Question of the Day Matter is A. Anything with mass that takes up space B. Anything with the ability to do work C. Made up of atoms D. Two or more different

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day

Matter isMatter is

A. Anything with mass that takes up spaceA. Anything with mass that takes up space

B. Anything with the ability to do workB. Anything with the ability to do work

C. Made up of atomsC. Made up of atoms

D. Two or more different kinds of atoms D. Two or more different kinds of atoms bonded togetherbonded together

E. Anything with the ability to be changed in E. Anything with the ability to be changed in form or shapeform or shape

Chapter 10Chapter 10

How Can We Study Human How Can We Study Human Populations?Populations?

HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH:HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH:A BRIEF HISTORYA BRIEF HISTORY

The human population has grown rapidly The human population has grown rapidly because of the expansion of agriculture and because of the expansion of agriculture and industrial production and lower death rates industrial production and lower death rates from improvements in hygiene and medicine.from improvements in hygiene and medicine. In 2006, the population of developed countries In 2006, the population of developed countries

grew exponentially at 0.1% per year. grew exponentially at 0.1% per year. Developing countries grew (15 times faster at 1.5% Developing countries grew (15 times faster at 1.5%

per year.per year. http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=9_9SutNmfFk&safe=activev=9_9SutNmfFk&safe=active

Where Are We Headed?Where Are We Headed? We do not know how long we can continue We do not know how long we can continue

increasing the earth’s carrying capacity for humans.increasing the earth’s carrying capacity for humans. There are likely to be between 7.2-10.6 billion people on There are likely to be between 7.2-10.6 billion people on

earth by 2050.earth by 2050. 97% of growth in developing countries living in acute 97% of growth in developing countries living in acute

poverty.poverty. What is the optimum sustainable population of the earth What is the optimum sustainable population of the earth

based on the cultural carrying capacity?based on the cultural carrying capacity?

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/the-magazine/the-magazine-latest/ngm-7billion/



Where Are We Headed?Where Are We Headed?

U.N. world U.N. world population projection population projection based on women based on women having an average of having an average of 2.5 (high), 2.0 2.5 (high), 2.0 (medium), or 1.5 (medium), or 1.5 (low) children.(low) children.

Figure 9-2Figure 9-2

Section 10-1 (Part 1)Section 10-1 (Part 1)

FACTORS AFFECTING FACTORS AFFECTING

HUMAN POPULATION HUMAN POPULATION SIZESIZE

A. Demography

1. The study of size, composition and distribution of human pop

2. Causes and consequences of changes in these characteristics.

B. Changes in Human Population size

1. Three factors affect human pop size: births, deaths and migration.

2. Population change =

(births + immigration) – (deaths +emigration)

3. b + i > d + e increase in pop. size

b + i < d + e decrease in pop. size

4. Demographers use birth rate or death rate to study populations

a. Crude birth rate = # of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a year

b. Crude death rate = # of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a year

Most Populous CountriesMost Populous Countries

The world’s 10 most The world’s 10 most populous countries populous countries in 2006 with in 2006 with projections in 2025.projections in 2025.


C. World Population Growth 1. Death rates have decreased more rapidly

than birth rates

2. Rate of world’s annual pop change:

Annual rate of natural pop change (%)

= birth rate – death rate x 100

1,000 persons

= birth rate – death rate10

3. World pop growth rate has dropped between 1963 & 2004 but the pop base has doubled

a. Developed countries experience a growth rate of 0.1%

b. Developing countries experience a growth rate of 1.5%

D. Population Doubling Time1. Doubling time is another measure of pop growth

2. It is the time required for pop at a particular growth rate to double in size

3. The rule of 70:

________70_________ = doubling time in years

percentage growth rate

Ex. Nigeria’s population increases by 2.8% a year, how long will it take for its pop to double?

Section 10-1 (Part 2)Section 10-1 (Part 2)

FACTORS AFFECTING FACTORS AFFECTING

HUMAN POPULATION HUMAN POPULATION SIZESIZE

Question (s) of the DayQuestion (s) of the Day1. 1. The current world population is closest to which of the The current world population is closest to which of the

following?following?

a. 1 million b. 500 million a. 1 million b. 500 million c. 1 billion c. 1 billion

d.d. 7 billion e. 20 billion7 billion e. 20 billion

2. The crude birth rate is the number of births per _____ 2. The crude birth rate is the number of births per _____ people per year.people per year.

A. 50A. 50

B. 100B. 100

C. 500C. 500

D. 1000D. 1000

E. 10,000 E. 10,000

Declining Fertility Rates: Declining Fertility Rates: Fewer Babies per WomenFewer Babies per Women

The average number of children that a woman The average number of children that a woman bears has dropped sharply.bears has dropped sharply.

This decline is not low enough to stabilize the This decline is not low enough to stabilize the world’s population in the near future.world’s population in the near future. Replacement-level fertilityReplacement-level fertility: the number of : the number of

children a couple must bear to replace themselves.children a couple must bear to replace themselves. Total fertility rate (TFR)Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of : the average number of

children a woman has during her reproductive children a woman has during her reproductive years.years.

