Quarterly Research ReportJanuary - March 2016

QRR001

Contents

01 Introduction p3

02 Our Research p4

03 Our People p9

04 Publications p12

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Quarterly Research Review | Introduction

Over the past two years we’ve seen significant steps by the UK government to position the UK at the forefront of the development of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). The UK regulatory position on the testing of automated vehicle technologies has been reviewed, a Code of Practice developed, and a new joint policy unit to coordinate government policy on driverless cars and related technology formed.

This pace of change showed no signs of slowing down in the first quarter of 2016, with the announcement of a further £20 million government investment into driverless technology, followed by the Chancellor’s confirmation of truck platooning trials on UK roads in the March budget. And it’s not just the government that’s pushing progress in this area; we’re seeing more and more vehicle manufacturers automating road vehicles through driver aids such as adaptive speed control, automatic braking and lane control.

This move towards CAVs presents us with many opportunities to improve mobility, accessibility, safety and sustainability. But it also presents many challenges. For example, who will be responsible should something go wrong? How can we establish public acceptance of these vehicles? And how can these vehicles integrate, or co-exist, with other road users?

To answer some of these questions TRL has embarked on a number of exciting projects and initiatives to help understand and overcome some of these barriers. We are working with government, academia and industry to look beyond simply the viability of these vehicles, towards the wider societal implications, infrastructure requirements and technological barriers that need to be addressed before these vehicles can become a reality on our roads.

We’ve also created the UK Smart Mobility Lab – a real world test environment for CAVs - that enables vehicles and technologies to be tested in real-world scenarios. Full details of the UK Smart Mobility Living Lab and our latest projects in this area can be found within this research review, but for TRL it is back to the future with autonomous vehicles. We have been working on vehicle automation in one form or another for more than 50 years. With this experience, and the fresh and growing momentum behind CAVs, we believe the challenges along the route to vehicle automation are certainly surmountable.

Professor Nick ReedDirector, TRL Academy.

01 Introduction

02 Our Research

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In February TRL launched the UK Smart Mobility Living Lab @ Greenwich;a real-life environment where Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs),services and processes can be safely developed, evaluated and integratedwithin the local community. The Living Lab is not limited to the automotivesector, it has also been designed as a test-bed for multi-modal integration,optimisation and to research the inherent complexity brought by suchmodels to city design and adaptation.

Based in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, London and supported by UK government, the UK Smart Mobility Living Lab @ Greenwich helps organisations bring CAV and smart transport solutions to market faster by enabling them to be trialled and validated in a real-life environment. Vehicle manufacturers, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and tech developers can use the ‘Living Lab’ to assist with research and development, concept testing and validation, launching new technology or services, and understanding how new technology is perceived in a real world environment.

TRL has identified three clear challenges facing the CAV market today;

The choice and variety of technologies available to manufacturers

The rate at which the capacity and speed of those technologies are developing

The automotive industry’s ability to adapt quickly enough to capitalise on the opportunities this presents

The UK Smart Mobility Living Lab aims to help organisations address these challenges by providing an open innovation environment in which industry, academia and the public sector can collaborate to accelerate the development of safe, efficient and effective CAV systems.As well as being one of the UK’s leading smart cities, Greenwich also benefits from a diverse range of transport modes including roads, buses, underground, rail, Docklands Light Railway, river bus and the Emirates Airline cable car.

This provides an ideal environment to test the interaction and interoperability of connected and autonomous vehicles in a variety of different environments.

Onsite facilities for the UK Smart Mobility Living Lab @ Greenwich can be found at the Digital Greenwich Innovation Centre within the Mitre building, offsite facilities are provided at TRL‘s headquarters in Berkshire.

