28
Air Quality Air Quality Detection and Detection and M it i Ui M it i Ui UAV UAV d Monit oring Using Monit oring Using UAV UAV s and and Unmanned Rotorcraft Unmanned Rotorcraft J.B. Kosmatka & Chad E. Foerster Dept of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California, San Diego M. Lega DiSAm – Dipartimento di Scienze per l’Ambiente University of Naples PARTHENOPE (Italy) G. Persechino CIRA – Italian Aerospace Research Center (Italy) 2010 2010 National Air Quality Conferences: National Air Quality Conferences: Air Quality Forecasting, Mapping, and Monitoring Communicating Air Air Quality Forecasting, Mapping, and Monitoring Communicating Air Quality Quality March 15 March 1518, 2010, Raleigh, North Carolina 18, 2010, Raleigh, North Carolina

Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Air Quality Air Quality  Detection and Detection and M it i U iM it i U i UAVUAV ddMonitoring Using Monitoring Using UAVUAVss and and Unmanned RotorcraftUnmanned RotorcraftffJ.B. Kosmatka & Chad E. FoersterDept of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California, San Diegoy , gM. LegaDiSAm – Dipartimento di Scienze per l’AmbienteUniversity of Naples PARTHENOPE (Italy)G. PersechinoCIRA – Italian Aerospace Research Center (Italy)

2010 2010 National Air Quality Conferences:National Air Quality Conferences:Air Quality Forecasting, Mapping, and Monitoring Communicating Air Air Quality Forecasting, Mapping, and Monitoring Communicating Air QualityQuality

March 15March 15‐‐18, 2010, Raleigh, North Carolina18, 2010, Raleigh, North Carolina

Page 2: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Outline

• IntroductionIntroduction• System DetailsT t Pl• Test  Plan

• Results• Conclusions

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 3: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Outline

• Introduction• Introduction• System Details• Test  Plan• ResultsResults• Conclusions

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 4: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Airborne Plumes• Plumes are point source releases of 

pollutants that may include radioactive material, biological or chemical agents, , g g ,and particulate matter

ibl i i id“UW Power plant malfunction 

• Possible massive evacuations to avoid contamination and health issues

psends black plume over Seattle” KOMO News, December 2nd 2009

• A fielded system is needed that can identify, monitor and predict plume evolutionevolution– Multi‐scale for different plume types– Monitoring non‐emergency activities 

“Oblique View of the Arnica Fire, Yellowstone National Park, 

Wyoming” NASA Earth ObservatoryWyoming  NASA Earth Observatory, September 24th 2009

Composite Aerospace Structures LaboratoryComposite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 5: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Roving Host Methodology• Stationary Sensor Network

– High cost of Installation– Best for dense urban environments– Best for dense urban environments– Suburban / wilderness require towers

M bil UAV l tf• Mobile UAV platform– Low cost– Best for suburban / wilderness “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) 

– FAA restrictions for populated areas for Border Security “

• Proposed System• Multiple autonomous vehicles with onboard path planningMultiple autonomous vehicles with onboard path planning• Central command station to monitor the aircraft and relay 

information from the plume forecasting algorithm A t k t il d t f fi t d

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

• A turn‐key tailored system for first responders 

Page 6: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

UAV Selection• Based upon probable threat scenarios, 

natural disasters or contaminant releases:NextGen's shape‐changing– Plume growth, evolution, and duration

– Sensor size/weight, onboard data reduction– Time/length scale of plume sensor aircraft

NextGen s shape changing UAV morphs in flight 

Time/length scale of plume, sensor, aircraft

• Novel designs for dual purpose operations– Dart to plume then slow loiter in plume UCSD is a leader in novel Dart to plume, then slow loiter in plume 

UAV development

Composite Aerospace Structures LabComposite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 7: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Desired Platform Capabilities• Determine loiter/cruise/dash speed, 

endurance, altitude, payloads Control Hierarchy

• Autopilot with failsafe modes that interacts with onboard microcomputer d d d i

Manned Ground Station

and a manned ground station

• Integrated sensors that provide input to 

Plume Forecasting Algorithm

onboard path planning algorithms

• Ground station that coordinates 

Onboard Predictive 

Path Planning   

Onboard Adaptive Control Algorithm

autonomous UAVs and relays navigation commands generated by the plume forecasting algorithmforecasting algorithm

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 8: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Outline

• IntroductionIntroduction

• System Details• Test  Plan• ResultsResults• Conclusions

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 9: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Plume Tracking Approach• Multi‐UAV tracking 

at different altitudes.  Two different algorithms to determine plumedetermine plume shape, center, and motion

• Quad‐rotor for low altitude source location.   Sensitivity mapping to find plume sourceplume source

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 10: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

UCSD/LANL UAV PlatformEmpty Weight 5.97 kg

Flight Battery Weight 1.6 kg

Autopilot Weight 0.584 kg

Maximum Payload Weight 3.2 kg

Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm

Wing Span 2.794 m

Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s

Maximum Speed 35 m/s

Stall Speed 9 m/s

Endurance 30‐45 min at Sea LevelLevel

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 11: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

UCSD/LANL Quadcopter Platform• Specifications

– Max Endurance: 30 minutes– Max Payload Weight: 500 gramsMax Payload Weight: 500 grams

• Capabilities– Fully integrated and tested 

autonomous and semi‐autonomous modes including takeoff, landing, hover now and waypoint navigationhover now,  and waypoint navigation