Declining Fertility Rates: Declining Fertility Rates: Fewer Babies per WomenFewer Babies per Women

The replacement level to sustain a population The replacement level to sustain a population is 2.0 children.is 2.0 children.

In 2006, the average global Total Fertility In 2006, the average global Total Fertility Rate was 2.7 children per woman.Rate was 2.7 children per woman. 1.6 in developed countries (down from 2.5 in 1.6 in developed countries (down from 2.5 in

1950).1950). 3.0 in developing countries (down from 6.5 in 3.0 in developing countries (down from 6.5 in

1950).1950).

Case Study: Fertility and Birth Rates Case Study: Fertility and Birth Rates in the United Statesin the United States

Nearly 2.9 million people were added to the Nearly 2.9 million people were added to the U.S. in 2006:U.S. in 2006: 59% occurred because of births outnumbering 59% occurred because of births outnumbering

deaths.deaths. 41% came from illegal and legal immigration.41% came from illegal and legal immigration.


In 2006, the total fertility rate in the United In 2006, the total fertility rate in the United States was slightly > 2.0States was slightly > 2.0



The The baby bustbaby bust that followed the that followed the baby boombaby boom was largely due to delayed marriage, was largely due to delayed marriage, contraception, and abortion.contraception, and abortion.


Fig. 9-7, p. 176

47 years

Homicides per100,000 people

Hourly manufacturing job wage (adjusted for inflation)

Living insuburbs

Homes withelectricity

Homes withflush toilets

High schoolgraduates

Married women workingoutside the home

Life expectancy

1.25.8

$15$3

52%10%

99%2%

98%10%

83%15%

81%

2000

1900

8%

77 years

Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Fertility RatesFertility Rates

The number of children women have is The number of children women have is affected by:affected by: The cost of raising and educating them.The cost of raising and educating them. Availability of pensions.Availability of pensions. Urbanization.Urbanization. Education and employment opportunities.Education and employment opportunities. Infant deaths.Infant deaths. Marriage age.Marriage age. Availability of contraception and abortion.Availability of contraception and abortion.

Factors Affecting Death RatesFactors Affecting Death Rates Death rates have declined because of:Death rates have declined because of:

Increased food supplies, better nutrition.Increased food supplies, better nutrition. Advances in medicine.Advances in medicine. Improved sanitation and personal hygiene.Improved sanitation and personal hygiene. Safer water supplies.Safer water supplies.

U.S. infant mortality is higher than it could be U.S. infant mortality is higher than it could be (ranked 46(ranked 46thth world-wide) due to: world-wide) due to: Inadequate pre- and post-natal care for poor.Inadequate pre- and post-natal care for poor. Drug addiction.Drug addiction. High teenage birth rate.High teenage birth rate.

Case Study: U.S. ImmigrationCase Study: U.S. Immigration

Since 1820, the Since 1820, the U.S. has admitted U.S. has admitted almost twice as almost twice as many immigrants many immigrants and refugees as and refugees as all other countries all other countries combined.combined.


Section 10-2Section 10-2

POPULATION AGE STRUCTUREPOPULATION AGE STRUCTURE


The number of people in young, middle, and The number of people in young, middle, and older age groups determines how fast older age groups determines how fast populations grow or decline.populations grow or decline.

The number of people younger than age 15 The number of people younger than age 15 is the major factor determining a country’s is the major factor determining a country’s population growth.population growth.

Changes in the distribution of a country’s age Changes in the distribution of a country’s age groups have long-lasting economic and groups have long-lasting economic and social impacts.social impacts.


Populations with a large proportion of its Populations with a large proportion of its people in the preproductive ages 1-14 have a people in the preproductive ages 1-14 have a large potential for rapid population growth.large potential for rapid population growth.



32% of the people in 32% of the people in developing countries were developing countries were under 15 years old in 2006 under 15 years old in 2006 versus only 17% in versus only 17% in developed countries.developed countries.



Today, baby boomers make up nearly half of Today, baby boomers make up nearly half of all adult Americans and dominate the all adult Americans and dominate the populations demand for goods and services.populations demand for goods and services.



About 14% of the world’s population live in About 14% of the world’s population live in countries with stabilizing or declining countries with stabilizing or declining populations.populations.

Rapid population decline can lead to long-Rapid population decline can lead to long-lasting economic and social problems.lasting economic and social problems.

Death from AIDS can disrupt a country’s social Death from AIDS can disrupt a country’s social and economic structure by removing and economic structure by removing significant numbers of young adults.significant numbers of young adults.

Global again may help promote peace.Global again may help promote peace.


Age structure Age structure predictions based on predictions based on a medium fertility a medium fertility projection.projection.

The cost of an aging The cost of an aging population will strain population will strain the global economy.the global economy.



Some problems with Some problems with rapid population rapid population decline.decline.

Which of these Which of these problems do you problems do you believe are the most believe are the most important?important?


