Land registration and policy reforms g p ytoward gender equality in Ethiopia

Neha KumarNeha KumarAgnes R Quisumbing

Poverty, Hunger and Nutrition Division (PHND), IFPRI

Annual Bank Conference on Land Policy and AdministrationyApril 26-27, 2010

Kes be kes enqullal be-egrwa tihedalech

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Context

• Ethiopia: poor country, substantial ethnic and religious diversity• Diverse gender norms related to property ownership, inheritance,

and the division of assets after divorce, with men favored in the majority of cases (Fafchamps and Quisumbing 2005).

• Gender disparities have important welfare consequences: poor women in the Southern Ethiopia, where customary laws on settlement at divorce are biased against women, fare worse when illness shocks occur. (Dercon and Krishnan 2000).

• Relative nutrition of spouses is associated with correlates of bargaining power, such as cognitive ability, independent sources of income, and devolution of assets upon divorce (Fafchamps, Kebede, Q i bi 2009) l di i f f l tQuisumbing 2009); several dimensions of female empowerment benefit the nutrition and education level of children.

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Policy reform: An opportunity for increased gender equality?g q y

• Changes in legislation may improve well-being outcomes for women. Example: In Canada, suicide rates of p ,married women are lower in states with divorce laws that are more beneficial to women (Hoddinott and Adam). In Ethiopia the recent Land Registration process ( 2003• In Ethiopia, the recent Land Registration process (~ 2003 onwards) led to joint certification of husbands and wives, giving stronger land rights to women

• The revised Family Code, passed in 2000, gave equal rights to women and men in terms of marriage, inheritance and propertyinheritance and property.

• To what extent do these policy reforms reinforce each other?

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The reforms in a nutshell (eggshell?)

Photo: Stein Holden

Q

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Photo: Agnes Quisumbing

Land registrationg•Land certification in Ethiopia was carried out through a low-cost, rapid, and transparent process•Land administration committees at kebele level were required to have at least one female member (although variations in compliance)(although variations in compliance). •Land certificates were issued after public registration for transparency. L d ifi i l d d i f•Land certificates include maps and pictures of

husband and wife, though there were regional variations.

See Deininger et al. (2007), work by Holden and colleagues for more

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Family Law

• At the federal level, a new Family Code based on the principle of gender equality came intoon the principle of gender equality came into effect in mid-2000• However, constitutional recognition gave full , g g

sovereignty to seven regions out of nine, each having its own family law. Six regional governments continue to apply the previous lawto apply the previous law.

• Assets brought to marriage remain the property of each spouse upon divorceof each spouse upon divorce

• Common property to be divided 50:50 upon divorce

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divorce

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Objectives of this paper

• Using a recently collected round (2009) of the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey, we explore:y, p1. differences in the awareness, participation, and

perception of land registration process between male and female headed ho seholdsmale- and female-headed households;

2. determinants of awareness, participation and perception of the land registration processp p g p

3. determinants of changes in perceptions regarding the division of assets (land and livestock) upon didivorce

• Explore role of initial wealth, social networks, regional variations in explaining these differences

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variations in explaining these differences

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Data

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There is regional variation in female headship…

Figure 2. Proportion of Female Headed Households

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.2

0.3

0.4

0

0.1

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…and in resources of FHHs and MHHs

FHH MHH P-value

Age of head 54.3 52.5 **Highest grade obtained 4.76 6.28 ***Household size 4.39 6.38 ***Total land owned (hectares) 1.73 2.20 ***Total livestock owned (TLUs) 8.82 9.39 ***Per capita consumption in 2004 (birr) 94 91Per capita consumption in 2004 (birr) 94 91Prop household belonging to iddir 0.76 0.89 ***Network size 8.61 11.41 ***Number of sources from which hh can borrow 1.32 1.57 ***

*** significant at 1%, ** at 5%, * at 10%

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While differences in land management are statistically significant, magnitudes are similarg

1

1.2

0.6

0.8

0.2

0.4 FHHMHH

0Fraction of total land

Fraction of total land

Fraction of cropped

Fraction of cropped

Fraction of total area

cropped that is fertilepp

area operated by

women

pparea

registeredregistered

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Gender differences in awareness of land regisrationprocessprocess

% hhs aware of land registration

% hhs attending meetings during land registrationregistration during land registration

0.8

1

1.2

Female Headed

0 8

1

1.2

Female Headed

0.4

0.6Male Headed

0.4

0.6

0.8

Male Headed

0

0.2

Whole Sample

Amhara Oromiya SNNPR0

0.2

Whole Sample

Amhara Oromiya SNNPR

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Index of participation in land registration process

4

3

3.5

2

2.5

Female Headed

Male Headed

0 5

1

1.5

0

0.5

Whole Sample Tigray Amhara Oromiya SNNPR

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Perceptions of division upon divorce in 1997, Land equally split upon a no fault divorceLand equally split upon a no fault divorce

90

100

60

70

80

40

50

60

FHHMHH

10

20

30

0

10

All Tigray Amhara Oromiya SNNPR

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Changes in perceptions of division upon divorce: Moved towards equality of division of land, 1997-2009q y ,

60

70

50

60

30

40FHHMHH

10

20

0All Tigray Amhara Oromiya SNNPR

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Summary of regression results on land registration(with PA fixed effects)(with PA fixed effects)

Knowledge of land registration

Attendance at meetings

Index

Highest grade in hh

Positive

Plot area, 2004 Negative NegativeLowest land quartile, 2004

Negative

3rd land quartile, 2004

Negative2004Any female members in LAC

Positive Positive

M b f iddi P i i P i iMember of iddir, 2004

Positive Positive

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Summary of regression results on family law (with PA fixed effects)effects)

Move to split land 50:50

Move to split livestock 50:50

Plot area, 2004 Negative NegativeAny female members in LAC

Positive Positive

Member of iddir, 2004 Negative Negative

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Concluding remarks--1

• Our analysis confirms gender gaps in awareness and information about the land registration process

• Male headed households are on average more likely to have heard about the land registration process, attended meetings (and a greater number) and have received some written material with i f ti b t thinformation about the process

• The presence of female members in the LAC encourages participation by female headed households and does not discourage

ti i ti b l h d d h h ldparticipation by male headed households. • Social networks also matter• Land registration process does not seem to discriminate against the

poor (in terms of landholdings)

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Concluding remarks--2

• Awareness about the land registration process is positively correlated with the shift in perceptions towards equal division of land

d li t k di ti l l f l h d d h h ldand livestock upon divorce, particularly for male headed households. • Presence of female members in the LAC has a positive effect on the

changes in perceptions towards a more equal distribution of assets diupon divorce.

• Even after controlling for local norms regarding the distribution of assets upon divorce, the presence of females in an important village-l l itt id t t d l blevel committee may provide support to women and also may be a source of information regarding the new family code.

• Interventions to improve gender equality can reinforce each other.

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Next steps

• We need to explore whether stronger tenure rights for women, and stronger rights upon divorce, had impacts , g g p , pon household outcomes, both in terms of well-being and investment behaviorDid the land registration/famil la pro ide incenti es to• Did the land registration/family law provide incentives to women to invest in soil improvements, tree-planting, land, and other assets?

• Did it affect other household well-being outcomes, such as investment in child schooling?K t d th i t !• Keep posted—there is more to come!

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