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Kenneth G. Boykin, NMSU
William G. Kepner, EPA
David F. Bradford, EPA
Rachel K. Guy, UGA
Darin A. Kopp, Allison K.K. Leimer, Elizabeth A. Samson, N. Forrest East, NMSU
Anne C. Neale, EPA
Kevin J. Gergely, USGS
QUANTIFYING AND MAPPING HABITAT-BASED BIODIVERSITY
METRICS WITHIN AN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FRAMEWORK
ACES and Ecosystem Markets 2012
December 10-14, 2012
EnviroAtlas: Linking Ecosystems, People, and Well-being
• Contain series of clickable background maps
• Select ecosystem services from Table of Contents
• Allow “stacking” of multiple services
• Multiple metrics for each category
• Ancillary data • Include potential and future scenarios
• Allow user to place their “area” in context of others
Food, Fiber, and Fuels
Production
Clean Water
Climate
Stabilization
Biodiversity
Conservation
Recreation, Culture,
And Aesthetics
Clean Air
Plentiful
Water
Natural Hazard
Mitigation
Our Conceptual Model for Incremental
Approach to Multi-scale Analysis
Biodiversity Conservation and Recreation
Species Richness & Mapping Approach by Scale
Taxon San
Pedro
Southwest Albemarle
Pamlico
Tampa
Bay
Southeast Nation
Amphibians 16 37 40 9 124 310
Birds 287 435 155 192 259 719
Mammals 88 215 52 5 99 555
Reptiles 61 130 57 18 124 509
Total Species 452 817 304 224 606 2094
Study Approach
Develop and produce
habitat provisioning
metrics & maps (that
represent ecosystem
services or surrogate
measures of biodiversity)
based on current
conditions and available
data for place-based,
regional, and national
scales of interest.
Deductive Habitat Models (817 spp)
• Knowledge based/expert based
• Wildlife Habitat Relationships
• Habitat based
• Top down - general to specific
Land Ownership/Stewardship
Terrestrial Vertebrate
Habitat Models
Land Cover (125 classes;
Group 5 & 7 NVCS)
Gap Analysis Products and Data Sources (Southwest Regional Example)
Collect and compile information on habitat
associations and develop deductive
habitat model for each species
Range Delineation • Hydrologic Units
Habitat Variables • Land Cover • Elevation (min/max) • Slope/Aspect • Hydrology (Proximity)
– Streams, lakes, springs
• Soil • Patch Size
Biodiversity Metrics
All Vertebrate Species (n=817) Reptiles Amphibians Birds Mammals
Threatened and Endangered Species (n=21) Bats All Vertebrate Species of Greatest Conservation Need Reptile Species of Greatest Conservation Need Amphibian Species of Greatest Conservation Need Bird Species of Greatest Conservation Need Mammal Species of Greatest Conservation Need Bat Species of Greatest Conservation Need
All Harvestable Species (n=93) Harvestable Upland Game Species Harvestable Big Game Species Harvestable Small Game Species Harvestable Furbearer Species Harvestable Waterfowl Species
Ecological System (Land Cover) Richness (n=125)
Species of Greatest Conservation Need can be defined as those species identified by the state wildlife agency as part of their Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS). Threatened and Endangered species are those that are federally listed with a status of threatened or endangered.
20 Biodiversity and Recreation Metrics derived from GAP
Deductive Models
Stakeholder Workshops
Additional Metrics • Workshop in Tucson, Arizona (May 2011)
• Meetings with BLM, NRCS, DoD and NGOs (Ongoing)
• Workshop in Chapel Hill, North Carolina (November 2012)
Southwest Southeast Ecosystem Specific Riparian Obligate Wetland Obligate
Grassland Obligates Long-Leaf pine ecosystem dependent species
Fire Dependent Species
Specific Taxa Breeding birds Turtles
wintering birds Salamanders
Cultural Culturally Important Species (e.g. Native American) Historically important Species
Climate Climate Vulnerable Species Climate Vulnerable Bird Species
Priority Species Federal Candidate or Sensitive Species (FWS, BLM,
USFS, DOD, TNC)
Global Rank Species (G1,G2, G3?, T&E)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act Species Area Sensitive Species (Forest Interior Dependent
Bird Species)
Economic or Recreationally Important Species Landscape Habitat Guild Species
Common but Declining Species Rarity Weighted Species
Keystone Species Ecoregion endemic species
Responsibility species
Visual Displays
Radar Graphs Biodiversity Conservation and Recreation
San Pedro
Rio Grande
Southwest
Average Index Value Average of each metric pixel value in study area
/highest mapped pixel value in Southwest area.
Boykin, K.G., et al., A national approach for mapping and
quantifying habitat-based biodiversity metrics across multiple
spatial scales. Ecol. Indicat. (2012).
Bar Graph Biodiversity Conservation and Recreation
Available Data
Taxon Richness
Total Species
Amphibians
Birds
Reptiles Mammals Bats
T&E
SGCN Species
Total
Species
Amphibians Birds
Reptiles Mammals Bats
T&E
Species
All Harvestable
Species
Furbearer
Big Game
Upland Game Small Game Waterfowl
TotalSpecies
SGCN Total
Amphibians
SGCNAmphibians
Birds
SGCN Birds
Mammals
SGCNMammals
Reptiles
SGCNReptiles
BatsSGCN Bats
T & ESpecies
Harvestable
Big Game
Furbearers
Small Game
UplandGame
Waterfowl
EcosystemDiversity
Southeast US
APES
tampa bay
1.00
0.25
0.75
0.50
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
Mean
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
ecie
s/p
ixel
Metric
APES Tampa Bay SE
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
No
rmalized
In
dex
Metric
APES Tampa Bay SE
National Gap
Analysis Data
http://gapanalysis.
usgs.gov/
Lizards Snakes Turtles
Total Birds Total Reptiles
• Deductive modeling appears promising for mapping and quantifying
metrics of habitat provisioning at multiple scales;
• First level effort to cluster species distribution models into functional
groups (metrics) is underway at local and regional scales;
• Ultimately should be applicable to national scale via EPA & USGS/GAP
initiatives;
• Provides reference conditions for alternative future scenarios
(e.g. climate change, urbanization);
• Establishes common sense indicators of ES for end-user and decision
maker needs, e.g.