TRL is at the forefront of smart mobility with a current portfolio of CAV projects in excess of £25m. This is underpinned by TRL’s established track record as an independent, impartial centre of excellence, delivering world class research in the UK and internationally, to both public and private sector organisations. Current CAV partners include Innovate UK, EPSRC, Bosch, Jaguar Land Rover, Royal Borough of Greenwich, UMTRI, Telefonica, Shell, CEDR, RSA, Direct Line Group, Westfield, Heathrow and Oxbotica.

For more information visit: www.uklivinglab.co.uk or watch the video at: https://youtu.be/6zx9FF045Zw

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GATEway (Greenwich Automated Transport Environment) is an £8m research project, led by TRL, to understand and overcome the technical, legal and societal challenges of implementing automated vehicles in an urban environment.

Taking place in TRL’s UK Smart Mobility Lab in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, the project will trial and validate a series of different use cases for automated vehicles, including driverless shuttles and automated urban deliveries.

Results will help both industry and policymakers understand the implications of automated vehicles and deliver a safe and validated test environment in the UK, driving job creation and investment in a rapidly emerging technology area.

In order to ensure that these trials run effectively and safely, over the past 3 months we’ve been working hard to lay the necessary foundations for the trials to ensure they are optimally developed and delivered and all risks understood and mitigated. One of the first key project milestones was to secure the automated vehicles that would enable us to deliver trials and in January 2016 we announced that a consortium comprising Westfield Sportscars, Heathrow Enterprises and University of Oxford spinout, Oxbotica, would deliver the shuttle vehicles for our first trial. Using entirely British engineering and software capabilities, the three companies will develop pods capable of operating fully autonomously and safely on the streets of London.

The companies, who have joined the GATEway project as consortium members, will be working together to develop the existing Ultra PODS currently in service at Heathrow Airport. Operating at Terminal 5 for nearly five years, these pods have already carried 1.5m passengers and completed 3m kilometres of fully automated operation. Led by Westfield Sportcars, these pods will now be adapted to navigate the streets of Greenwich without the need for dedicated tracks. Westfield will act as the vehicle integrator and manufacturer of the pods, responsible for the design and testing of the vehicles and ensuring that, where possible, they are manufactured in accordance with the current type approval requirements. Heathrow Enterprises will be responsible for vehicle software engineering, while Oxbotica will be deploying its vertically integrated autonomy solution, which includes mapping, localisation, perception and trajectory planning, to enable the safe operation of fully driverless shuttles in Greenwich.

It will also implement an innovative cloud-based shuttle management system, enabling the shuttles to operate as part of a synchronised, self-governing ecosystem, complete with smartphone booking applications, monitoring and reporting.

Following the announcement, the GATEway team has been relentlessly running through the checklist of tasks necessary for the operation of driverless shuttles in a public space. This includes:

Negotiations with landowners and stakeholders to secure the trial route

Developing the shuttle vehicles from their current form to fully autonomous electric shuttles

Running 3D mapping exercises around Greenwich to help assess and plan the different routes and create a reference point for the shuttle vehicles to use for navigation

Undertaking a thorough review to ensure potential risks are satisfactorily mitigated

We also held our first official GATEway project advisory group meeting. Hosted at the House of Lords and chaired by Lord Borwick of Hawkshead, the meeting brought together the GATEway consortium and representatives from across the transport sector to discuss the development of the project, as well as genuinely useful and exciting insights into how automated vehicles could revolutionise transport in urban environments. Further details about the project and trials at the UK Smart Mobility Living Lab @ Greenwich will be revealed over the following months.

Quarterly Research Review | 02 Our Research

Related Projects

A full video about the project can be found here at: https://youtu.be/6biL_EI72w8

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Launched in February MOVE_UK is a £5.5m project focused on developing pioneering, real-world techniques to ensure autonomous vehicles will be developed in-line with current on-road vehicle use characteristics – aiding integration with existing traffic and enabling better performance than human driven vehicles, especially in safety critical scenarios.

The project will enhance emerging autonomous driving system design and development practices by capturing and utilising a large repository of real-world driving data. This data will be used to model and simulate real-world scenarios and realise accelerated validation and development timeframes.

