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Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural sector of Colombia: a cost/benefit approach Andy Jarvis, Jeimar Tapasco, Myles Fisher, Emmanuel Zapata International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

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Page 1: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural sector of Colombia: a cost/benefit

approach

Andy Jarvis, Jeimar Tapasco, Myles Fisher, Emmanuel Zapata

International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

Page 2: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

CCAFS: the partnership! The largest global

coalition of scientists working on

developing-country agriculture and climate

change

Page 3: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

1. Identify and develop pro-poor

adaptation and mitigation practices,

technologies and policies for

agriculture and food systems.

2. Support the inclusion of agricultural

issues in climate change policies, and

of climate issues in agricultural

policies, at all levels.

CCAFS objectives

Page 4: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

The CCAFS Framework

Adapting Agriculture to

Climate Variability and Change

Technologies, practices, partnerships and

policies for:

1. Adaptation to Progressive Climate

Change

2. Adaptation through Managing

Climate Risk

3. Pro-poor Climate Change Mitigation

Improved

Environmental

Health Improved

Rural

Livelihoods

Improved

Food

Security

Enhanced adaptive capacity

in agricultural, natural

resource management, and

food systems

4. Integration for Decision Making

• Linking Knowledge with Action

• Assembling Data and Tools for Analysis

and Planning

• Refining Frameworks for Policy Analysis

Page 5: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

A stakeholder- and science- driven approach

• Stakeholder workshop to identify medium-long list of mitigation measures – Industry, government, civil society participation

• Quantification of costs and benefits of each measure – Modelling – Empirical evidence – Tools e.g. Cool Farm Tool

• Prioritisation of measures based on a range of cost/benefit criteria

• Stakeholder driven selection of mitigation portfolio for sector or sub-sector

Page 6: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Something about models

• An approach of fitting the model to the problem (not the other way around)

• Major data constraints – poor or non-existent empirical data

• Different models used to arrive at individual numbers on costs or benefits of each mitigation measure

Page 7: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

EcoCrop Ramirez et al. (accepted for publication)

It evaluates on monthly basis if there are adequate climatic conditions within a growing season for temperature and precipitation…

…and calculates the climatic suitability of the resulting interaction between rainfall and temperature…

• For assessing crop climatic suitability…

Page 8: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

DSSAT

plant below ground

C, N, P, K

Management

Weather

Soil conditions and water

plant above ground

Page 9: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

GLAM Challinor et al. (2004)

• Designed at climate model scale to capitalise on known large-scale relationships between climate and crop yield, thus avoiding over-parameterisation.

Uses grid-scaled agricultural statistics to simulate yields

To simulate yields at climate model scale

Large-area models are able to reproduce large-scale historical yield responses to climate and inter-annual variability

Observed peanut yields (kg/ha) Rate of simulated to observed yields

Page 10: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Evaluation of financial flows and investments for mitigation actions in the agricultural sector of Colombia

Page 11: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Opciones de adaptación y mitigación: Arroz de riego y secano

Medidas de Mitigación

• Reducir el consumo volumétrico del agua.

• Reducir el uso de fertilizantes en los sistemas productivos.

• Mejorar el manejo de los residuos de la cosecha y post-cosecha en el campo.

• Uso de hongos fijadores de nitrógeno

• Inhibición de nitrificación biológica.

Medidas de Adaptación

• Seguros agrícolas.

• Adecuación de distritos de riego actuales.

• Aumento del área irrigada.

• Desarrollo de nuevas variedades.

• Cambio varietal

Nota: algunas de las medidas de mitigación propuestas para el subsector de arroz, pueden ser también empleadas como medidas de adaptación

Page 12: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Arroz - Mitigación

Costo Total

(millones de

US$2005)

Uso mas eficiente del agua 356.5

Uso racional de fertilizantes 1.3

Un proyecto MDL 0.1

Subtotal 357.9

Arroz - Adaptación

Investigación 4.4

Seguros agrícolas 32.9

Mejoramiento y ampliación de los sistemas de suministro de agua 132.4

Subtotal 169.8

Ganadería - Mitigación

Sistemas silvopastoriles y agropastoriles 1,716.9

Pruebas de campo de alternativas de uso más eficiente de fertilizantes 0.5

Subtotal 1,717.4

Ganadería - Adaptación

Mejoramiento y ampliación de los sistemas de suministro de agua 67.4

Recuperación de pasturas 461.7

Investigación 4.9

Subtotal 534.0

Total 2,779.0

Resumen medidas

Page 13: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

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MITIGATION

Silvopastoril Rotacion cultivos/Ganaderia

Investigacion/Ganaderia Uso mas eficiente del agua/Arroz

Uso racional de fertilizantes/Arroz Un proyecto MDL/Arroz

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Año

Infraestructura y Equipo Asistencia Técnica y Protección Social

Investigación y Manejo de Información Fortalecimiento Institucional

Fomento Cultivos

Financial flows by budget line

Page 15: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

48.3%

49.6%

2.1%

Hogares Corporaciones Gobierno

Who pays under this base scenario?

