Quotations and Quotations and CitationsCitations

Using MLA style to identify Using MLA style to identify sourcessources

Short QuotationsShort Quotations

Short quotations are those which are Short quotations are those which are less than five lines in length.less than five lines in length.

ALWAYS incorporate the quotation ALWAYS incorporate the quotation INTO your own sentence. INTO your own sentence. Branscomb argues that "it's a good idea Branscomb argues that "it's a good idea

to lurk (i.e., read all the messages to lurk (i.e., read all the messages without contributing anything) for a few without contributing anything) for a few weeks, to ensure that you don't break weeks, to ensure that you don't break any of the rules of netiquette" (7) when any of the rules of netiquette" (7) when joining a listserv.joining a listserv.

Signal PhrasesSignal Phrases

With short quotations, it is best to use a With short quotations, it is best to use a signal phrase to show your reader signal phrase to show your reader where you got your information.where you got your information.

These signal phrases should include the These signal phrases should include the author’s name.author’s name. Branscomb argues that "it's a good idea to Branscomb argues that "it's a good idea to

lurk (i.e., read all the messages without lurk (i.e., read all the messages without contributing anything) for a few weeks, to contributing anything) for a few weeks, to ensure that you don't break any of the rules ensure that you don't break any of the rules of netiquette" (7) when joining a listserv.of netiquette" (7) when joining a listserv.

Signal PhrasesSignal Phrases There are many ways to avoid saying “said” too There are many ways to avoid saying “said” too

frequently. Use these words instead:frequently. Use these words instead: AcknowledgesAcknowledges addsadds admitsadmits agreesagrees ArguesArgues assertsasserts believesbelieves

claimsclaims CommentsComments comparescompares confirmsconfirms contendscontends DeclaresDeclares deniesdenies disputesdisputes emphasizesemphasizes EndorsesEndorses grantsgrants illustratesillustrates impliesimplies InsistsInsists notesnotes observesobserves points outpoints out ReasonsReasons refutesrefutes rejectsrejects reportsreports RespondsResponds suggestssuggests thinksthinks writes writes

CitationsCitations

If you do not use a signal phrase, then you If you do not use a signal phrase, then you must have the author’s name and page number must have the author’s name and page number in parenthesis. NO COMMA is needed.in parenthesis. NO COMMA is needed.

The modern world requires both the ability to The modern world requires both the ability to concentrate on one thing and the ability to concentrate on one thing and the ability to attend to more than one thing at a time: attend to more than one thing at a time: "Ideally, each individual would cultivate a "Ideally, each individual would cultivate a repertoire of styles of attention, appropriate to repertoire of styles of attention, appropriate to different situations, and would learn how to different situations, and would learn how to embed activities and types of attention one embed activities and types of attention one within another" (Bateson 97).within another" (Bateson 97).

CitationsCitations If you have sources which have the same If you have sources which have the same

author, include an abbreviated form of author, include an abbreviated form of the title of the work in addition to the the title of the work in addition to the author's name and relevant page author's name and relevant page number(s). Separate the author's name number(s). Separate the author's name and the title with a comma:and the title with a comma:

Hypertextuality makes text borderless as Hypertextuality makes text borderless as it "redefines not only beginning and it "redefines not only beginning and endings of the text but also its borders—endings of the text but also its borders—its sides, as it were" (Landow, its sides, as it were" (Landow, Hypertext Hypertext 2.02.0 79). 79).

CitationsCitations

If a source has two or three authors, If a source has two or three authors, place all of the authors' last names in place all of the authors' last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:the text or in the parenthetical citation:

A team can be defined as "a small A team can be defined as "a small number of people with complementary number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable" themselves mutually accountable" (Katzenbach and Smith 45).(Katzenbach and Smith 45).