During the three-year MOVE_UK project, driverless systems will be tested in the real world, providing large amounts of data that will be used to develop and improve the technology. This data will enable the development of new and faster ways of improving and demonstrating the safety of automated driving systems.

The project will also provide an evidence base to establishthe necessary assessment protocols. These will be used to evaluate autonomous vehicles and ultimately approve their safe use on the road - helping to define the requirements for the security of the data acquired and used by the algorithms to operate the vehicles

TRL will house and process the data captured, providing essential insight for future tests and informing any regulatory changes that will need to be made. Alongside TRL, UK project partners include Bosch, Jaguar Land Rover, Direct Line Group, The Floow and the Royal Borough of Greenwich

A full video about the MOVE_UK project can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ro-PfT_d1fk

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Autonomous vehicles will revolutionise our concepts and business models formobility. Partial automation is already possible. Production vehicles employlane-keeping and vehicles can already navigate autonomously by combiningoptical systems, dead reckoning and radar. However, true automation, wherea vehicle unpacked anywhere in the world navigates to a destination with noneed for initialisation, learning its environment, or even a driver remains someway off.

Launched in February 2016 and due to commence in May, the Atlas study will identify navigation and mapping requirements for Autonomous Vehicles to operate reliably and safely anytime, anywhere. This is a prerequisite of true autonomy and of an associated wider range of benefits with the potential to transform our cities, underpin economic growth and enhance social well-being. Connectivity is essential to enable vehicles to operate appropriately within a context influenced by factors beyond the detection of on-board sensors. Current solutions place greater emphasis on on-board sensor processing and matching versus comparisons between GNSS positioning and a geospatial framework. Scaling to anytime, anywhere operations requires a combination of on-board databases and connectivity to stream reference data on/off the system. Atlas will define: the data requirements (positioning, mapping); the balance of communication and processing demands; various scenarios (loss of sensors/coverage, unavailable data, cyber-attack); and close the data loop by addressing V2X communications needs in order to deliver a commercial autonomous vehicle mapping service together with sensor augmentation services.

While the focus seems mainly on developments in vehicle technology, the involvement of highway professionals will be essential to optimise the performance of the overall transport system. Opportunities include dynamically updating lane availability and speed restrictions in response to traffic, incidents and planned maintenance, obtaining real-time traffic and road performance information without cumbersome monitoring infrastructure, and optimising the available communications bandwidth through transmission of appropriate data between infrastructure and vehicles.The project also considers how data can be reused for the planning of urban environments more suited to autonomy. The consortium partners collaborating on this project are: Ordnance Survey (lead), Gobotix Ltd, Oxford Technical Solutions Ltd, Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), Sony Europe Ltd, Royal Borough of Greenwich and Satellite Applications Catapult.

Quarterly Research Review | 02 Our Research

Atlas

03 People

TRL staff are regularly invited to participate in conferences and symposia, recent events in this quarter include;

Quarterly Research Review | 03 Our People

3.1 TRL Science in the media

3.2 Lectures, presentations, conferences

Footage filmed in TRL’s driving simulator on older drivers was aired on the BBC Inside Out programme on the 25th January. Shaun Helman commented on the data collected on the wider issue of older driver safety. He also appeared on BBC Radio 5 and a range of local BBC radio stations to discuss the psychology of speeding

Britta Lang participated in a live radio interview on the BBC Three Counties Breakfast Show on the question of whether older drivers should undergo additional testing.

Britta also featured in several Bahrainian newspapers, giving interviews on how road safety could be improved in there.

Nick Reed participated in a short film as part of the launch activities for the UK Smart Mobility Living Lab. He also recorded appeared on BBC Radio 4’s PM programme, covering the ‘Don’t Stream and Drive’ initiative.

