Quality Human Resource & Scientific Development Uttam Pati

Professor and ChairmanCentre for BiotechnologyJawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 67 uttam@mail.jnu.ac.in

"Quality is the expression of human excellence."

It is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs.

Biotechnology is the main high technology driver affecting the health and life sciences industry today

The great challenge for biology in this century is to understand how each gene works individually and collectively to create a living organism

Emergence of new area

BiotechnologyNano technology

Bioinformatics

Medical GeneticsGenetic EpidemiologyPopulation Genetics

Translational Research

Medical BiotechAnimal BiotechPlant Biotech

Environment BiotechBiodiversity

Tissue EnggCell Engg

Biomedical EnggBiochem Engg

Fermentation TechnologyDownstream processingStem cells Technology

Protein EnggNano machines

BioethicsIntellectual Property Right

Patents and law

GenomicsProteomics

Gene ExpressionGene Silencing

Chromatin StructureMolecular genetics

EpigeneticsGene & Environment

VaccinesTherapeutics

Medical Diagnostics

TechnologiesTechnologies Research themesResearch themes

GenomicsGenomics Gene Function in DiseaseGene Function in Disease

Functional GenomicsFunctional Genomics Gene Transcription FactorsGene Transcription Factors

Gene Chip TechnologyGene Chip Technology Signal TransductionSignal Transduction

Knockouts and TransgenicsKnockouts and Transgenics ApoptosisApoptosis

BioinformaticsBioinformatics Development BiologyDevelopment Biology

Combinatorial ChemistryCombinatorial Chemistry Gene TherapyGene Therapy

Robotics and Screening TechnologyRobotics and Screening Technology Antisense TherapyAntisense Therapy

Screen DevelopmentScreen Development ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy

IT/Biotech ConvergenceIT/Biotech Convergence Microbial GeneticsMicrobial Genetics

ProteomicsProteomics PharmacogenomicsPharmacogenomics

Nem DiagnosticsNem Diagnostics Tissue EngineeringTissue Engineering

Drug Delivery technologyDrug Delivery technology Therapeutic AntibodiesTherapeutic Antibodies

BiosensorsBiosensors Free Radical BiologyFree Radical Biology

BioremediationBioremediation

Plant BiotechnologyPlant BiotechnologyNeurobiologyNeurobiologyNutriceuticalsNutriceuticalsPharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals

Pharmaceutical and healthcare industry Food and drink industry

Agriculture (and to a lesser extent forestry and fisheries)

Environment (mainly through monitoring systems)

Regulatory affairs and law enforcement (through forensic science)

Information technology (through e.g. bioinformatics, telemedicine)

Medical devices (especially biomaterials)

The Growth of Industry

The Puzzling Genome

“You have to remember that the sequence is only the beginning. It creates far more questions than it answers - it doesn’t actually answer any biological questions at all. What it does is to provide a very finely honed set of tools for people to turn biological questions into molecular terms”

John Sulston, Director of the Sanger Centre, Cambridge,

“The human genome is data, not knowledge, and would be useless until We understand what it means. The belief that we will put all this data into Computers and they will tell us the answers is ill founded”

Sydney Brenner “Thomas Jefferson of Molecular Biology” Nobel Prize winner 2002

The raw data (DNA sequence data, or any data), often in the public domain, are virtually useless.

Primary data analysis requires sophisticated computation by molecular biologists.

There are neither enough computer competent molecular biologists (bio-informaticians) in the

world to carry out the primary analysis nor enough molecular biologists to do the

proteomics (gene to function). The data are meaningless in the absence of top

quality biology and biologist.

The USA Modelmost successful

Creation of intelligent manpower

In the U.S., revenues in 2000 were $22.3 billion and R&D investment of the order of $10.7 billion(2001). Application areas for biotechnology include drug products and vaccines, medical diagnostic tests, biotechnology-based foods, environmental cleaning, industrial biotechnology and forensic science. In 2006, Industries alone spent $39 billion in R&D.

