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Queues, Stack Modules, and Abstract Data Types
CS2023 Winter 2004
Outcomes: Queues, Stack Modules, and Abstract Data Types
� C for Java Programmers, Chapter 11 (11.5) and C Programming - a Modern Approach, Chapter 19
� After the conclusion of this section you should be able to
� Write queue and stack modules using a linked list
� Use � � � � ��� to modify the linkage of functions and global variables
� Use opaque data types to create modules that implement abstract data types
Queue
Queue can be implemented as a linked list:
� � �� � �� ��� �� � � � � ��� � � �
� � �� � ��� � � � �� �� �
� � � � � �
� � � � � � �� �� � �� � � �
� �� �� � �
�� �� � � � � � � �
�� �� � � � � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � �! � "# �
� � � � $ �% & & �
� � � � $ �% & & �
�
')( *+ ,- ./ , / , 0 + 1 2 1 + 3 4
5 ( + , 6 7 - ,8 5 ( + ,9
- ,8 5 ( + , : ; 1 < < ( = 0�> *!? , ( @ 0 5 ( + , 6 3 3 9
* @ 0 - ,8 5)( + , : : 5A B B 3 4
@!C D *- 2 @ 0�> 2 + , D DFE G ./ , / , *> @/ < <H - G 3 9
,I * 2 0J KL 6M
NO L B A PJ 3 9
Q- ,8 5 ( + ,SR T + : + 9
- ,8 5 ( + ,SR T - ,I 2 : 5A B B9
* @ 0U , ; C 2WV 0 3 3 4
D , 1 DR T - ,I 2 : - ,8 5 ( + ,9
D , 1 D : - ,8 5)( + ,9
Q , <> ,
@ D ( - 2 : D , 1 D : - ,8 5 ( + ,9
Q
X�Y Z Y X�[ \] [ ] [ ^ X Y Z Y X_ `
X Y Z Y X!a
b)c X�[ d e c f X bc X[ a
X g h!i c j Zlk m X a
c f X bc X[ g h!i c j Z a
h i c j Z g h!i c j Zk m j[ n Z a
h i [ [ ^ c f X bc X�[ _ a
i [ Z ] i j X!a
oX�Y Z Y p[ Zrqhi c j Z ^ _ `
i [ Z ] i j hi c j Zlk m X!a
os j Z s�t q [ uv ZWw ^ _ `
i [ Z ] i j hi c j Z g g bx y y a
o
Stack Module
z A well-designed module often keeps information secret from its clients
{ information hiding
z Clients of a stack module have no need to know whether it is stored in an array, in a linked list, or in some other way
z In C, the major tool for enforcing information hiding is the | } ~ } ��� storage class
Storage Duration, Scope & Linkage
� Every variable in a C program has three properties:
1. Storage duration
� automatic
� static2. Scope
� block scope
� file scope
3. Linkage
Linkage
� Linkage of a variable determines extent to which it can be shared by different files in a program.
� Variables with external linkage may be shared by several files in a program
� Variables with internal linkage are restricted to a single file, but may be shared by the functions in that file
� Variables with no linkage belong to a single function and can't be shared at all
Storage Duration, Scope & Linkage
��� � ���
� � �� � ��
�� � �
�
� � �� � � � � � � �
���� � � �
�
static storage durationfile scopeexternal linkage
automatic storage durationblock scopeno linkage
}
Static keyword
� ��� � ��� ��� � ���
� ��� � ��� � � �� ¡¢
£¤ ¤ ¤
¥
� � �� ¦ ¡ � � �� ¢
£� ��� � ��� ��� � § �
¥
static storage durationfile scopeinternal linkage
block scopeno linkage
}
static storage duration
Extern keyword
¨© ª ¨« ¬ ¬ ª �®
¯ ° ± ²³ ¯ ° ± ´
µ¨© ª ¨« ¬ ¬ ª ¶ ®
·
static storage durationfile scopeexternal linkage
static storage durationblock scopeexternal linkage
What Gets Printed?
