Circulation System1. What is kind of blood component as a means of animal body

protection!Answer: The blood component as a means of animal body

protection is leukocyte which fagocytosis toward foreign things and thrombocyte which important to blood clotting process or closing hurt.

2. Is the close circulation system always better than open circulation system! Give example and reason!Answer: The close circulation system is not always better than

open circulation system. At closed circulation system its pressure is high and the stream is fast can easy to do. It is appearing because the blood is limited by vessels. At open circulation system, high can appearing for certain purpose. At animal which has closed system can arrange the substances stream to tissue faster than animal which open system, with blooming and reducing the blood vessels, blood can bring to very active certain tissues. At animal which has open system, the fluid and substances are divided more flatten.

3. Explain the open circulation system of Arthropoda!Answer: Arthropoda is one example of invertebrate which has

open circulation system. Its heart is long like tube which limited by thorax, and it position at dorsally in hemosoel which length (sinus pericardial). Hemolimfe which return from tissue chamber enter into heart through a pair of ostium which have pole to prevent blood out. Aorta leaves frontage of heart, back sometimes underside, and branch into tissue chamber in various organ.

4. Explain the general circulation system of Fish!Answer: Circulation system of Pisces includes closed

circulation system and single. Heart of fish consists of 2 parts that are one atrium and one ventricle. Between both there is valve which function to conducting one way blood of atrium to ventricle. Blood from all body which have taking many CO2 of tissues flow into sinus venosus. Sinus venosus is special structure like connecting cavity at top of atrium and then entered into atrium. From atrium the blood flow into ventricle, then entered to conus

arteriosus (at top of ventricle or top of aorta). Then, entered to aorta ventralis to gill. In gill occurs gass exchange between CO2 and O2. Next, blood of gill will entered into the all of body to circularizing O2

and food substrates. From the body, blood return to heart through vein cava and sinus venosus. So, The circulatory system of fish is single circulation system because in one time of it circularizing, blood just through heart one time.Circulation system of pisces, that is:All of body atrium ventricle aorta

gill all of body sinus venosusatrium

5. How is different circulation system between crocodile and noncrocodile!Answer: The different circulation system between crocodile

and noncrocodile is the division of its heart. Generally heart of reptile consists of 4 chambers that are atrium dextra and sinistra, also ventricle dextra and sinistra. But partition between ventricle dextra and sinistra are not yet closed finely. At crocodile, both ventricles have separated finely, while at noncrocodile, partition between ventricle dextra and sinistra are not yet closed finely.

6. Explain the influences of sympatic and parasympatic nerve for human’s heart!Answer:

Respiration System1. Give the clear limited, what is the meaning of respiration

system!Answer: Respiration system is all physics and chemical

process where animal do gasses change with its around environment, especially between 02 and CO2. The respiration process including:a. Lung ventilation, that is process go out entry of

air between respiratory organs with atmosphere.b. Diffusion O2 and CO2 between air in alveoli and in

blood.c. Transport O2 and CO2 in the blood/body fluid to

and of cell.2. Explain how is the process of gas movement through

respiration membrane surface!Answer: Gas movement through respiration membrane

surface, enter and out of body cell always with diffusion way. If the gas is not in water, it will solve in membrane surface which wet and through it based on concentration gradient.

3. Explain how is the way of fish to use its gill as respiration organ!Answer: At the underwater, mouth and gill cover of fish

always open and close. At time mouth of fish is open, water will enter into mouth cavity, gill covers are close and then water a stream of to pass gill. That water is filtrate by rigi-rigi at gill curve then step into gill. Gill has smooth sheets which it is contain blood vessels. Binding of O2 and releasing CO2 occur in gill. Oxygen bint by red blood vessels, while carbon dioxide leaving blood and dissolve in water. Oxygen in blood is circularized to all bodies’ part by aorta.

4. What is the organ which generally used by land insect? Explain it!Answer: a. Lungs, it is body surface invagination as

respiration organ for several land invertebrates and almost to vertebrate. b. Trachea, it is respiration organ which most inveterate in finding at land Arthropod, consists of an air vessel system (trachea) which branches.

5. How is the process of book lungs at spider and scorpion!

Answer: Book lungs have much capillary, so that it is possibility easy gas change. Book lungs are diffusion lungs which found at spider and scorpion, it is lung which do gas change with atmosphere only by diffusion.

6. Explain the connection between decreases and increases of oxygen with human’s respiration centre!Answer: Centre respiration sensitive toward improvement of

concentration of CO2 blood and improvement of acidity of dilution of cerebrospinal. Concentration of CO2 in dilution of cerebrospinal this in fact comes from PCO2 in blood, because both this system is interaction. Though centre respiratory do not sensitive to degradation of O2 blood, but there is peripheral chemoreceptor which is sensitive to degradation of O2. Degradation of O2 in blood of arterial will activate chemoreceptor; later on will response in the form of improvement of frequency and deepness of exhalation.

Digestion System1. Explain how the eating mechanism (digest process) at leech!

Answer: Leech, sucking its prey with use anticoagulant in its salivary so that sipped blood do not open.

2. Is Amoeba already has especially digest organ? If it is not, how is the eating mechanism (digest process) at amoeba!Answer: No, it is not. The eating mechanism (digest process)

of Amoeba is the food particles is swallowed by endositosys direct into cell, where natural food particle of digestion by intracellular by enzyme and acid.

