Question of the DayWater is called a polar molecule because:

a. H has a negative charge and O has a positive charge

b. O has a negative charge and H has a positive charge

c. it has a net charge of zerod. it freezes at 0 degrees C

EXIT PASS REVIEWBalancing Equations

C6H12O6 + ___ O2 ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

Balanced EquationC6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

The same kind and number of atoms must be equal on both sides of the equation.

DO NOW Sept 24List as many facts about water as

you can.Think Biology as you do this.

We all know water is cool and refreshing and sold in bottles.

DO NOW ANSWEREDWe will learn all about the

properties of water in Section 2-2.

Properties of Water

2-2: Properties of WaterLiquid on the Earth’s

surface

has physical and chemical properties found in no other material

covers 75% of Earth

has an uneven distribution of electrons and is slightly charged on each end

The BLUE PlanetWater is the single most abundant compound

in most living things.

Liquid at room temperature.

Expands when it freezes.

Floats in a solid state.

Unique Properties of Water1. Water is a POLAR molecule.

2. Can attract each other.

3. Not always pure and can be found as part of a mixture.

4. Can react to form ions.

Water is a POLAR MoleculeWater carries a slightly negative charge on the O atom and a slightly positive charge on the H atoms.

Acts like a magnet.

Polar covalent bond in water is due to uneven distribution of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Attraction of Opposite ChargesCohesion is the attraction between

molecules of the same substance.Hydrogen bonding.

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances.

Water Often forms MixturesMixture - Composed of two

or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined

Sugar and sand

Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases

Question of the Day Sept 25When salt and pebbles are poured together into

a bucket, which of the following is formed?

A. compoundB. mixtureC. solutionD. suspension

Explain your reasoning for selecting your answer.

AGENDA Sept 25Learning Objective: Compare the properties

of an acid with a base.Interpret the pH Scale.

1. Question of the Day – Hand in Compounds LAB

2. Finish Section 2-23. Review Worksheet4. Homework

Two Important Water Mixtures1. solution: a homogeneous

mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another

solvent: substance that does the dissolving

solute: the substance that is dissolved

2. suspension: mixture containing nondissolved particles distributed within a solid, liquid, or gas

Acids and Basesacids: compounds that have higher concentrations

of H+ ions than pure water.Form H+ ions in a solutionHave a pH lower than 7HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) is a strong acid

bases: compounds that have lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water.Form OH- ions in solutionHave a pH higher than 7Bleach is a strong base

Buffers: weak acids or bases that prevent sharp changes in pH levels to help maintain homeostasis.

The pH ScalepH scale: a measurement system that indicates

the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

neutralization reaction: reaction that occurs when H+ ions of a strong acid react with the OH- ions of a strong base

form water and a salt.

Relative Concentrations of H+ IonsConcentrations of acids and bases are measured in

powers of 10.Used to represent the relative strength of an acid

or base compared to another one.A substance with a pH of 4 is 100 times more

acidic than a substance with a pH of 6

100 times is equal to 102

How much more acidic is a solution with pH 3 compared with a solution having a pH of 8?

Name: Period:

EXIT PASS Sept 25What is the name of the process in which water molecules

are attracted to one another?Explain why this attraction occurs. You may draw a

diagram and label it.

Water is a polar molecule.

The O atom has a slightly negative charge and the H atom has a slightly positive charge.

Water molecules attract each other through this difference in charge.

Hydrogen bonding holds these molecules together.

EXIT PASS ANSWERED

Question of the DayA compound that produces H+ ions in

solutions is called a

A. SaltB. BaseC. PolymerD. Acid

DO NOW Sept 27How much more acidic is a solution having a

pH 9 compared to a solution having a pH 12?

DO NOW AnsweredThe answer is 1000 times.

How do you determine the answer?

Using Indicators to Measure pHSUBSTANCE

Color of BLUE Litmus

Color of RED Litmus

Color of pH Paper

pH Value of Substance

1. Distilled Water

2. Glucose

3. Corn Oil

4. Bleach

5. Alka Selzter

6. Orange Juice

7. Isopropyl Alcohol

8. Vinegar

9. Hand Soap

10. Cranberry Juice

Question of the Day Sept 29Which of the following is not an organic

compound found in living things?

A. ProteinsB. LipidsC. Noble GasesD. Nucleic Acids

How does a gecko stick to the surface of a wall?

Remember what a covalent bond is?