¸�¹ º »¼
½ ¾ ¸¿ À Á ½ ¾ ¸¿  ¼
½ ¾ ¸¿ à Á ¸�¹ º Ä Â
ÅÄ Æ Ç ¼
» È Æ Ä¼
ɸ�¹ º ÊË ¸ ¹ Á Â
Å» Æ Ì¼
à Á »  ¼
À Á  ¼ÍÎ ¸ ¹ º à ÁÏ » Æ Ð¿ ѹ Ï Ò »  ¼
Î Ó ºWÔ Î ¹ Õ¼
É
Ó Ä º ÓÎ ¹ ¸ ¹ º »¼
½ ¾ ¸ ¿ À Á ½ ¾ ¸¿ Â
Å» Ö Æ Ç ¼
É
What Gets Printed Now?
× Ø�Ù Ø Ú�Û Ú�Ü Ø ÝÞ
ß à Úá â ã ß à Úá ä Þ
ß à Úá å ã Ú�Ü Ø æ ä
çæ è é Þ
Ý ê è æÞ
ëÚ�Ü Ø ìÙ Ú Ü ã ä
çÝ è íÞ
å ã Ý ä Þ
â ã ä Þîï Ú Ü Ø å ãð Ý è ñá òÜ ð ó Ý ä Þ
ï ô ØWõ ï Ü öÞ
ë
ô æ Ø ôï Ü Ú Ü Ø ÝÞ
ß à Ú á â ã ß à Úá ä
çÝ ÷ è é Þ
ë
Stack Module
ø ù�ú û üý
þ
ÿ � ��� ��� � �� ��
ÿ �� � � � � �� ��
� � � � �ú ü� �� �� ù�� � � � � �� �
� � ù � ø �� �� ù�� � � � � �� �
� � � � � � ø þ � � � ù � � �
� � ù � � � � � � � �� �
ÿ� � � � �
Stack as array
� ��� � ��� �! "�# $&% � ')( * "
� �! + ��� ! ,- . /0 1,2 34 5 6 6
# $&% $ � � �� $ �7 � $ ! � $# 8 ,- . /0 1, 2 3 4 9�:
# $&% $ � � �� $ $ 7 ; < 6:
=7 � >% '! 1! > ; $@? A =7 � B C
$ 7 ; < 6:
D�� $ �# 1! > ; $@? A =7 � B C
E ! $ � E� $ 7 ; < < 6:
D
F G&H G I�J I�K G I FMLNPO Q QR S T IU VW
XY G O X K G TZ [ [ \] ^ _` L\a bc d
eS T I U Z O F fR I K G I V W
I N R I FLNPO Q QR V V W
NZ X I�K G NR F G U Y X Xhg i Z O F f�j F G H J k I F N O Q Ql K i V d
Y m I G R c na ] L o ^a pq rc V d
eJ T K G Y K G F s G TZ t t u [ I d
eI�K G Z TZ R S T I U V W
I NR I FML Y vZ G@w R V V W
NZ X I�K G NR F G U Y X Xhg i Z T Z j F G&H J k I F Y vZ G@w l K i V d
Y m I G R c na ] L o ^a pq rc V d
eXY G O X K J T K G Y K G F syx x G TZ u d
e
Stack as Linked List
z {�| } ~�� ��� ��� �&� } �)� � �
�@� � � ��� � � �&� � } � | � ��� �
{ | � �� � � �
� � � � } � | � ��� � | � � � �
� � � ��� � �
� �&� � { } � � �� � � � � � � �� � � �
� � �� �� ��� � �¡ ¢@£ ¤ � � �� ¥
¦§ �� � ¨ ©«ª � ¬ ¢@
® ¯ �° � ¤ ¢ � ¡ ±³² §´ µ µ ¥ ¦
ª � ¬ ¢ ² ¢ � ¡ ¶ ·ª � ¬ ¢@
¸�¹ � � ¤ ¢ � ¡ ¥
¢ � ¡ ² ª � ¬ ¢@
ºº
�ª ¢ ��» � � ¡ ¢@£ ¤ � � � � ¥ ¦
¹ � ¢@¼ ¹ ª ¢ � ¡ ² ² §´ µ µ
º
½ ¾ ¿À Á à ÄÅ ¿�Æ Ç ¿È É
Ê ¾À Ë Ì Í Æ ËÎ Ê ¾À ËÏ
Æ ËÎ Ê ¾À Ë Ð ÑÒ Ó Ó ¾Ô Å Ã ¿�Õ Ë ¾ ÖÅ Ê ¾À Ë ÌÈ È Ï
¿ Ö Å Æ ËÎ Ê ¾À Ë Ð Ð Ê× Ø ØÈ É
Ö ÁÙ ¿Æ Ç ÖÅ Ã Ç À Ë Ù Ù Ú Û Á à Ä�Ü Ã Ç Ò Ô Ý ¿ à ÖÂ Ó ÓÞ Æ Û È Ï
Ëß ¿ Ç Å àá â Ìã äå â Ø × æ à È Ï
