Quick Overview on ABAP

8/3/2019 Quick Overview on ABAP

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Introduction to ABAP

February 8, 2012

By: Asad A. Wosaibi


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ABAP is

Advanced Business Application Programming

Used to develop transactions, reports and other

programs.

All SAP is built using ABAP


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In this course, you will develop several

programs meant to assist travel agencies.

Some of their typical needs include:

Determining flight connections on specific dates Processing bookings for specific flights

Evaluating additional flight information, such as

Price

Capacity

Departure City

Departure Airport

Destination

Destination City

Main Business Scenario


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SAP AG 1999

Client / Server Architecture

Presentation

Server

Layer

Application

Server

Layer

database

Dispatcher

Work

Process

SAPGUI SAPGUI SAPGUI SAPGUI SAPGUI SAPGUI

Work

Process

Work

Process

Work

Process

Dispatcher

Work

Process

Work

Process

Work

Process

Work

Process


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User-Oriented View

Presentation

Server

Layer

Application

Server

Layer

Database

Work Process

ABAP Program


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Program Flow: What the User Sees

Time

Selection Screen

List

Bl

ackBox

Screen


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Screen Types

1. Selection Screen

2. List

3. Dialog Screen


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SelectionScreen


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List (Report)


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Dialog Screen


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Summary

Three-Tier Architecture

User-Oriented client/server

Three screen types:

1. Selection Screen

2. Dialog Screen

3. List (output report)


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Introductionto ABAP Workbench

ABAP Workbench tools

Key words in ABAP

Transaction codes

Dialog Messages

Authorization objects and checks.


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Function BuilderFunction Builder

Screen PainterScreen Painter

ABAP DictionaryABAP DictionaryABAP EditorABAP Editor

Object

Navigator

Menu PainterMenu Painter

ABAP Workbench Tools

DebuggerDebugger

Class BuilderClass Builder

FI HR

MM

SD

MM

WM

Cust.


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Analyzing Existing Program

SAPBC400_GETTING_STARTED

Functionality of the program

Objects, fields and screens used in the program.

Debug mode

Analyzing source code of the program

Changing the program


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General ABAP Syntax: Key Words

Additions (depending on keyword) Period (ends all

ABAP statements)

ABAP

key word

START-OF-SELECTION .

SELECT SINGLE * FROM scarr

INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF wa_scarr

WHERE carrid = pa_car .IF sy-subrc = 0 .

MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa_scarr TO sbc400_carrier.

CALL SCREEN 100 .

MOVE-CORRESPONDING sbc400_carrier TO wa_scarr.

WRITE : wa_scarr-carrid ,

wa_scarr-carrname ,wa_scarr-currcode .

ENDIF.

TABLES sbc400_carrier .

DATA wa_scarr TYPE scarr .PARAMETERS pa_car TYPE scarr-carrid .

STARTSTART--OFOF--SELECTIONSELECTION

SELECTSELECT

IFIF

MOVEMOVE--CORRESPONDINGCORRESPONDING

CALLCALL

MOVEMOVE--CORRESPONDINGCORRESPONDING

ENDIFENDIF

TABLESTABLES

DATADATAPARAMETERSPARAMETERS

WRITEWRITE

Chainedstatement

,

,.

..

..

....

..

..

..

..

..

:


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Creating TransactionCode

Must start with Z

Specify the program and the startup screen.

Can be added to your favorite list in the startup menu.


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Standard Dialogs for Messages

Function

Error

occurred?

Information passed

to the user

Control ofsubsequent

program processing

depends on the type

of error

Next program

step Program aborted

Standard Dialogs for MessagesStandard Dialogs for Messages

Yes

No

Text from the

message table

(language-specific)

Different message typesfor status messages,

information,

warnings,

error messages,

aborted programs

Continue executing

programBack to initial screenMessage

type


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Syntax Example: MESSAGE Statements

READ TABLE itab INTO wa_itabWITH TABLE KEY carrid = c_ua.

CONSTANTS c_ua TYPE s_carr_id VALUE 'UA'.

...

IF sy-subrc ne 0.* Message

MESSAGE ID 'BC400' TYPE 'I'

NUMBER '048' WITH wa_itab-carrid.

ELSE.

MESSAGE ID 'BC400' TYPE 'S'NUMBER '047' WITH wa_itab-carrid wa_itab-carrname.

ENDIF.Message class BC400

Message:

047: The name of the airline &1 is &2

048: Airline &1 is not available

BC400

040

041


NUMBER '041' WITH wa_itab-carrid.


NUMBER '040' WITH wa_itab-carrid wa_itab-carrname.