US companies lead the field in innovation, as evidenced by the fact that, of the 150 genetic engineering-based healthcare patents issued in the US in 1995, 122 (81 per cent) were to US companies. Only 11 were to EU companies.1999:380 Patents issued; US - 321 source: The US Biotechnology Industry. US Dept. of Commerce - Office of Technology Policy, Washington, Sept. 1997

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a private university, is one of the largest recipients of US government funds for R&D, has created 4,000 companies over the last 30-40 years. These companies have an annual turnover of $230 billion and employ 1.1 million people.

Analysis:strong feedback loops (R&D programmes, tax incentives, patent laws etc.) joining government, universities and high technology industries.

The Indian Growth

Education & Biotech Sector

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1947 1950 1997 2005

Number of colleges

175005.7 Million 12th Grade Pass

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1827

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Number of UniversitiesJapan 4000

40 National Research Laboratories in the country employ 15,000 scientists

700,000 post graduates & 1500 PhDs qualify in biosciences and engineering each year.

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17000 Medical

Graduates/Yr

7000 Vocational School Pass 5000

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7700 Foreign Student

800 Ph.D in Engg.

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2005

science

Australia-530000

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Graduates/Yr

7000 Vocational School Pass

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5000 ITI

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800 Ph.D in Engg.

STU

DEN

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2005

700000Post-Graduates

1500Bioscienc

e

Australia530000

What do they do ?

Number is too low. Besides, their Future is not Planned.

Low Critical Mass Low Quality

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520Govt.’s Biotechnology Support

Also TDF

• 150 BT companies in India• 75 per cent of these companies have been established in the last 5 years• 2002 revenue forecast for BT cos. is $150m• export revenues are forecast at $60m• VC funding has been modest at $20 million• Total investment to date by Biotech companies $100 million• Employment strength of scientific personnel the BT sector stands at 15,000

2002

Projection

How Qualitative is our Scientific Manpower ?

“There are no Indian Institutions Which can be compared to the best Institutions in the advanced countries” (Prof CNR Rao)

I.I.Sc ranks 251/500 in a world surveyIITs rank 451/500

Global Creativity Index: 41st/45 Countries

Talent: 44th

Technology: 23rd

Students entering science in India: 1.7%Korea: 23%China: 5.9%Malaysia: 3.3%

UNDP Human Development Report 2001

Decline in Students opting for Science

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Global RD Support

Scientific Researcher

Scientific Publication

CHINA

INDIA

UNESCO Science Report

33% Diarraehal Diseases25% Maternal Death20%Nutritional Deficiencies

19% Diabetic20% CVD20% female cervical cancer70% leprosy2nd largest HIV2nd largest Hepatitis B13500 TB death /year10% Physically disabled

India in World’s

Reasons for Low Creativity ?

When SS Bhatnagar started setting up ARIs totally independent Of Universities, the obvious negation of Nehru’s grand vision of science and technology had probably Not been foreseen.

Error in Vision ?

The Failure of UGC to protect and enhance the University systemIts lack of Vision for FutureIts negation to the idea Of Modernity

How Incompetent is UGC ?

Are Indian Bureaucrats non-Scientific ?

“The Bureaucracy is unbearable. We cannot have the Dept of Personnel in Delhi deciding on who is a good scientist and who is able to head an Institution”

CNR Rao, ChairmanPM’s Scientific Advisory Council

Low Allocation on Education: 4.6% of GDP

Lack of Scientific InfrastructureNo Long Term Science policy

60% of Educational and RD Institutions are located in 6-8 states (revenge for non-alignment with Centre ?)

2004: All technological Innovation from Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad

How much We should Blame our Government ?

For

The lack of Philanthropy in our culture

The Greedy Indian Industries who never contribute to society

The absence of Private Universities such asIvy Leagues in Western tradition

An over all dishonesty factor (Two surveyDeclared India No.1 as Bribe Giver and Bribe taker) that is anti-creative & non - Scientific

Is It our Cultural Problem ?