çÆ ËÎ Ê ¾À Ëéè ê À Ò Ç Ò Ð ¿Ï
Æ ËÎ Ê ¾À Ëéè ê Æ Ëß Ç Ð Ç ¾ ÁÏ
Ç ¾ Á Ð Æ ËÎ Ê ¾À ËÏ
ç
ë�ì í îï î ð�ñ ï ëò ó ô
õï ò ö ÷ ø ï ùò ÷ï îú
ë ì í ë�ú
ë û ð ë�ü ý öþ î í@ÿ ð ó ó ô
û î� ë�ì í û ð ü í ò ö � � � � îï î� ü í�� � � ë�ü öþ î í@ÿ �ì � ó ú
ö ë í ð �� ÷ ý � � �� � ó ú
�ï ùò ÷ï î � í ï î ú
ë � í ï î�� � ò � í�� ú
í ï î � í ï î� � ì ö í ú
û� ö ö ð ï ù ò ÷ï î ó ú
� ö í�� � ì ëú
�
Stack Data Type
� Can only have one instance of preceding stack modules
� Need to create a stack type:
� ��� � "! #�$ %�& '�( � )+* , %
� � ' -( � � ./
01 '( � )2 & 354 & 687
� $ 9;: & '�( � ) .< & 3/ 7
� $ 9;: & '�( � ) .< & 6/ 7
= ! & , .< & 3 4 3/ 7
� > .? �& : $ - = '�@ . < & 3/ /
=A � � ' > . %B #C � % 4 =D = . < & 3/ / 7 EF =A � � '& % 3 % F E
* * *G
Stack Data Type
H I�J K L+M N
I�O PQ RQ S H I�T U K I VW RQ X
Y V I RJ I J Z
H IT U K I VW RQ [ VQ \ I Z
] ^W RQ _ Z
I�O PQ RQ S H I�T U K I X
^W RQ _ [ I W P Z
] ` I�J K L _
aW Y R VQ b;c H I�J K Ld ` I J K L _ [ H e Z
aW Y R fJ LQ c Q f P I�O d ` I�J K L _ [ H e Z
Y V I Y H c Q f P IO d KW V H I ` I J K L _ [ H e Z
aW Y R P U H N d ` I J K L _ [ Hg Y V I Y e Z
Y V I P W P d ` I J K L _ [ H e Z
Stack Type as Linked List
h i�j k l"m n�o p�q r�s k t+u v p
w x i n j o y;z q r�s k t{ | rs k t} ~q ��
q � � r x� � �� � ���
�w x i n �s to z o �� r�� { | r�s k t} ~q ��
� x n�o } ~ j o � r �
y v i l o { q � � r x� � � �� � � � �
j o � r � q � � r x � � � j o � r �
�"� o o { q � � r x� � �
q � � r x � � j o � r �
��
� � �� �� � �� �� �� �� � � ��¡ � �¢ £
¤ �� ¥ � � ¡ ¥¦ ¤ �� ¥§
¡ ¥¦ ¤ �� ¥ ¨ © � ª ª � � � � �"« ¥ � ¬� ¤ �� ¥ � ¢ ¢ §
� ¬ � ¡ ¥¦ ¤ �� ¥ ¨ ¨ ¤ ® ®¢ £
¬ �¯ ��¡ � ¬� � � � ¥ ¯ ¯ ° �� � �"± � � �� � � � ¬� ª ª² ¡ ° ¢ §
¥³ �� � ´µ ¶ �·
¸¹ ¶ ® º ´¢ §
»¡ ¥¦ ¤ �� ¥�¼ ½ � �� � ¨ �§
¡ ¥¦ ¤ �� ¥�¼ ½ ¡ ¥³ � ¨ � ¼ ½� � �§
� ¼ ½� � � ¨ ¡ ¥¦ ¤ � � ¥§
»
¾�¿ À ¾�Á  ÃÄ Å À�Æ Ç�È É ¿ Á À Ê À�Ë È ÌÍ Î Á Ï Ð
Ñ Ã À�Ò Ñ ¿ Á Ó Ô À É Å Õ Õ Ö× Ø Ø�Ù
Ú¾�¿ À Å É Å Ç Ê ÀË È Ì Í Î Á Ï Ð
Ö É Û Ã Í Î É Ü Û Í É ÅÙ
¾ ¿ À ¾Ù
¾ Ý Ç ¾�Á Â Ã Ä Å À�Æ Ç Ï Ï Ð
Ý Å Ñ ¾�¿ À Ý Ç Á À Û Ã Ñ ÑßÞ à Å É Åá Á À�Ë È Ì ¾�Á Ã Ä Å À�Æ â¿ à Ï Ù