Page 16: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

39.1%

39.6%

21.3%

Hogares Corporaciones Gobierno

New scenario based on changes in public policy

Rural credit incentives adjusted to absorb some burden of economic costs of implementing the measures

Page 17: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Evaluation of mitigation options in the Colombian agricultural sector

Page 18: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Resumen de Intervenciones

Intervention Hectares

Potential

abatement

(KTonCO2/ year)

$US/TonCO2

Min Max

Increased efficiency of

nitrogen fertilizer in rice

sector

169,200 38 -267 145

Conversion of degraded

pastures to fruit orchards 395,320 1,938 -188 -25

Establishment of

silvopastoral systems 521,839 11,538 -49 0.6

Pasture intensification 51,487 54 -103 -62

Page 19: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

1. Uso eficiente de fertilizantes (Arroz)

• Medidas para uso eficiente de la fertilización en arroz

– Micronivelación del terreno (Jamundí y Cúcuta)

– Asistencia técnica especializada

(Espinal, Guaranda, Nunchía, Valledupar, Villavicencio y Yopal).

– Intervención: 169.200 ha

Un uso más eficiente de fertilizantes permite llevar a cabo un mejor aprovechamiento del suelo y reducir las emisiones de GEI generadas por los fertilizantes nitrogenados

Page 20: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Reducción de fertilizante en arroz

Municipality Department System Region1 Rice-growing area2

Cúcuta Norte de Santander Irrigation-flooding Andean Santanderes

Espinal Tolima Intermittent irrigation Andean Central

Guaranda Sucre Dryland Caribbean Northern

Jamundi Valle del Cauca Irrigation-flooding Pacific Central

Nunchia Casanare Intermittent irrigation Orinoquia Llanos

Valledupar César Intermittent irrigation Caribbean Northern

Villavicencio Meta Dryland Orinoquia Llanos

Yopal Casanare Dryland Orinoquia Llanos

1 Geographical regions of Colombia. 2 Rice-growing areas according to Fedearroz

Page 21: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Municipio Departamento Area a intervenir

Cucuta Norte de Santander 16,900 Espinal, Ibague, Ambalema, Campoalegre, Venadillo y Saldana Tolima 59,990

Guaranda y Nechi Sucre 10,369

Jamundi Valle 5,113

Nunchia y Villanueva (Riego) Casanare 20,080

Valledupar Cesar 3,035 Villavicencio, Pto Lopez, Fte Oro y Granada Meta 36,771 Yopal, Villanueva (secano) y Aguazul Casanare 17,229

Resumen

Page 22: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Productividad actual vs potencial

Page 23: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

IMPACTO EN EMISIONES

Page 24: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Private perspective: 100% investment and O&M are assumed for farmers

Page 25: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

2. Reconversión de pasturas a frutales

• Se analizan tres especies de frutales

– Aguacate (165.682 has)

– Mango (193.638 has)

– Cítricos*

• Se buscan los nichos para estas especies con el fin de determinar el área potencial.

• Intervención: 395.320 ha

La sustitución de pasturas degradadas por plantaciones de árboles frutales representa no solo una oportunidad económica para desarrollar nuevos mercados, sino además un potencial de mitigación de GEI

Page 26: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Cultivo: Aguacate Superficie potencial (ha)

Nivel de productividad respecto al promedio de la zona

Departamento 85% 79% 75.5% 72% 70% Total

ANTIOQUIA 3,355 3,183 11,269 11,269 23,055 52,131

CALDAS - 1,548 7,828 10,925 2,839 23,140

HUILA - 86 86 516 602 1,290

QUINDIO 172 4,043 7,140 5,850 3,183 20,388

RISARALDA 344 1,634 1,721 2,065 5,764

TOLIMA 774 4,989 24,775 21,764 10,667 62,969

Total 4,301 14,193 52,732 52,045 42,411 165,682

Page 27: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Nivel de productividad respecto al promedio de la zona

Departamento 85% 79% 75.5% 72% 70% Total

ANTIOQUIA 516 3,527

5,405

8,861

5,076 23,385

BOYACA -

86

1,201

1,721

516

3,524

CUNDINAMARCA

3,613

3,441

7,121

7,226

19,614 41,015

HUILA - -

858

7,226

6,882 14,966

TOLIMA

6,452

11,355

19,389

23,657

49,895 110,748

TOTAL 10,581

18,409

33,974

48,691

81,983 193,638

Cultivo: Mango Superficie potencial (ha)

Page 28: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Private perspective: 100% investment and O&M are assumed for farmers

Page 29: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

3. Pasturas Mejoradas

• Mejoramiento de pasturas en los departamentos:

– Arauca (11.228 has)

– Casanare (21.521 has)

– Meta (18.738 has)

• Intervención:51.487 hectáreas

La actividad ganadera en pasturas degradadas resulta una reducción en la eficiencia de producción, pérdida de biodiversidad y aumento en la emisión de GEI. El mejoramiento de pasturas presenta una opción atractiva a nivel económico y ambiental.