CitationsCitations

If a source has four or more authors, include If a source has four or more authors, include the first author's last name followed by et al. the first author's last name followed by et al. (Latin for and others), either in the text or in (Latin for and others), either in the text or in the parenthetical citation. You can also name the parenthetical citation. You can also name all of the authors: all of the authors:

Cogdill et al. argue that "making backchannel Cogdill et al. argue that "making backchannel overtly available for study would require overtly available for study would require making its presence and content visible and making its presence and content visible and its content persist, affecting the nature of the its content persist, affecting the nature of the backchannel and raising social and ethical backchannel and raising social and ethical issues" (109).issues" (109).

CitationsCitations

If a source does not include an author's name, If a source does not include an author's name, substitute for the author's name the title or an substitute for the author's name the title or an abbreviated title in the text or parenthetical abbreviated title in the text or parenthetical citation. Underline the title if the source is a citation. Underline the title if the source is a book; if the source is an article, use quotation book; if the source is an article, use quotation marks:marks:

The use of Customer Relationship Management The use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems has grown substantially over (CRM) systems has grown substantially over the past five years as companies attempt to the past five years as companies attempt to adapt to customer needs and to improve their adapt to customer needs and to improve their profitability ("Making CRM Work").profitability ("Making CRM Work").

CitationsCitations In-text citations for electronic sources are treated in In-text citations for electronic sources are treated in

most respects as print texts are. The only real most respects as print texts are. The only real difference occurs because electronic texts do not have difference occurs because electronic texts do not have page numbers (unless the source is in PDF format or page numbers (unless the source is in PDF format or otherwise mimics a print version of the source). otherwise mimics a print version of the source). Sometimes, numbered paragraphs appear on an Sometimes, numbered paragraphs appear on an electronic source. In such cases, use paragraph electronic source. In such cases, use paragraph numbers instead of page numbers. The paragraph numbers instead of page numbers. The paragraph number should appear in your citation following the number should appear in your citation following the abbreviation par. If an electronic source includes abbreviation par. If an electronic source includes section numbers or screen numbers, use those numbers section numbers or screen numbers, use those numbers after the word section or screen. Most often, however, after the word section or screen. Most often, however, the source will have no paragraph, section, or screen the source will have no paragraph, section, or screen numbers. In such instances, include no number in the numbers. In such instances, include no number in the parentheses, as shown below:parentheses, as shown below: The Collaborative Virtual Workspace (CVW) prototype is being The Collaborative Virtual Workspace (CVW) prototype is being

used by the Defense Department for crisis management used by the Defense Department for crisis management (Davidson and Deus).(Davidson and Deus).

CitationsCitations

Two or more works by the same author.Two or more works by the same author. In his investigation of social identity, In his investigation of social identity, The The

Uses of DisorderUses of Disorder, Sennett defines adulthood , Sennett defines adulthood as a stage where people "learn to tolerate as a stage where people "learn to tolerate painful ambiguity and uncertainty" (108).painful ambiguity and uncertainty" (108).

In a surprising move, Richard Sennett In a surprising move, Richard Sennett combines the idea of power with that of combines the idea of power with that of virtue: "the idea of strength is complex in virtue: "the idea of strength is complex in ordinary life because of what might be called ordinary life because of what might be called the element of its integrity" (the element of its integrity" (AuthorityAuthority 19). 19).

Long QuotationsLong Quotations Long quotations are those which are at least ONE Long quotations are those which are at least ONE

WORD into the fifth line. They must be introduced WORD into the fifth line. They must be introduced by a COMPLETE SENTENCE including the by a COMPLETE SENTENCE including the author’s name which ends in a COLON.author’s name which ends in a COLON.

Bolles argues that the most effective job hunting Bolles argues that the most effective job hunting method is what he calls the creative job hunting method is what he calls the creative job hunting approach: approach:

figuring out your best skills, and favorite knowledges, and figuring out your best skills, and favorite knowledges, and then researching any employer that interests you, before then researching any employer that interests you, before approaching that organization and arranging, through approaching that organization and arranging, through your contacts, to see the person there who has the power your contacts, to see the person there who has the power to hire you for the position you are interested in. This to hire you for the position you are interested in. This method, faithfully followed, leads to a job for 86 out of method, faithfully followed, leads to a job for 86 out of every 100 job-hunters who try it. (57)every 100 job-hunters who try it. (57)