Does an e- always remain in one place?

The Answer…Rapid movement of

electrons can still create tiny positive or negative charges.

Geckos can defy gravity.

A gecko’s foot can come in contact with an extremely large surface of the wall at a molecular level.Thousands of hair-like

projections

Van der Waals Forces are slight attractions between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.

AGENDA Sept 29Learning Objectives: Identify the structure of the

four types of organic compounds.Describe the functions of each type of organic

compounds.

1. Question of the Day2. Hand in your 2-2 Review Packets3. Begin 2-3 Organic Compounds4. Section 2-3 Guided Reading Packet5. Homework and Review

pH LABS DUE TOMORROW

2-3 Chemistry of Carbon Organic Compounds

Compounds containing CForms covalent bonds that

are strong and stable4 single covalent bonds

C can form chains of almost unlimited length C – C – C – C – C – C - CSingle, double, or triple

bonds can form rings

Inorganic Compounds

What is an inorganic compound?

one exception is CO2

living things contain many inorganic compounds

What are some examples found in us?

PolymerizationBuilding of macromolecules by the joining

together of smaller compounds

monomers: smaller units which join together to

form

polymers: larger compounds which join together to form

macromolecules: giant molecules made of hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules.

Monomers and Polymers

Dehydration and HydrolysisOpposite reactions that build up or

breakdown molecules.

Dehydration reaction is the combining of two smaller molecules to form one larger molecule resulting in the loss of water.

Hydrolysis reaction is the breaking down of one larger molecule into two smaller molecules by the addition of water.

1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are the main source of energy for living things.

made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

C:H:O 1:2:1 Ratio

simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharidesglucosegalactose (milk)fructose (fruits)

Question of the Day Sept 30Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are different in

which of the following ways…

A. They have different numbers of electrons.

B. They have different numbers of protons.

C. They have different atomic numbers.D. They have different atomic masses.

AGENDA Sept 30Learning Objectives: Identify the structure of the

four types of organic compounds.Describe the functions of each type of organic

compounds.

1. Question of the Day2. Hand in your pH LABS Review 2-2 Water Packet3. 2-3 Organic Compounds4. Homework and Review

Complete 2-3 Guided Reading Packet

Functions of Carbohydrates1. Main source of energy

2. Used for structural purposes in plants and some animals

Cellulose in plantsStrong and flexible

Is cellulose a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide? WHY?

polysaccharide: a complex carbohydrate

Glycogen (animal starch) stores excess sugar.

Released into blood when sugar is low.

Which organ is responsible for doing this?

2. LipidsPROPERTIES

Not soluble in waterMostly made of C and H atomsFats, oils, waxes

FUNCTIONS1. store energy

2. form membranes and waterproof coverings

3. chemical messengers (Steroids)

Made of 2 or 3 fatty acids combining with a glycerol

Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsWhich of these two types of fats is a healthy

fat?

WHY?

saturated fat: contains all C – C single bondMeats and dairy products

unsaturated fat: contains one C = C double bondLiquid at room temperature.

Olive oil

polyunsaturated fat: contains more than one C = C bondCooking oils such as canola, soy, and peanut.

3. Nucleic Acidscomposed of CHNOP

Monomers called Nucleotides have 3 basic parts

5-carbon sugar

nitrogenous base

Phosphate group

Nucleic AcidsFUNCTION

Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)deoxyribose sugar

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)ribose Sugar

4. ProteinsContain C, N, O, and H

20 different monomers called amino acids

peptide bond: a covalent bond that joins two amino acids

What process is taking place in the diagram?

ProteinsR-group is the side chain section of an amino

acid that differs.

Functions of Proteins1. Control rate of reactions and regulate cell

processes.2. Form bones and muscles3. Transport substances into/out of cells4. Fight diseases

Four levels of Organization1. Chain of AA2. AA in chain twisted and folded3. Chain itself is twisted and folded4. Chains have specific arrangements

DO NOW OCT 1What type of molecule is glycogen?

Explain why glycogen is important in the human body.

DO NOW ANSWEREDGlycogen is a polysaccharide.

It is an animal starch that stores excess energy.

It is released by the liver when blood sugar is low to provide a constant supply of energy to the body for cellular activities.

“Bio-Style” Review http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9u7CfVo

c4

Name: Period:

EXIT PASSSEPT 30

1. What is the process that creates large molecules by joining together smaller ones?

2. Draw and label a diagram to explain how a polymer is formed.

EXIT PASS ANSWER Polymerization is the process which builds

larger compounds from smaller compounds.