Event Topic(s) Participant(s)

Universities Transport Studies Exploring variance in car ownership levels. Sally Cairns Group (UTSG), Bristol Financial implications of car ownership and use Simon Ball Paul Emmerson

95th TRB Annual Meeting, ANB30 Young Driver Subcommittee Neal Kinnear Washington DC Pavement related committees Brian Ferne

UN informal group on Enhanced Research findings for setting injury thresholds Mark Pitcher Child Restraint Systems, Brussels. for UN regulation 129 phase 2

‘Celebrating Trauma Research in The future of vehicle safety – what will Richard Cuerden the Thames Valley’ be the effect on road traffic injuries?

ITS (UK) Conncected Vehicles Connected /automated vehicles, Living Lab Alan Stevens Interest Group, Horiba MIRA

European Parliament Transport and The impact on higher or lower weight Richard Cuerden Tourism Public Hearing on Road and volume of cars on road safety Transport Safety

Rail Industry Association Innovation 80 years of innovation at TRL Nick Reed and Technology Conference

TEDx conference, Reading Automated Vehicles Nick Reed

Rail and Road summit, Hastings GATEway/UK Smart Mobility Living Lab Nick Reed

Smarter Travel Live! Milton Keynes TRL’s ITS/Living Lab Peter Vermaat

27th Arab Engineering Conference, Improvement of Driver Behaviour and Britta Lang Bahrain Vehicle Standards

IRF Safer Roads Workzone Safety Tawab Kazemi Phil Clarke

UK Parliamentary Advisory Council Road safety Richard Cuerden for Transport Safety (PACTS)

COST Action Research at TRL : Motorcyclist safety Phil Martin

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Many TRL staff are actively involved in supervising, researching or completing higher degrees in transportation research. TRL is proud to support this work to grow and encourage the next generation of transport researchers. Highlights this quarter include:

• ShaunHelmanwasinvitedtobecomeanexternalPhD supervisor for a student in road safety at Canterbury Christ Church University

Stuart Hyde (Our Royal Holloway PhD student) passed his MPhil to PhD upgrade board. His area of research is driver situation awareness

The TRL Academy also supports an internal lunchtime seminar programme. This quarter we welcomed Derek Chapman (DfT) and Jeff Allan (RSSB) who spoke about signalling and ERTMS and other rail innovations.

3.3 Growing future research

Quarterly Research Review | 03 Our People

04 Publications

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Publications

Quarterly Research Review | 04 Publications

Sanders P D, McRobbie S, Gopaldas J and Viner H E (2016) Development of a reference surface for the assessment of pavement skid resistance measurement devices. Published Project Report PPR771. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory.

Link: http://trl.co.uk/reports-publications/trl-reports/report/?reportid=7039

Fletcher J, Mitchell B, Bedingfeld J, Silverman K K*(2016)

Road safety models. Published Project Report PPR770. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory.

Link: http://trl.co.uk/reports-publications/trl-reports/report/?reportid=7037

TRL Annual Research Review 2014/2015 ARR2014-15. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory. Link: http://trl.co.uk/reports-publications/trl-reports/report/?reportid=7036

Anable J*, Kinnear N, Hutchins R, Delmonte E, Skippon S* (2016) Consumer segmentation and demographic patterns. Published Project Report PPR769. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory.

Link: http://trl.co.uk/reports-publications/trl-reports/report/?reportid=7035

Tong S, Lloyd L, Durrell L, McRae-McKee K, Husband P, Delmonte E, Parry I, Buttress S (2016) Provision of telematics research. Published Project Report PPR755. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory.

Link: http://trl.co.uk/reports-publications/trl-reports/report/?reportid=7033

t +44[0]1344 773131e academy@trl.co.ukw www.trl.co.uk

TRL Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride,Wokingham, Berks, UK RG40 3GACopyright © 2017 All rights reserved

ISBN 978-1-912433-15-5ISSN 2514-9679QRR001

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