Popularizing- Science in Schools Modernizing- Undergraduate Science ProgramDesigning- the employable future of ScientistsInvesting- heavily upon postdoctoral ResearchCreating- Instrumentation Facilities in each capitalsSupporting- with core research grants to

UniversitiesPenalizing- Industries who don’t support on

ResearchTax incentives- to Industries who support

UniversitiesIncentives- to establish Private universitiesHeavy Incentives- to attract quality ResearchersIncrease in Critical Mass- simultaneously Linking to

Quality

How about An Eleven Points Agenda

Thank You

Biotechnology is expected to offer investment opportunities of US$ 500 million during 2003. The growth is expected in the following areas:

Area Growth Agri-Biotech 60% Diagnostic 25% Vaccines 15%

Source: Study by CII• The Indian biotechnology market is expected to grow to US$ 204

million by 2003 and US$ 408 million by 2007.

THE INDIAN biotechnology industry is gaining momentum. With revenues of over $700 million (Rs. 3,265 crores) in 2003-04, the fledgling industry, despite all hurdles, is well on its way to cross the psychological barrier of $1 billion in the current year. It is poised to leverage its scientific skills and technical expertise to make a global impact from a strong innovation led platform.

There are. There are more than 300 college level educational and training institutes offering degrees and diplomas in biotechnology, bio-informatics and

the biological sciences, producing nearly five lakh students annually. . Given this skilled resource pool, India is in a good position to create a

sustainable biotechnology business. The sector is gradually building critical mass both in terms of infrastructure and markets.

Just a few statistics are adequate to establish the success of the Indian software industry.Software exports from India grew from Rs. 135 crores in 1990-91 to Rs. 2520 crores in1995-96 and reached Rs. 36,500 crores in 2001-02 (Nasscom, 2002). The industryaccounted for almost 2% of India’s Gross Domestic Product and 14% of India’s exportsin 2000-01. Nasscom estimates that the employment provided by the IT services industrywas about 522,000 by March 2002, of which 92,000 jobs were created in the year 2001-02 (Nasscom, 2002).

The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the government body to promote scientific research, has a network of 40 laboratories, 80 field stations and 22,000 trained personnel. Also India has 29 agriculture universities and 204 central and state universities.

Establish an institutionally defined, fixed training period of three to five years, with goals and milestones established by the mentor and trainee.

Establish a regular annual or biannual review of training progress, and provide feedback to postdoctoral trainees and their mentors.

Educate trainees about research employment opportunities in academia and industry, as well as nonresearch employment options such as careers in administration and management, science writing, patent law, and public policy. Provide access to a career-resource center for career counseling and workshops on curriculum vitae preparation and job-searching skills.

ReferencesReferences1. M.C. Regets, "What follows the postdoctorate experience? Employment patterns of 1. M.C. Regets, "What follows the postdoctorate experience? Employment patterns of 1993 postdocs in 1995," NSF Issue Brief 99–307, 1998, 1993 postdocs in 1995," NSF Issue Brief 99–307, 1998, www.nsf.gov/statistics/issuebrf/sib99307.htmwww.nsf.gov/statistics/issuebrf/sib99307.htm

2. E.M. Stricker, "The 2003 ANDP survey of neuroscience graduate, postdoctoral, and 2. E.M. Stricker, "The 2003 ANDP survey of neuroscience graduate, postdoctoral, and undergraduate programs," FASEB J, 17:2169–73, 2003.undergraduate programs," FASEB J, 17:2169–73, 2003.

3. G. Davis, "Doctors without orders: Highlights of the Sigma Xi postdoc survey," Am 3. G. Davis, "Doctors without orders: Highlights of the Sigma Xi postdoc survey," Am Scientist, 93(Suppl):4, 2005.Scientist, 93(Suppl):4, 2005.

4. National Research Council, Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists, 4. National Research Council, Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1998.Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1998.

Biotech: an emerging needIndian contrextIndia and worldHRP requiremementIndian universiyt and curriculumThe design: :web site, post doctoral researchInstrumentation facilities in capitals,data base and data miningRules to bring industry into lineNo R&D

The future