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The Dialog Behavior of Messages: Message Types

MESSAGE ID '' TYPE ''

NUMBER WITH .

TYPE ''

Type Behavior Message appears in

S

I

W

I

A

X

Program continues without

interruption

Program interrupted when

dialog box is displayed

Depends on context

Depends on context

Program aborted

Runtime errorMESSAGE_TYPE_X

Status line in next screen

Modal dialog box

Status line (and modal dialog

box)

Status line (and modal dialog

box)

Modal dialog box

Integrated in short dump

Meaning

Status message

Information

Warning

Error

Termination

Short dump


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Authorization Checks in ABAP Programs

AUTHORITY

CHECK

Yes

No

SELECT

User Master

Records

BC400-00

Profile1

Profile2

Profile S_CARRID

Profile4

Authorization for

authorizationobject S_CARRID

Authorization for

authorization

object S_CARRID

Authorization for

authorizationObject S_TCODE

SY-SUBRC

= 0

?

Selection

Screen

Note


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Authorization Objects and Authorizations

'Display' Authorizationfor Object S_CARRID

CARRID: *

ACTVT: Display

'Change' Authorization

for Object S_CARRID

CARRID: LH

ACTVT: Change

Object: S_CARRID

CARRID (Airline Carrier)

ACTVT (Activity)

Activities:

Create

Change

Display

= 01

= 02

= 03


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AUTHORITY-CHECK

Send back

results

01

02

03

AA AZ DL LH UA

xxxx x

ACTVT

CARRID

Set of all

authorizationsfor object S_CARRIDAUTHORITY-CHECK

OBJECT 'S_CARRID'

ID 'CARRID' FIELD 'LH'ID 'ACTVT' FIELD '02'.

Check

xIF sy-subrc ne 0.

* Reaktion auf fehlende

* Berechtigung kontextabhngig

ENDIF.


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Summary

Example program (simple screen and list)

Overview of ABAP statements

Creating and using Transaction Codes

Handling errors and warnings through messages

Describing how authority checks are implemented in

SAP


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Unit Objectives

Closer look at

1. Lists

2. Selection screens

3. Dialog Screens Interface (Toolbars, menu bars ..etc).


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FormattedFormatted

display:display:

PrintPrintFormatted display:Formatted display:

CA ID PRICE

AA 2602 2400

AA 2602 2500

Total 7800

ScreenScreen Display languageDisplay language--

specific texts in logonspecific texts in logonlanguagelanguage

List Attributes

According to fixedAccording to fixed

user settingsuser settings

20000721

21.07.2000

Amounts byAmounts by

their currencytheir currency

Lengths byLengths by

their unittheir unit

DateDate


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List header

Column header

Save

:

List

:

System ... Text elements

Title/Headers

From within a list: From the ABAP Editor:

Column Header in the Default Page Header


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Flight From ToFlight From To Departing atDeparting at

LH 0400 FRA Frankfurt JFK New York 10:10:00

LH 0402 FRA Frankfurt JFK New York 01:30:00 PM

...

SQ 0002 SIN Singapore SFO San Francisco 09:30:00

You have chosen LH 0402

Flight date

19.12.1998

20.12.1998

24.12.1998

Max.

380

380

380

Occ.

240

270

380

Example: Detail lists

TimetableTimetable

Detail:Detail: FlightsFlights


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Use of Selection Screens

Database

table

ABAP

processing

block

ABAP runtime system

ABAP program

Selection criteria


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ValueValuesetssets

Multilingual CapacityMultilingual Capacity

VariantsVariants

PossiblePossible

entries helpentries help

Type checksType checks

The Selection Screen

Input helpInput help?


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Using the Semantic Information of DictionaryTypes

Selection screen

AirlineGlobal types

Field label

Input help

Search help[Search help]

Data elementData elementStructureStructure

ABAP program

PARAMETERS pa_carr TYPE spfli-carrid.

Technical type

Semantic

information

Layout

information

Formatting

rules


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FlexibleFlexible

program flowprogram flow

200

120

140

100

300

Type checksType checks

Consistency checksConsistency checks

when data is enteredwhen data is entered

PossiblePossible

entries helpentries help

Input helpInput help?

Selection Screen Attributes

FormattingFormattingoptionsoptions


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Options for Calling Screens

100

200

300

120

140

Transaction code

CALL SCREEN 100.


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Whatcan you put in a screen?

Field labels

Data fields

Icons and pushbuttons

Radio buttons and checkboxes

Tap control

Table control


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Overview of Screen Objects

Flight data Edit Goto System Help

Help F1

Choose F2

Back F3

.

.

.