Ãã ¾ À Çä åæ ÍÂ
çè æ Ø × éä Ï Ù
ÚÉ Ü Û Í É Å Õ Á Ó Ô À É ÅÙ
¾ Õ Á Ó Ô À É Å Ó Ô ÛË ÀË Ù
Á Ó Ô À É Å Õ Á Ó Ô À É Å Ó Ô ¿ Ãã À Ù
Ý Ñ Ã Ã Ç É Ü ÛÍ É Å Ï Ù
Ñ Ã À�Ò Ñ ¿ ¾Ù
Ú
Stack Type
ê The previous module allowed for multiple instances, but at the expense of information hiding!
ë Nothing prevents a client from using aìîí ïð ñò
variable as a structure:
óô õö ÷ø ù úüû
ù ú5ý ô þÿ � �� � �û
ý ý ý
Opaque Data Type
� Incomplete structure definition:
� can define the type of a structure that hasn't been defined yet:
��� �� � ��� � � � �� � �� � �� � � � �� �
� allows one to use the type � ��� �� �! as a synonym for
" #�$ % & # '( ) )�* + ,
.
Opaque Data Type
- A data type is opaque because the client cannot access its full representation
. all the client knows is that it is represented by another data type
/ client doesn't know that that data type is
0 Consider module
132 4
that exports a data type called 5 687 9;: <= 9
to the client
> ?@ ACB D
defines a type
E FHG IKJ LM I
as a pointer to a structure type called
NPO QR ST U T
U;V WT XT Y Z U S[ R U NPO QR ST U T \] ^ Z U S_ R U;`
a there is no definition of
bPc de fg h g in this file
Client Implementation
ij kml n ij k l o
pq rs ts u v pw x y p
z|{ } yw s p s ~ � � v p w � y p�
v pw x y p z|{ } yw s p s ��� � � � �pq rs ts u v pw x y p
z|{ } yw s p s ~ � � v p w � y p�
Opaque Data Type
� The type
��� �� �� � � is defined in an implementation file
� The client can use the type provided there are no attempts to dereference values of this type
� � �� �� � �8� �;� �� � � �¡
¢ is legal, but
£ ¤8¥ ¦;§ ¨© ¦ ª«
ª�¬ ® «
¯ is illegal, because the type
° ±8² ³;´ µ¶ ³
represents a pointer to the
·�¸ ¹º »¼ ½ ¼ type, and the compiler has no information about this type
Stack ADT Module
1) the type
¾3¿ À ¿ ÁÃÂ ÄÅ of the data stored in the stack is known to the implementation
2) any number of stacks can be created; all stacks must have elements of the same type,
Æ3Ç È Ç ÉÃÊ ËÌ
3) the representation of the stack and stack elements are not visible to the client.