3. Compared the digestion system of Aves and Ruminant!Answer: The different of Aves and Ruminant digestion system

is lay in stomach. For Aves it stomach called digastrics that is gizzard and proventriculus. While for Ruminant like cow, it has four stomachs or also called polygastric that is omasum, abomasums, pylorus, and reticulum.

4. Explain minimal 2 enzymes which produced by pancreas gland!Answer: Pancreas is produced several enzyme that are lipase

which change lipid become three fatty acid and one glycerol, tripsin which change protein become amino acid, and amylase which change starch become glucose.

5. At human, are all digestive organs of food there are in digestive tracts? Explaining!Answer: yes, they are. Because it is all digestive organ from

mouth, oesophagus, stomach, smooth intestine, large intestine and anus there are in digestive tracts.

6. Why the snake can eat animal bigger than its body?Answer: Because snake has owning elastic enough body that

is can enlarge the body measure, but not all snake can do that only Python.

Excretion System1. What is important function of excretory organ?

Answer: The important function of excretory organ is removing excess a number of several substances which is regulate of body precisely. Thus, assisting to look after a situation of homeostasis in to response all influences which tends to caused change.

2. Write down three (3) excretory organs and each animal’s example!Answer: a. Contractile vacuole at Protozoa,

b. Nefridial organ at invertebrate,c. Malpighi tract at insect.

3. Explain how the Coelenterate excreting their metabolisms wastes!Answer: Coelenterate can excrete easily the rest of the

metabolism of passing diffusion process. Despitefully coelenterate also has astrocytes, phagocyte that is cells able to swallow and remove substances foreign. Such as composition of ionic mesoglea of pelagic medusa differ from his life place sea-water.

4. Explain the antennal gland process at shrimp!Answer: Urine is formed in antennal gland through filtration

and reabsorbing, also tubular secretion. Ultra filtration can show with inoculation of inulin, what then emerge with urine.

5. How is work of the Malpighi tract at insect!Answer: The work of the Malpighi tract is potassium is

released actively into cavity of Malpighi tract and water follow quiescently. The result is formed by dilution of isotonic with rich blood with abundant potassium in tract, but owning composition very differs. In Malpighi tract, dilution altered by secretion process and of reabsorbs.

6. Explain how the process forming of urine at human!Answer: The process forming of urine at human is through

three processes, that is:a. Ultrafiltration, is transfer process of blood plasma

from glomerulus to bowman capsule with penetrating filtration membrane.

b. Tubular reabsorbs, is transfer of dilution of renalis tubulus go to blood in capillary [of] peritubular.

c. Tubular secretion.

Osmoregulation1. Compared what is the meaning of osmoconformitas and

osmoregulator!Answer: Generally body of marine invertebrate have pressure

of osmotic dilution is equal to pressure of osmotic sea-water, body fluid is that way referred as by isotonic, if happened change of concentration in it medium, hence the body dilution of adapted for the change, this matter was called Osmoconformitas. On the contrary to maintain body dilution relative constant, hence animal do osmotic regulation was called Osmoregulation.

2. How is the hyper osmotic regulator to facing its physiology problem!Answer: To handle the problem, hence hyper osmotic

regulator has 1. To lessen entry of water into body improved wall

impermeabilitas of body or release excess of existing water in body wall impermeabilitas pass and urine of fesses.

On the contrary to dissolve substance of animal have 2. To put into salt into body pass to eat and drink, or

maintain existing dissolve solvent substance in it body.

3. Explain how the osmoregulation mechanism at brackish water animal!Answer: generally osmoregulation organ use filtration,

reabsorbs, and secretion mechanism. 4. Compared how the osmoregulation mechanism at freshwater

animal and marine animal!Answer: Most invertebrate go out to sea and endoparasite

have concentrations of osmotic body dilution is equal to sea-water (isoosmotic or osmoconformer). From the aspect of look into osmotic, osmoconformer do not have to struggle to overcome the problem of motion of osmotic water. The invertebrate freshwater is hyperosmotic regulator had to arrange the amount of water which enter and amount of secretory salts of it body.

5. Is mechanism of osmoregulation at Reptile and Aves is same? Explaining!

Answer: no, it is not. Because at Reptile, water loss is especially through evaporation pass husk. While at Aves, water loss is pass respiration and metabolism higher level.

Thermoregulation1. Compared what is the meaning of poiciloterm and

homeoterm!Answer: Poiciloterm is animal which body temperature of was

adapted for by temperature of bloodless animal or cold blooded while homeoterm is heat blooded animal or only some of the bodies is influenced by environment.

2. What is the meaning of thermoregulation?Answer: Thermoregulation is arrangements of animal body

temperature influenced by environment and become constrictor of spreading of animal and determine animal activity.

3. Explain how the mechanism of thermoregulation at poiciloterm animals water!Answer: At water poiciloterm animal, its temperature of body

is determine by conductive and convective balance with its water medium, and the body temperature of looking like with water temperature. Animal produce internal heat by metabolic, and this possibly increasing body temperature of water temperature. But water so effective absorbent and animal of poicilotemic do not have polythene difference of animal temperature with very small to water.

4. Explain how is the way of Insect and Reptile to increasing its body heat!Answer: At land animal (Reptile and insect) can look after

body temperature balance lessened heat loss and evaporation pass conduction and maximize addition of heat pass heat and radiation of metabolic.

5. How is the response of homeoterm animal toward cool and heat extreme environment temperature!Answer: If animal of homeoterm confronted to extreme

environment temperature, hence activity level of thermoregulation to look after the constantly of body temperature of mounting as according to the change environment temperature.