Menu barStandard toolbar

Application toolbar

Key settings

GUI title

SET TITLEBAR .

GUI-StatusSET PF-STATUS .


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Summary :

Strengths and attributes of:

1. List

2. Selection Screen

3. Dialog Screen The use of interface (toolbars, menu barsetc)


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Unit objectives

Reuse components

1. Function Module

2. BAPI

UserExits and Enhancements

DB LUW and SAP LUW

DB Locks


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Techniques for Encapsulating Business Logic

Reuse

components

Business

objects

Reuse components

encapsulatebusiness

logic

ABAP:

Technical

possibilities

Object

Function

group


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Function Modules

InterfaceInterface

Import parametersImport parameters

sy-subrc

Function moduleFunction moduleAdministrationAdministration

Local data objectsLocal data objects

Source codeSource code

GlobalGlobaldata objectsdata objects

Function groupFunction group

Export parametersExport parameters Changing parametersChanging parameters ExceptionsExceptions

Interface

Subroutine


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Example: The CancelDialog Box

!

"Data will be lost."

NoYes


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System Landscape

Delivery route

Note: Repository

objects are

cross-client

DEV

Development

system

QAS

Quality assurance

system

PRD

Production

system

SAP

ZDEV

SAP

Transport routes

Consolidation route

for modifications to

SAP Repository objects

Consolidation for customer

Repository objects


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Projects

Project

Team

Specification

Design document

Customer

program

(to create)

Customer

program

(to change)

SAP program

(to enhance)

Project ManagerProject Manager


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Change Levels

R/3 businessR/3 business

applicationsapplications(SAP Standard)(SAP Standard)

CustomerCustomer

programsprograms

CustomerCustomer

developmentdevelopmentEnhancementEnhancementModificationModification

Assisted

modification

Calling SAP

objects

Without calling

SAP objects

ABAP Dictionary

Table enhancement

Field exit

Customer exit

Function module exit

Screen exit

Menu exit

Business transactionevent (BTE)

Business Add-In

User exit


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How Enhancements Function

* REPORT *

*********************************

REPORT .

* Object in customer namespace *

******************************


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Is a similar functionmapped in the SAP standard?

Can the SAP

function be adjustedto the customer's requirements

using enhancements?

Does the

SAP application allow

more functions to be

linked with enhancements?

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Customer development

Customizing

Enhancement

Request enhancement,

Avoid modification

Enhancing Functions


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Menu 2

Function 1

Function 2

Cust. function

Function 3

Menu 1 Menu 3

Menu exitMenu exit

Field x

Field y

ScreenScreen

exitexitField exitField exit

Enhancing User Dialogs


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Process

step 1

Process

step 2 . . .ProcessProcess

step nstep n

SAP LUW

Basic

business process

Basic Business Process


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Database LUW

Consistent

state 1

Intermediate state

Consistent

state 2

ROLLBACK

State of data changes -insert, update, delete

COMMIT


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To avoid competing

accesses to the same

data

Why Set Locks?

Program CProgram C

Tab 1

Tab 2

Tab 3

Tab 4

Tab 5

Tab 6

Program A

Program B


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Summary

Function Modules and BAPI

UserExits and Enhancements

SAP LUW and DB LUW

Locks


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ABAP Dictionary

Functions and services provided by ABAP Dictionary

Objects created in ABAP Dictionary

DB Tables

Structure TypesDomains and Data elements

DB Views

f


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Function of the ABAP Dictionary

DB table

Services

Screen

Poss. values

Type definitions

Structure

Table typeData elements

F4

DB objects

Table

D t b Obj t i th ABAP Di ti


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Database

Database Objects in the ABAP Dictionary

Table 1

ABAP Dictionary

Table 2

View

Objects are automatically

created in the DB and

adjusted to changes

T D fi iti i th ABAP Di ti


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Type Definitions in the ABAP Dictionary

ZIP Town name Street House no.

Numbers

Employee

Name Address Telephone

First name Last name Town Address

S i f th ABAP Di ti


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Services of the ABAP Dictionary

Carrier

Flight number

. . .

Maintenance of flights

LH

No

.

Depart. city Arrival city

Carrier

0400 Frankfurt New York


LH

2402 Frankfurt Berlin

... ... ...

Code of the flight connection

Code defining a flight connection

between two cities, e.g. 0400

Frankfurt - New York.