The first version will operate on a stack of integers.
Stack ADT Header
Í Î ÏÑÐ Ò�Ó Ï ÔÕ Ö ×ØÙ
Ú
Í Ò�Ó Ï Î Ð Ó ÔÕ Ö ×ØÙ
Ú
Û�Ü Ý Ó Ò�Ó Ï Î Ð Û Þàß Û ß Õ Ü Ý Ó á
Û�Ü Ý Ó Ò�Ó Ï â Û�ã ä å Û Ô Û ß å æ × ÞÕ ç Ô Û ß å æ Ö ÞÕ á
Ô Û ß å æ Ö ÞÕ Ô Û ß å æÙÐ Ó è éÑê ë Î Òì á
Î Ð Û Ô Û ß å æÙÓ í Ý Û Ü é Ô Û ß å æ Ö ÞÕ â ì á
ê ë Î Ò Ô Û ß å æÙ Ý ä â î é Ô Û ß å æ Ö ÞÕ âðï Þàß Û ß Õ Ü Ý Ó Îì á
Þß Û ß Õ Ü Ý Ó Ô Û ß å æÙ Ý ë Ý é Ô Û ß å æ Ö ÞÕ â ì á
ê ë Î Ò Ô Û ß å æÙ
Ïã Ó Ó é Ô Û ß å æ Ö ÞÕ ç â ì á
ÍàÓ Ð Ò Î Ï
Application of Stack ADT
ñ ò�ó ô õÑö ÷�ø ù�ú û�ü ô ýmþ ÿ ù
� û�ü ô ý� �� ú ��� ú ��
ú � � û�ü ô ý� ó ø � � �
ú � � û�ü ô ý� ó ø � � �
� û�ü ô ý� � ö ú ÿ ú ��� �� �
ò � � � û�ü ô ý� ø � � û�� �ú �� �
�� ò�ó û � ù� ÷� ó ù � � û�ü ô ý� �� � ú �� � �
þ þ þ
Stack ADT Implementation
� ��� � � � !�" #�$ %'& � (*) + #
%�, - " !�" . $ %'/ � � % � 0 !�" 1
2& %'& 3, - " ! 4
$ % / � � % � 0 !�" 5 � " 6 % 4
7 8 0 !�" 3 4
%�, - " !�" . $ %'/ � � % 9 %& � (: 2 3 1
� � % � 0� � % 4
8 0 !�" 3 5 % 0 - 4
7 9 %'& � (: 2 3;4
Stack ADT Implementation
<= >? @A BC <= >? @D EF G H I J KL M N
< = >? @A B C OP
K Q H H O R S > T T J? H O K U F J Q H < = >? @V BC M M M R R WX Y Y M
F Z K= H[ \] CD
^ A ] Y X _[ M P
O;` a ? Jb E= R cP
O;` a= Jd R WX Y YP
e F = b e E OP
fK E= < = >? @
D F Sd = g H <= >? @A B C O M N
e F = b e E O` a ? Jb E= R R cP
f
Stack ADT Implementation
h i jk lm no pq rs t uv lm n o pw xy t{z x nm ny | r} k ~ �
� ik } y ��� } � � ik } �
j � v v � } � � ik } � � n � � i o v t j � } i �v � ik } y ~ ~ ~ � �
�� � � ~ �
� r� j� m �v t m k } � � z � rs t u � t m n o p j t �s � �� � � ~ �
} � jm v �� � yq
� w � � � � � ~ �
�� } � � ik } � � k � k �
� } � � ik } � �� } �m � t � �m i r �
t � �m i r � � } � � i k } �
t � � o is � m � � �
�
Stack ADT Implementation
��� � � �;� ¡ ¢ � � £ ¤¥ ¦ § ¢ � � £ ¤¨ � � © ª «
� � � � �;� ¡ ¬
®¦ ¬¡ � ¯ ¦ ° ¬ ®¦ ¬¡
¦ ° ¬ ®¦ ¬¡ ± ©;² ³ � ¦
© ² ³ � ¦ ± ¦ ° ¬ ®¦ ¬¡ ² ³´ ¡ µ �
© ² ³ £¦ ¶´ �·² ²
¬ ± ¦ ° ¬ ®¦ ¬¡ ² ³ ¬
¸ ¹ ¡ ¡ § ¦ ° ¬ ®¦ ¬¡ ª
¹ ¡ � ¶ ¹ ´ ¬
º
Stack ADT Implementation
» ¼ ½¾ ¿À ÁÂ ÃÄ
Å Æ Ç Ç È ¿À Á  ÃÉ ÊË Ì�Í Î Ï
