Quiz#2 on Monday

• Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18• 10 multiple-choice questions per

chapter (40 points X 2 pts. each)• short answer (20 points)• PLEASE ARRIVE ON TIME!!

Abnormal Psychology (Chapter 18)

Third Lecture Outline:SchizophreniaPersonality DisordersDepressionChildhood disorders

Mood Disorders

• Unipolar depression• 10-20% depressed

at some point in life• multiple causes• low self-esteem,

loss of motivation, pessimism

• women > men

• Bipolar disorder• 1% of population• genetically

mediated• depressive and

manic symptoms• mania related to

high energy and shifts of attention

Symptoms of depressionPersistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood Loss of interest or pleasure in activities Restlessness, irritability, crying Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness Sleeping disruption, early-morning awakening Appetite and/or weight loss or overeating and weight gain Decreased energy, fatigue, feeling "slowed down" Thoughts of death or suicide Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions

Causes of Depression

• Psychodynamic: Intrapsychic conflict – anger at other turned inward after loss

• Behavioral: Learned helplessness due to uncontrollable punishment. Dogs.

• Cognitive: Beck’s errors in thinking– Arbitrary inference “They hate me.”– Selective abstraction “Lawn has weeds”– Overgeneralization “I am a failure”– Magnification, minimization, personalization

Psychophysiology of Depression

• Low levels of neurotransmitters are linked to depression

• Drugs affect serotonin reuptake (SRIs) • Prozac• Mania treated with lithium carbonate:

mood-leveling drug• Epinephrine decreased during

depression -- hormonal factors

Biological basis: NMR Scans

Someone with schizophrenia

“Sometimes the voices are friendly; however, most often they are cruel and taunting. Hearing voices for the first time was very scary to me. I call my voices "superiors"; they are of demonic nature and continuously telling me "I'm evil and worthless". They often command me to hurt myself. I do as they say because they threaten to kill me or bury me alive; their terror controls my behavior.” “I also have visual hallucinations in which I see things that apparently no one else sees. I look at people's faces and they suddenly disintegrate or are so distorted that they appear in horrifying form, wicked,and I see the evilness of the devil locked within their eyes. I may look at you and project someone's else's picture on your face; everything becomes confusing and quite frustrating.”

Schizophrenia

• Negative symptoms: Behavior deficits– blunting of emotions– language deficits– apathy and social avoidance

• Positive symptoms: Behaviors present– delusions: disordered thinking– hallucination: unusual sensory experience– other bizarre behavior

Diagnositic criteria • Adaptive functioning impaired • Two or more of the following:

– delusions– hallucinations– disorganized or incoherent speech– grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior– negative symptoms of anhedonia

• Six months of symptoms • Rule out other disorders and drugs

Types of Schizophrenia

• Paranoid: Delusions are grandiose or persecutory; not disorganized or catatonic, e.g., tin foil in attic

• Disorganized: Speech, behavior, and/or affect is inappropriate, not catatonic– e.g., roams the streets mumbling

• Catatonic: Motor disturbance such as catalepsy (waxy flexibility) or frozen

• Videotape #98: Cases

Biological basis of schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia “runs in families”– General population rate: 1 to 2 % – twin studies: monozygotic twins (100%

genes), 44% concordant– dizygotic twins (50% genes) are 15%

concordant– consaguinity studies: other relatives 5-10% – adoption studies: twins adopted away still

have higher concordance than base rate

Other biological features

• Dopamine hypothesis supported by drug effects– Amphetamine psychosis from too much

dopamine– Parkinsonian tremors from too little:

chlorapromazine side effect

Personality Disorders

• Stable & extreme personality features that affect happiness or adjustment

• Examples:– Paranoid: suspicious of others– Schizoid: Can’t form/sustain relationships– Schizotypal: Bizarre or magical behavior– Borderline: Mood and self-image unstable– Narcissistic: Self-centred, no empathy – Histrionic: Dramatic, manipulative, shallow

Examples of childhood disorders

• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder– Innattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity

• Conduct disorders– stealing, truancy, fighting, swearing,

destructive behavior• Pervasive Developmental Disorder

(Autism)– communication deficts, perserveration,

echolalia, memory