Page 30: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Pasturas mejoradas

Año Arauca Casanare Meta

2012 435 834 726

2013 544 1,043 908

2014 680 1,303 1,135

2015 850 1,629 1,418

2016 1,062 2,036 1,773

2017 1,328 2,545 2,216

2018 1,660 3,182 2,770

2019 2,075 3,977 3,463

2020 2,594 4,972 4,329

Superficie a intervenir (ha)

Page 31: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Recogiendo la carga ganadera desplazada por:

Forestales

Año Arauca Casanare Meta

2012 1,234 2,599 2,657

2013 1,542 3,248 3,321

2014 1,928 4,060 4,151

2015 2,410 5,075 5,189

2016 3,012 6,344 6,486

2017 3,765 7,930 8,107

2018 4,706 9,913 10,134

2019 5,883 12,391 12,668

2020 7,354 15,489 15,835

Page 32: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Private perspective: 100% investment and O&M are assumed for farmers

Page 33: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

4. Proyectos Silvopastoriles

• Se plantea la reconversión a sistemas silvopastoriles en los departamentos:

– Atlántico

– Córdoba

– Sucre

– Antioquia: Bajo cauca, Nordeste, Urabá, Oriente

• Intervención: 521.839 hectáreas

Los sistemas silvopastoriles constituyen una opción atractiva para la reconversión de modelos de ganadería extensiva al aumentar la carga animal por hectárea, capturar carbono por medio de la plantación de árboles y un mejoramiento de la alimentación de animal reduciendo la emisión de metano.

Page 34: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Silvopastoriles

Uraba Bajo

Cauca Nordeste Oriente Córdoba Sucre Atlantico 3,927 3,314 2,450 1,555 3,821 1,817 590 8,189 6,910 5,108 3,242 5,732 2,726 885 10,774 9,092 6,720 4,266 7,643 3,634 1,180 10,774 9,092 6,720 4,266 9,553 4,543 1,475 12,461 10,516 7,772 4,934 11,464 5,451 1,770 12,461 10,516 7,772 4,934 13,375 6,360 2,065 20,405 17,220 12,728 8,080 15,285 7,268 2,360 10,206 8,613 6,366 4,041 13,375 6,360 2,065 348 294 217 138 11,464 5,451 1,770

Superficie a intervenir (ha)

Page 35: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Aguacate Mango Forestal

Año ANTIOQUIA ANTIOQUIA Antioquia Córdoba Sucre Atlantico

2012 4,301 10,581 1,448 3,821 1,817 590

2013 14,193 18,409 1,448 5,732 2,726 885

2014 26,366 16,987 1,448 7,643 3,634 1,180

2015 26,366 16,987 1,448 9,553 4,543 1,475

2016 26,023 24,346 1,448 11,464 5,451 1,770

2017 26,023 24,346 1,448 13,375 6,360 2,065

2018 42,411 40,992 1,448 15,285 7,268 2,360

2019 40,992 1,448 13,375 6,360 2,065

2020 1,448 11,464 5,451 1,770

Recogiendo la carga ganadera desplazada por:

Page 36: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

From a private perspective: 100% investment and O&M are assumed for farmers

Page 37: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Aggregated Priorities using MAC

curves

Page 38: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

MAC curve for capture/reduction of CO2e emissions in some lines (fruit trees, rice and livestock) of the livestock sector in Colombia

Private perspective: 100% investment and O&M are assumed for farmers

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Some challenges in the analysis

Page 40: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Mitigation of the sector, or per unit product?

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Emisiones CO2 proyectadas ganadería bovina

Cardenas, 2011

Page 41: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Cost effectiveness curve of possible alternative government interventions in carbon sequestration or reducing emissions under a realistic scenario

Public perspective: Scenario 2 (realistic)- The government funds 40% of investment costs in all the alternatives and 100% of technical assistance in the case of rice.

Page 42: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Conclusions

• Range of approaches for quantifying mitigation costs and benefits available

• Estimations should be stakeholder driven, and not ignore social/cultural/economic barriers

• Priorities based on efficiency of measures depend on the perspective of who is asking (e.g. government versus private)

Page 43: Quantifying mitigation potential in the agricultural

Email: [email protected] Internet: http://dapa.ciat.cgiar.org