• Landscape Conservation Cooperatives
• State Wildlife Action Plans
• Potentially also for IPBES, TEEB, GEO BON, DIVERSITAS, etc.
General Conclusions
Biodiversity for its intrinsic value,
ecosystem resilience
• Richness – total, birds, amphibians,
reptiles, mammals
• Climate vulnerable species
• GAP species
• Global Rank Species
• Rarity Weighted Species
• Responsibility Species
Recreational Hunting
• Upland game
• Small Game
• Migratory birds
• Furbearers
• Big game
• Waterfowl
• Subsistence Hunting species - area
specific
Wildlife –cultural, spiritual, intrinsic
• Wildlife Observation
• Threatened and endangered species
• MBTA -- Migratory Bird Treaty Act
• PIF –Partners In Flight ---- national list
and regional lists
• Species of Greatest Conservation
Need
• Western Governor’s Association list
• Endemics (limited range taxa
bordering on rare)
• Keystone Species
• FWS Trust Species
• Cultural/Historical species
Ecosystem specific
• Riparian Obligates Species
• Grassland Obligates Species
• Wetland Obligates Species
• Fire Dependent Species
• Forest interior dependent bird species
Metrics:
• # of species
• # of species/Ha --
• Richness/max richness from HUC for
each pixel --then mean, max, std
• Hectares of suitable habitat
• % of HUC with suitable habitat (e.g.,
for upland game species)
• Range Species lists by category
• Heritage data T&E observed
• Other observation data
Other Discussion Points
• Connectivity of habitat
• Impacts of agricultural practices
• Stewardship
• Protected areas
Species Composition Intactness
• # of invasives
• Similarity index
• % of reference species extant
• #Species richness for reference
Rarity/scarcity (e.g., rare)
ecological systems
• Relative scarcity of ecological
systems relative to today
• Relative scarcity of ecological
systems relative to reference
• Area sensitive Species
Migratory support habitat
% habitat providing habitat in support
of migration
Specific Species Groups
Bats
Turtles
Salamanders
Southwest Stakeholders
Southeast Stakeholders
Other stakeholders representing:
– BLM
– NRCS
– NMDGF
– DoD
– NGOs
USGS SWReGAP Project
(http://fws-nmcfwru.nmsu.edu/swregap/)
USGS SEGAP Project (http://www.basic.ncsu.edu/segap/)
Alexa McKerrow, Steve Williams, Matt Rubino, Nathan Tarr
EPA EnviroAtlas Team (http://www.epa.gov/research/ecoscience/)
National Gap Analysis Program (http://gapanalysis.usgs.gov/) Jocelyn Aycrigg, Jeff Lonneker, Thomas Laxon
Acknowledgements
Kenneth G. Boykin
Center for Applied Spatial Ecology,
New Mexico State University,
New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit
Las Cruces, NM
William G. Kepner
David F. Bradford
Anne C. Neale
USEPA, Office of Research and Development
Las Vegas, NV and Research Triangle Park, NC
Kevin J. Gergely
USGS National Gap Analysis Program
Boise ID
http://gapanalysis.nbii.gov
http://fws-nmcfwru.nmsu.edu/swregap/
http://www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/land-sci/gap.htm
Contact Information
Regional Analysis
Biodiversity for its intrinsic value,
ecosystem resilience
• Richness – total, birds, amphibians,
reptiles, mammals
• Climate vulnerable species
• GAP species
• Global Rank Species
• Rarity Weighted Species
• Responsibility Species
Recreational Hunting
• Upland game
• Small Game
• Migratory birds
• Furbearers
• Big game
• Waterfowl
• Subsistence Hunting species - area
specific
Wildlife –cultural, spiritual, intrinsic
• Wildlife Observation
• Threatened and endangered species
• MBTA -- Migratory Bird Treaty Act
• PIF –Partners In Flight ---- national list
and regional lists
• Species of Greatest Conservation
Need
• Western Governor’s Association list
• Endemics (limited range taxa
bordering on rare)
• Keystone Species
• FWS Trust Species
• Cultural/Historical species
Ecosystem specific
• Riparian Obligates Species
• Grassland Obligates Species
• Wetland Obligates Species
• Fire Dependent Species
• Forest interior dependent bird species
Metrics:
• # of species
• # of species/Ha --
• Richness/max richness from HUC for
each pixel --then mean, max, std
• Hectares of suitable habitat
• % of HUC with suitable habitat (e.g.,
for upland game species)
• Range Species lists by category
• Heritage data T&E observed
• Other observation data
Other Discussion Points
• Connectivity of habitat
• Impacts of agricultural practices
• Stewardship
• Protected areas
Species Composition Intactness
• # of invasives
• Similarity index
• % of reference species extant
• #Species richness for reference
Rarity/scarcity (e.g., rare)
ecological systems
• Relative scarcity of ecological
systems relative to today
• Relative scarcity of ecological
systems relative to reference
• Area sensitive Species
Migratory support habitat
% habitat providing habitat in support
of migration
Specific Species Groups
Bats
Turtles
Salamanders