F1

F4

B i Obj t f th ABAP Di ti


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Basic Objects of the ABAP Dictionary

uses

uses

Table

Tablefield

Data elementData element

DomainDomain

T L l D i C t E l


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Two-Level Domain Concept: Example

Table SPFLI

MANDT

Data element S_FROMAIRPData element S_FROMAIRP Data element S_TOAIRPData element S_TOAIRP

Domain S_AIRPIDDomain S_AIRPID

CARRID ... AIRPFROMCONNID ... AIRPTO

Transparent Tables and Str ct res


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Transparent Tables and Structures

Table

Field 1Field 2 Field 3Field 4

Structure

Field 1Field 2 Field 3Field 4

ABAP Dictionary

Physical definition of the table

Table

Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4

Database

Include Structures


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Include Structures

Table 2Table 1

Field 1 Field 2 Field A Field B Field 4Field 3 Field A Field B

Field A Field B

Database

Field 1 Field 2 Field A Field BField A Field B Field 3 Field 4

Include structure

Technical Settings


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Technical Settings

Buffering

Table buffer

R/3

In which physical

area of the database

should the tablebe stored?

Logging

Should the recordsof the table be

buffered? Should changes to

the data records be

logged?

How many records

will the table

probably contain?

Size category

Data class

Database

Database


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Database Tables

Attributes of DB tables

Include structure

Pros and cons ofTable Buffering

Data Class


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Data Class

Tables in the ABAP Dictionary

Tablespace

Org. data

Tablespace

Master data

Tablespace

Trans. data

Tablespace

System data

Database

Organizational data Transaction data System dataMaster data

Table 1

Table 3

Table 4

Table 2

Table 6

Table 5

Table 9

Table 7

Table 8

Table 1

Table 3

Table 4

Table 2

Table 6

Table 5

Table 9

Table 7

Table 8

Size Category


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Size Category

Initial

Extent

First

Extent

Second

Extent

Technical Settings

Size category

TABA

TABB

TABC

1

3

4

TABATABA

TABBTABB

TABCTABC

Database

Logging


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Logging

Application

transaction

Change

a record

System profiles

rec/client =ALL

...

...

TAB

Field 2 Field 3 Field 5

TAB Log tableField 1 Field 2 Field 3

Database

ABAP Dictionary

Log TABLog TAB

Structure of an Index


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Table SCOUNTER

Index on

AIRPORT

MANDT CARRIDCOUNTNUM AIRPORT

001

001

001

001

001

001001

001

001

001

001

001

001001

LH

BA

UA

LH

BA

LHAA

LH

BA

LH

LH

BA

LH

LH

00000005

00000004

00000001

00000002

00000003

0000000700000001

00000003

00000001

00000001

00000004

00000002

0000000600000008

ACA

ACE

BER

LCY

LHR

BERDEN

FRA

LCY

LGW

LHR

MUC

RTMHAM

AIRPORT P

ACA

ACE

BER

BER

DEN

FRAHAM

LCY

LCY

LGW

LHR

LHR

MUCRTM

1

2

3

6

7

814

4

9

10

5

11

1213

Binary

search

Structure of an Index

SELECT * FROM

SCOUNTER WHERE

AIRPORT = 'LHR'.

Table Buffering


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Application server 2Application server 1

Program reads data

from a buffered tableRecords are loaded

into the buffer

TAB

Database

Table Buffering

Table bufferTable buffer

Program Program


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Buffering Types

1. Full table buffering

2. Generic Key buffering

3. Single record buffering

Append Structures 1


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Append Structures 1

Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field A Field B

Table

Field 2 Field 3Field 1

Append structure

Field A Field

B

Append Structures 2


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Append Structures 2

New SAP version isimported

Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field A Field B

Append structure

Field A Field B

Table

Field 2 Field 3Field 1

Field 2 Field 3Field 1 Field 4

Append Structures 3


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Append Structures 3

Append the fieldon the database

Table

Activate

Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field A Field B Field

4

Append structure

Field A Field B

Field 2 Field 3Field 1 Field 4

Why do you Need Views?


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F3F2F1F4 F5

F6 F7 F8

Table 3Table 2

Table 1

View on the tables

View on data

that is

distributed on

more than onetable

Why do you Need Views?