SOLUTIONS: INFLUENCING SOLUTIONS: INFLUENCING POPULATION SIZEPOPULATION SIZE

Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition: As countries : As countries become economically developed, their birth become economically developed, their birth and death rates tend to decline.and death rates tend to decline. Preindustrial stagePreindustrial stage: little population growth due : little population growth due

to high infant mortality.to high infant mortality. Transitional stageTransitional stage: industrialization begins, : industrialization begins,

death rates drops and birth rates remain high.death rates drops and birth rates remain high. Industrial stageIndustrial stage: birth rate drops and : birth rate drops and

approaches death rate.approaches death rate.


Generalized model of demographic transition.Generalized model of demographic transition. Some developing countries may have difficulty Some developing countries may have difficulty

making the demographic transition.making the demographic transition.Figure 9-14Figure 9-14

Fig. 9-14, p. 183

Birth rate

Death rate

Total population

Stage 1Preindustrial

Stage 2Transitional

Stage 3Industrial

Stage 4Postindustrial

Growth rate over time

Bir

th r

ate

and

dea

th r

ate

(nu

mb

er p

er 1

,00

per

yea

r)

Rel

ativ

e p

op

ula

tio

n s

ize

Low LowLow

Increasing Very high Decreasing Zero Negative

High


Family planning has been a major factor in Family planning has been a major factor in reducing the number of births and abortions reducing the number of births and abortions throughout most of the world.throughout most of the world.

Women tend to have fewer children if they Women tend to have fewer children if they are:are: Educated.Educated. Hold a paying job outside the home.Hold a paying job outside the home. Do not have their human right suppressed.Do not have their human right suppressed.


The best way to slow population growth is a The best way to slow population growth is a combination of:combination of: Investing in family planning.Investing in family planning. Reducing poverty.Reducing poverty. Elevating the status of women.Elevating the status of women.

SLOWING POPULATION GROWTH SLOWING POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA AND CHINAIN INDIA AND CHINA

For more than five decades, India has tried to For more than five decades, India has tried to control its population growth with only modest control its population growth with only modest success.success.

Since 1970, China has used a government-Since 1970, China has used a government-enforced program to cut its birth rate in half enforced program to cut its birth rate in half and sharply reduce its fertility rate.and sharply reduce its fertility rate.

Fig. 9-15, p. 186

Total fertility rate

Percentageof world

populationPopulation

Population (2050)(estimated)

Illiteracy (% of adults)

Population under age 15 (%)

Population growth rate (%)

17%20%

1.1 billion1.3 billion

1.6 billion

IndiaChina

GDP PPP per capita

Percentage livingbelow $2 per day

Life expectancy

47%17%

36%20%

1.6%0.6%

1.4 billion

$5,890$3,120

4780

70 years62 years

2758

1.6 children per women (down from 5.7 in 1972)

Infant mortality rate

2.9 children per women (down from 5.3 in 1970)

India’s Failed India’s Failed Family Planning ProgramFamily Planning Program

Poor planning.Poor planning. Bureaucratic inefficiency.Bureaucratic inefficiency. Low status of women.Low status of women. Extreme poverty.Extreme poverty. Lack of administrative financial support.Lack of administrative financial support. Disagreement over the best ways to slow Disagreement over the best ways to slow

population growth.population growth.

China’s Family Planning ProgramChina’s Family Planning Program Currently, China’s TFR is 1.6 children per Currently, China’s TFR is 1.6 children per

women.women. China has moved 300 million people out of China has moved 300 million people out of

poverty.poverty. Problems:Problems:

Strong male preference leads to gender Strong male preference leads to gender imbalance.imbalance.

Average population age is increasing.Average population age is increasing. Not enough resource to support population.Not enough resource to support population.

HUMAN ASPECTS ON HUMAN ASPECTS ON NATURAL SYSTEMSNATURAL SYSTEMS

Excluding Excluding Antarctica, Antarctica, human human activities have activities have affect about affect about 83% of the 83% of the earths land earths land surface.surface.


Fig. 9-16, p. 188

Biologically simplified

Mostly nonrenewable fossil fuel energy

High

Often lost or wasted

Used, destroyed, or degraded to support human activities

Property

Complexity

Energy source

Waste production

Nutrients

Net primary productivity

NaturalSystems

Biologically diverse

Renewable solar energy

Little, if any

Recycled

Shared among many species

Human-Dominated Systems

HUMAN ASPECTS ON HUMAN ASPECTS ON NATURAL SYSTEMSNATURAL SYSTEMS

We have used We have used technology to alter much technology to alter much of the rest of nature in of the rest of nature in ways that threaten the ways that threaten the survival of many other survival of many other species and could species and could reduce the quality of life reduce the quality of life for our own species.for our own species.


Fig. 9-17, p. 188

Reduction of biodiversity

Increasing use of the earth's net primary productivity

Increasing genetic resistance of pest species and disease-causing bacteria

Elimination of many natural predators

Deliberate or accidental introduction of potentially harmful species into communities

Using some renewable resources faster than they can be replenished

Interfering with the earth's chemical cycling and energy flow processes

Relying mostly on polluting fossil fuels

Natural Capital Degradation

Altering Nature to Meet Our Needs

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Question of the Day Matter is A. Anything with mass that takes up space B. Anything with the ability to do work C. Made up of atoms D. Two or more different