexander I) of Macedonia hasreceived you hospitably."(Herod. V, 20, 4 [Loeb])

"Now, that these descendants of Perdiccas are Greeks, as they themselves say, I myself chance toknow."(Herod. V, 22, 1 [Loeb])

"The country by the sea which is now called Macedonia... Alexander, the father of Perdiccas, andhis forefathers, who were originally Temenidae from Argos"(Thucydides 99,3 (Loeb, C F Smith)

"But Alexander (I), proving himself to be an Argive, was judged to be a Greek; so he contended inthe furlong race and ran a dead heat for first place."(Herod. V, 22, 2)

"The Peloponnesians that were with the fleet were ... the Lacedaimonians, ... the Corinthians, ... theSicyonians, ... the Epidaurians, ... the Troezenians, ... the people of Hermione there; all these, exceptthe people of Hermione, were of Dorian and Macedonian stock and had last come from Erineus andPindus and the Dryopian region."(Herod. VIII, 43 {Loeb])

"Three brothers of the lineage of Temenos came as banished men from Argos to Illyria, Gauanesand Aeropos and Perdiccas."

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(Herod. VIII, 137, 1 [Loeb])

"For I (Alexander I) myself am by ancient descent a Greek, and I would not willingly see Greecechange her freedom for slavery."(Herod. IX, 45, 2 [Loeb])

"The country by the sea which is now called Macedonia ... Alexander I, the father of Perdiccas (II),and his forefathers, who were originally Temenidae from Argos."(Thuc. II, 99, 3 [Loeb, C. F. Smith])

"Argos is the land of your fathers."(Isoc., To Philip, 32 (Loeb, G. Norlin])

"It is your privilege, as one who has been blessed with untrammeled freedom, to consider all Greeceyour fatherland, as did the founder of your race."(Isoc., To Philip, 127 [Loeb])

" ... all men will be grateful to you: the Greeks for your kindness to them and the rest of the nations,if by your hands they are delivered from barbaric despotism and are brought under the protection ofGreece."(Isoc., To Philip, 154 [Loeb])

"This is a sworn treaty made between us, Hannibal ... and Xenophanes the Athenian ... in thepresence of all the gods who possess Macedonia and the rest of Greece."(Pol. Histories, VII, 9, 4 [Loeb, W.R. Paton])

"How highly should we honor the Macedonians, who for the greater part of their lives never ceasefrom fighting with the barbarians for the sake of the security of Greece? For who is not aware thatGreece would have constantly stood in the greater danger, had we not been fenced by theMacedonians and the honorable ambition of their kings?"(Pol. Hist., IX, 35, 2 [Loeb])

"And Macedonia, of course, is a part of Greece."(Strab. VII, Frg. 9 [Loeb, H.L. Jones])

"He sent to Athens three hundred Persian panoplies to be set up to Athena in the acropolis; heordered this inscription to be attached: Alexander, son of Philip, and the Greeks, save theLacedaimonians, set up these spoils from the barbarians dwelling in Asia."(Arr. I, 16, 7 [Loeb, P. A. Brunt])

"Your ancestors invaded Macedonia and the rest of Greece and did us great harm, though we haddone them no prior injury; ... (and) I have been appointed leader of the Greeks ..."(Arr., Anab. Alex. II, 14, 4)

"They say that these were the tribes collected by Amphiktyon himself in the Greek Assembly: ... theMacedonians joined and the entire Phocian race ... In my day there were thirty members: six eachfrom Nikopolis, Macedonia and Thessaly..."(Paus. Phokis VIII, 2 & 4 [Loeb, W. Jones])

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"Yet through Alexander (the Great) Bactria and the Caucasus learned to revere the gods of theGreeks ... Alexander established more than seventy cities among savage tribes, and sowed all Asiawith Greek magistracies ... Egypt would not have its Alexandria, nor Mesopotamia its Seleucia, norSogdiana its Prophthasia, nor India its Bucephalia, nor the Caucasus a Greek city, for by thefounding of cities in these places savagery was extinguished and the worse element, gainingfamiliarity with the better, changed under its influence."(Plut. Moralia. On the Fortune of Alexander, I, 328D, 329A Loeb, F.C. Babbitt)

"Men of Athens ... Had I not greatly at heart the common welfare of Greece I should not have cometo tell you; but I am myself Hellene by descent, and I would not willingly see Greece exchangefreedom for slavery... If you prosper in this war, forget not to do something for my freedom;consider the risk I have run, out of zeal for the Hellenic cause, to acquaint you with what Mardoniusintends, and to save you from being surprised by the barbarians. I am Alexander of Macedon."(the speech of Alexander I when he was admitted to the Olympic games, Herodotus, The Histories,9.45)