F1 F2 F3 F5 F8

Structure of a View - Starting Situation


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TableTABA

TableTABB

1 1

12

2

2

Text 1 Text 3

Text 4

Text 5

Text 2

Text 6

A

A

B

B

Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Field 5


1 Text 1

1 Text 1

1 Text 11 Text 1

2 Text 2

2 Text 2

2 Text 2

2 Text 2

1

1

22

Text 3

Text 4

Text 5Text 6

A

A

B

B

1

1

2

2

Text 3

Text 4

Text 5

Text 6

A

A

B

B

Cross-product of

tables TABA and

TABB

Structure of a View Starting Situation


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Views

How views are defined

Tables in views

DB Views VS Maintenance Views

Structure of a View - Join Condition


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Join condition: TABA - Field 1 = TABB - Field 3


1 Text 1

1 Text 1

1 Text 1

1 Text 1

2 Text 2

2 Text 2

2T

ext 2

2 Text 2

1

1

2

2

Text 3

Text 4

Text 5

Text 6

A

A

B

B

1

1

22

Text 3

Text 4

Text 5Text 6

A

A

B

B

Reduction of

the cross-

product

Structure of a View - Field Selection (Projection)


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Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Field 5

1 Text 1

1 Text 1

2 Text 2

2 Text 2

Text 3

Text 4

A

B

Text 5

Text 6

A

B


1 Text 11 Text 1

2 Text 2

2 Text 2

Text 3

Text 4

Text 5

Text 6

Projection

( j )

Structure of a View - Selection Condition


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Selection condition: TABB - Field 4 = A.


1 Text 1

1 Text 1

2 Text 2

2 Text 2

Text 3

Text 4

Text 5

Text 6


1 Text 1

1 Text 1

2 Text 2

2 Text 2

Text 3

Text 4

Text 5

Text 6

Field 4

A

B

A

B

How are Tables Linked to Views?


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MANDT CARRID CONNID FLDATE BOOKID CUSTOMID ... SBOOK

MANDT CARRID CONNID CITYFROM CITYTO SPFLI...... ...

001

001

SCUSTOMMANDT ID CITYNAME ...

122356 Smith New York001 ...

122356

122356

...

...

001

001

New York

TokyoBerlin

BerlinAA

AA

LH

LH

48

324

324

48

...

...

...

...

3689

3690

...

...

...

...

Structure of the View


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MANDT ID NAME CITY CARRID CONNID FLDATE BOOKID CITYFROM CITYTO

001

001

122356 Smith New York AA 48 3689 New York Berlin

122356 Smith New YorkLH

324 3690 Berlin Tokyo

View SCUS_BOOK for customer bookings

4.9.1999

9.9.1999

Data Selection with Views


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REPORT CUSBOOK1.

PARAMETERS: CUSTOMID LIKE SBOOK-CUSTOMID.DATA: BOOKINGS TYPE SCUS_BOOK.

WRITE: / Existing bookings for customer, CUSTOMID, :.

SELECT * FROM SCUS_BOOK INTO BOOKINGSWHERE CUSTOMID = CUSTOMID.

WRITE: / CUSTOMER, BOOKINGS-NAME, booked for,

BOOKINGS-CARRID,BOOKINGS-CONNID, from,BOOKINGS-CITYFROM,

to,BOOKINGS-CITYTO, on,BOOKINGS-FLDATE.

ENDSELECT.

IF SY-SUBRC 0.

WRITE: / No bookings exist.

ENDIF.

Maintenance Views


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F6 F7 F8

Table 3

F3F2F1

Table 1Table 2

F4 F5

Maintenance

view on the

tables

Data exchange withthe maintenance view

Foreign key Foreign key

F1 F2 F3 F5 F8

Application object

Inner and Outer Joins


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What is displayed with the view?

Inner join Outer join

Table TABA Table TABB

Join condition


A Text 1B Text 2

Text 3Text 4


A Text 1B Text 2

Text 3Text 4

C Text 5

A

B

Text 1

Text 2

Field 1 Field 2

C Text 5

A

B

Text 3

Text 4

Field 3 Field 4


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Search Helps

Attributes and services provided by Search help

Tow types of Search helps

Simple Search Help

Collective Search Help Append Search Help

R/3 Standard Function: Input Help


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Carrier

Flight number

. . .

Maintenance of flights

LH

No

.

Depart. city Arrival city

Carrier



LH

2402 Frankfurt Berlin

... ... ...

F4

ABAP Dictionary Object Search Help


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Search help

Selection

method

Dialog behavior

Interface

How do you Use Search Helps?


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Search field

Field 1

Input template

Field 3

Table/structure

Field 1 Field 3Search field ...

Definitions in the

Screen Painter

Link

in DDIC

Internal behavior

Interface

F4

Search help

Collective Search Helps and Elementary SearchHelps


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Helps

Included search helps

Collectivesearch help

Internal behavior

Interface

InterfaceInterface

Internal behavior

Append Search Helps


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SAP AG 1999


. . .

(customer) appendsearch help


. . .

(SAP) collectivesearch helpappends


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OtherTopics

Data Transfer

1. Call Transaction

2. Batch Data Communication (BDC)

3. CATT

ALE

DB Connect

SAP Smart Forms


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Thank you

Documents

Quick Overview on ABAP