– Ability to interface with an auxiliary b d d d fmicroprocessor board and modify 

path based on either source tracking or envelope mapping algorithms

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 12: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Ground Station Software• Provide interface between the autopilot and 

the operator, telemetry and sensor information

• Specialized GUI developed to log the position and sensor information for each aircraft

• A separate wireless network shares basic information between each UAV and relays 

d t th t f i ftcommands to other out of range aircraft

• Adaptive control methods for source tracking and path planning using an onboard

Ground station softwareand path planning using an onboard microcomputer.  Provide navigation commands to the aircraft’s autopilot

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 13: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Sensors• CO2 , particulate, and chemical detection

• Final selection based LANL field restrictions

• Compact optical dust sensor was chosen which gave particulate density in mg/m3

• Custom microprocessor board designed to accommodate future analog or digital sensors and interface with the autopilot Sensor Interface Board

• Sensor location on the aircraft – minimize the response time

d l l– Evacuate any residual particulate matter in the sensor housing upon exiting the plume

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 14: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Flight Operations at LANL Kelly Field • Restricted airspace 

allowing for autonomous flight operations

• Dedicated runway for aircraft with landing gear and net capture setup for additional retrieval optionsretrieval options

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 15: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Plume Generation

• Off the shelf smoke grenades were used which emitted either Saf‐Smoke or hexachloroethane (HC) smoke

• Single plume source could be moved around the flying field based on the weather

Smoke grenade and plume releasebased on the weather conditions

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 16: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Outline

• IntroductionIntroduction• System Details

• Test Plan• ResultsResults• Conclusions

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 17: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Wind Sensor Setup• Three sensor locations: 

– One on flight‐line at 1.5 m AGLNorth and south of the runway at 9 m AGL– North and south of the runway at 9 m AGL

• Wind Sensor Specifications:M t U it R l ti AMeasurement Units Resolution Accuracy

Wind Speed m/s 0.1 Larger of 3% of reading or least significant digit

Wind Direction º 1º 5ºWind Sensor Setup: Pole and 

tripod mounted configurations

• Test Flights: 25 to 75 m AGL collecting data

• Paths centered around wind sensor poles

Wind Direction º 1º 5º tripod mounted configurations

• Paths centered around wind sensor poles

• Data was collected using RC flights and autonomous  UAV flights

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 18: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Plume Release Studies • Conducted in various 

weather conditions to ascertain the general progression of the plume at the flying fieldthe flying field

• Plume source locations and grenade initiation timing were tailored for each flight to maximize the availability ofto maximize the availability of the plume for sampling by the UAVs

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 19: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Plume Releases with UAVs • Multiple UAVs flown around the 

plume releases in a coordinated fashion to demonstrate the ability of the aircraft to identify and locate the plume with its onboard sensorsp

• Low altitude passes conducted to capture the highest concentrationcapture the highest concentration measurements

• Autonomous flights at higherAutonomous flights at higher altitudes performed at the aircraft’s cruise speed

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 20: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Outline

• IntroductionIntroduction• System DetailsT t Pl• Test Plan

• ResultsResults• Conclusions

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 21: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Wind Estimation Performance• Noticeable lag in wind estimation generated by the autopilot

• Inability to capture detailed wind changes close to the ground• Inability to capture detailed wind changes close to the ground

• More robust methods are needed for estimating wind speeds

Estimation Results: First 500 seconds are in RC mode at altitudes below 50 m from 500 to 1100 seconds itEstimation Results: First 500 seconds are in RC mode at altitudes below 50 m, from 500 to 1100 seconds  it is in autonomous mode at 100 m altitude, transition back to RC mode after 1100 seconds

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 22: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Particulate Sensor Readings• Sensor saturation on almost every 

low altitude pass through the plumep g p

• For each pass through the smoke the system logged three to four samples a second, a pass usually lasted one to two secondslasted one to two seconds

• Currently  investigating  slower vehicles and faster sensors to get more data within the plume.

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 23: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

3D graphs of plume passes

Successfully mapping plume definition

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 24: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Outline

• IntroductionIntroduction• System DetailsT t Pl• Test Plan

• Results

• Conclusions

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 25: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Demonstrated Capabilities• Autonomous aircraft operation with multipleoperation with multiple onboard sensors and computer systems for d ti ladaptive plume identification.

• Coordinated multi‐UAV flights for plume d f d kidentification and tracking

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 26: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Current Studies: Wind Estimation• Wireless ultrasonic sensors tethered to 

weather balloons at 25 m intervals from 0 to 150 t t i d fil150 m to get a wind profile map

• Multi‐aircraft flights with individual aircraft tackling the wind estimation in certain altitude bands provide a wind profile estimate that can be compared to the wind psensors

• Investigate preferred aircraft closed pathInvestigate preferred aircraft closed path definition for wind speed and direction

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 27: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Current Studies: Improve Mapping• Increase the sampling frequency of the 

onboard sensors to provide a more precise mapping of the variations in particulatemapping of the variations in particulate concentration

• Use a slower fixed wing UAV platform to better match the release capabilities of the LANL flying field

• Validate sensitivity search algorithm for locating plum source using the quad‐rotor.g p g q

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory

Page 28: Quality Detection and MitiMonitoring UiU sing UAVssan and ... · NextGen s UAV morphs in ... Wing Surface Area 98.19 sq. dm Wing Span 2.794 m Cruise Speed 16‐19 m/s Maximum Speed

Acknowledgements

• University of California, San DiegoThomas Hong– Thomas Hong

– Nima Ghods

• Los Alamos National Laboratory– Charles Farrar– Matthew Bement– Will Fox– Mike Proicou– Jeffery Hill

Composite Aerospace Structures Laboratory