Monomers Polymers Macromolecules

QUESTION OF THE DAY OCT 2Lipids are made up of

A. Sugars and starchesB. Fatty acids and glycerolC. Glycogen and CelluloseD. Glucose and Glycerol

DO NOW ANSWEREDA peptide bond is a covalent bond that joins a

pair of amino acids together.

The Amino Group from the first amino acid and the Carboxyl Group from a second amino acid bond together through a DEHYDRATION Reaction.

Water is lost during this reaction and a covalent bond is formed.

Question of the Day OCT 2Which group of organic molecules is used to

transport substances into and out of a cell?A. LipidsB. Nucleic AcidsC. ProteinsD. Carbohydrates

DO NOW OCT 2Describe the four levels of organization of a protein.

DO NOW ANSWERED1. A chain of Amino Acids.2. Amino Acids in a chain twisted and folded.3. An Amino Acid Chain itself is twisted and

folded.4. Different Amino Acid Chains have specific arrangements in a larger compound.

Example: Hemoglobin

2-4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes2-4: Chemical Reactions and EnzymesAny process in which a chemical change occurs or Any process in which a chemical change occurs or

transforms one set of chemicals into another.transforms one set of chemicals into another.

Iron + Oxygen Iron + Oxygen RUST RUST Occurs slowlyOccurs slowly

Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbonic Carbonic AcidAcid

OCCURS QUICKLYOCCURS QUICKLYCarbonic Acid Carbonic Acid Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Dioxide +

WaterWater

2-4 Chemical Reactions and EnzymesREACTANTS PRODUCTS

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Flow of energy determines if a reaction will occurFlow of energy determines if a reaction will occur

Reactions that Reactions that release energy release energy occur occur spontaneouslyspontaneously

Reactions that require energy will not Reactions that require energy will not (MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY)(MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY)

EXAMPLE of a Spontaneous Reaction?

Energy in ReactionsACTIVATION ENERGY:

energy need to start a reaction (start up energy)

catalyst: a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

are not used up

lower the “start-up” energy

ENZYMESenzymes: proteins that act as

biological catalysts.

speed up reactions by binding to reactants known as substrates

active site

One specific substrate will bind to one specific enzyme

ENZYME–SUBSTRATE COMPLEXFIGURE 2-21 of your textbook.

Requires enough energy to break bonds of reactants.

What will happen to the reactants if energy is not available to break these bonds?

Question of the Day OCT 3All of the following are characteristics of a

chemical reaction except

a. reactions that need energy to continue are called endothermic.

b. some reactions produce heatc. there is no way to change the rate at which

they occur.d. the chemical properties of the reactants

change.

DO NOW OCT 3

ENZYME GRAPHING PROBELEM SOLVING SKILLS

Students on right side of class partner together.

Students on left side of class partner together.

We will answer one question at a time and discuss each question and answer.

AGENDA OCT 3Learning Objective: Simulate the action of an

enzyme to compare its effects on the rate of a chemical reaction.

1. Question of the Day2. CHAPTER 2 TEST on WEDNEDAY OCT 8

STUDY GUIDES DUE DAY OF TEST3. ENZYME GRAPHING SKILLS WORKSHEET4. ENZYME SIMULATION LAB5. REVIEW and HOMEWORK

LAB PACKET DUE MONDAY OCT 6 BEGIN STUDY GUIDES

Question of the day Oct 6Nucleotides are the building blocks of which

organic compound?

A. Nucleic AcidsB. CarbohydratesC. ProteinsD. Lipids

AGENDA OCT 6Learning Objective: Describe the role of

compounds in the structure and function of living things.

1. CHAPTER 2 TEST on WEDNEDAY OCT 8STUDY GUIDES DUE DAY OF TEST

2. Complete ENZYME LAB SIMULATION3. Begin Review for Chapter 2 Test4. REVIEW and HOMEWORW

LAB PACKET DUE THURSDAY OCT 9

Regulation of ENZYME ActivityEnzymes work most effectively at different

levels ofpH Temperature

Provide an example of these conditions.

These levels vary from enzyme to enzyme. WHY?

Regulation of Enzyme ActivityMost enzymes work best at 37 degrees CIn cells, proteins work as on/off switches.Regulate chemical pathways, make materials

cells need/use, release energy, and transfer information.