Ð ¼¾ ÇË Ì�Ñ Ò Ì�Ó Ô
Å ¼ Æ È Ñ Õ È Ì�Í Î×Ö ØÀ ¼Ñ Ô Ñ Ô Ñ Õ Ó Î Ï
Ó Õ Ñ Ö ØÙ ÇÚ À Ô
Å Æ Ç Ç È Ñ Î Ô
ÛÅ Æ Ç Ç È ÌÍ Î Ô
Ì Í Õ ÐÜ Ý Ý
Û
Shallow and Deep Copy
Þ To push a new element
ß
onto the stack:
àá â ãä åæá ç è å é åëê
ì If íî ï ðñ òî ó ô ò
and
õ
are pointers, this results in a shallow copy.
ö If client deallocates variable pointed to by
÷
then
øù ú ûü ýù þ ÿ ý
becomes a dangling reference
Shallow and Deep Copy
For a deep copy, use a callback function
�� �� ��� � � � � � � � �
. For example, for strings and doubles:
�� � � ��� �� �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� �� � � � � �� � � � �
! � �#" ! � � � ! $" � � � �&%
' �� � � ��� �� �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� �� � � � � �� � � � �
! � �#" ! � �%
'
( )+* , -�. / , 021 3 4 (5 6. / ( ) * , -�. 7 8
- ,9 / 1 , 6 * ( 5 3: 5 ; . -
( ) * , - < 5 3: = - ( 5 3: 5 ; . -
> ; 4 4 <5 3: ? ( * @ @ 5 ( 4 . / , @+9 6 4 . 7 A BC
. >2D 9 5 ; 4 ( )+* , 7 7 7 ? ? EF G G 7
,9 / 1 , 6 EF G G =
. / , ( 3: 4 <5 3: C . 7 =
,9 / 1 , 6 <5 3: =
H
Shallow and Deep Copy
We need another callback function,
I2J K K L�M N M OP N M Q RS T
For example, for string and doubles:
U V WX Y2Z [ [ \�] ^ ] _` ^ ] a bc \] ^ ] dfe g [ U h i
Y2Z [ [ c U h2j
kU V WX Y2Z [ [ \�] ^ ] _
` ^ ] a bc \] ^ ] dfe g [ U h i
k
Stack ADT Header with Deep Copy
l#m no po q r sut v w x t l t ym no z
l#m no po q { l v| r l } l t r ~� x y w } l t r ~� x y z
x t l t ym no r� nm x t l t �} l t r ~� r � � { l x t l t l m no � � z
�� � p q vo o x t l t �} l t r ~� x t l t ym no � � z
} l t r ~� x y } l t r ~� �o �� �� � p � z
� � l } l t r ~�o � n l m � } l t r ~� x y { � z
�� � p } l t r ~� n | { s� } l t r ~� x y {�� x t l t ym no � � z
x t l t ym no } l t r ~� n � n� } l t r ~� x y { � z
�� � p } l t r ~�
q vo o � } l t r ~� x y { � z
Stack ADT Header with Deep Copy
� Implementation of callback functions must be provided by the client
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Stack ADT Implementation with Deep Copy
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