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Quality Control of Sterile Productspharmaceutical quality control tests for parenterals and in-process quality control tests.
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Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
QUALITY CONTROL OF STERILE PRODUCTS
PYROGEN TESTING
Pyrogens produce symptoms of fever, chill, joint pain, malaise, headache and other
complaints following IV injection within 30-120 minutes which may subside within 10-12 hours.
Pyrogens are the heat stable, filterable and soluble substances of 0.05-1.0 micrometer size and
arise from microbial contamination. Chemically these are lipopolysaccharides from the outer cell
wall of the bacteria, thus, the term endotoxins is also used interchangeably but not correct
entirely. Both G+ and G- bacteria produce pyrogens, however, the pyrogens of G- bacteria are
more potent. The pyrogens are heat stable up to some extent, thus, withstand normal
sterilization temperatures.
Depyrogenation
Depyrogenation is the removal of pyrogen. This is achieved by the following methods.
Inactivation - Application of very high dry heat (2500P) for not less than 30 minutes is the
desired method for rendering material pyrogen free.
Removal of pyrogen by distillation
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu
M.Pharm., Ph.D.
Professor
Raghu College of Pharmacy
Dakamarri, Visakhapatnam, AP, India
Sample Questions Define sterile products. What are the features in sterile products? Define clean area. What are the classifications/specifications for clean areas? Write a detailed account of environmental control in sterile area. What do you know about the facilities in clean rooms? What is source of particulate in sterile products? What are several methods for testing of clarity of sterile products? Write detail account of production of sterile products. How liquid sterile products are filled into their containers? What are the in-process quality control tests employed on the sterile products? Discuss two methods for the testing of clarity/particulate matter in parenteral preparations? What is purpose and procedure of LAL test? What are the advantages of LAL test over in-vivo test? What is the purpose and procedure of rabbit test?
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
Detection and quantification of Pyrogens
1) In-vivo pyrogen (rabbit) test
In-vivo pyrogen test involves the evaluation of the presence of pyrogens in parenteral sample
by quantitative fever response produced in rabbits. The principle is based on the fact that the
human and rabbits are equally responsive to pyrogen injected intravenously on a dose per
weight basis. This test requires the following.
Test animals: healthy adult rabbits (of either sex) weighing not less than 1500 gm
(1.5kg). The animals have been properly maintained in terms of environment and diet prior to
the performance of test. The animals are screened for their temperature. Their control
temperature must not differ more than 1°C from each other. Any individual animal having
temperature 39.8°C or less than 38.0°C is excluded from the test.
The rabbit-retaining boxes are required to house the rabbits. These boxes "hold" the
rabbits so that the temperature can be noted easily during test. The specific directions given in
the individual monograph must be followed for the products.
The sample to be tested is injected with a slower rate to the animals. The dose of the
sample if not specified should be smaller than 10 ml/kg. Special preliminary steps are required
and thus, consideration must be given for the products requiring; 1) dilution, 2) pH adjustment,
and 3) isotonicity adjustment.
PROCEDURE
The control (baseline) temperature of three rabbits is determined. The sample is injected
into the ear vein of each of three rabbits which are held in the retaining boxes. A dose of
10ml/kg of body weight is used unless specified in the individual monograph. The temperature
of each rabbit is determined at 1, 2, and 3 hours subsequent to the injection of sample. The
difference between the initial and final temperatures of each rabbits is noted. Any increase in
temperature is taken to be the response of sample injected.
Interpretation of the results
The material under examination meets the requirements for apyrogenicity if no rabbit
shows an individual rise in temperature of 0.6°C or more above its respective control
temperature OR the sum of the temperature rise of 3 rabbits does not exceed 1.4°C. If the
results are not within the limits, the test is repeated for additional 5 rabbits and the result is
considered for the eight rabbits. After repeating, the material under examination meets the
requirements if not more than 3 out of eight rabbits show individual rise in temperature of 0.6 °C
OR the sum of rise in the temperature in eight rabbits does not exceed 3.7°C.
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
Sometimes the difference of initial and the final temperature is negative. If the difference
is negative, the result of the rabbit test is counted as zero response and the sample is
considered apyrogenic.
Advantages of Rabbit Test
The human and rabbits are equally responsive to threshold levels of the pyrogens.
2) Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test
The limulus amebocyte lysate test is also called as in-vitro pyrogen test (USP XXI
Specified new test). Officially it is termed as bacterial endotoxin test (BET). The test principle is
based on the clotting of lysate of amebocyte (an enzyme obtained from the horse shoe crab) in
the presence of pyrogens. The extract from the blood cells of horse shoe crab, Limulus
Polyphemus contains an enzyme and protein system called "Limulus- Amebocyte Lysate" (LAL)
which reacts with pyrogens so that an assay mixture increases in viscosity and opacity until an
opaque gel is formed.
Amebocyte + Pyrogen ~ Opaque gel
The reaction accomplishes within 15-60 minutes, depending on concentration of
pyrogens after mixing. The concentrated pyrogens make the gel more turbid and thick.
Requirements
Limulus-Ambocyte Lysate is prepared by bleeding healthy mature specimens by heart
puncture. The amebocytes are carefully concentrated, washed and lysed by osmotic effects.
Prior to perform the LAL test, lysate assay is carried out with purified endotoxins and are
accepted if it detects 0.001ug/ml or less concentration of the purified endotoxins.
The glassware, such as glass test tubes (10 x 75mm) used in the test must be
thoroughly cleaned, dry and heat sterilized. Abuffer solution of potassium phosphate 2mEq/ml is
used to adjust the pH of test sample at 7. The alcoholic content in sample is to be removed as it
causes precipitation of lysate. If the sample contains proteins, it produces gel thus the proteins
must be diluted to appropriate concentration before the test.
Similarly other interfering substances present in sample must also be removed before
the test.
Procedure
The pH of test sample if specified is adjusted. The test solution and standardized LAL
are separately mixed in equal parts (0.05-0.2ml). The mixture is incubated immediately at 36-
38°C for 1 hour in assay tube. The assay tube must be remained undisturbed completely
because agitation may irreversibly destroy the gel leading to a false negative result. The test
tube is observed after the specified time and is examined for the formation of opaque gel.
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
Formation of gel represents a positive test endpoint reaction. The test is performed using a
commercial LAL test kit. This kit contains a lyophilized LAL, and E. coli endotoxin and pure
water as standards and these later two are used to check the sensitivity of the test.
Advantage of LAL test
1. It is in-vitro and does not require animal handling, thus is more convenient
2. It is 10 times more sensitive than that of the in-vivo rabbit test
3. It is economical
4. It consume less time, i.e., 1 vs 3 hours required by rabbits test
5. It requires less laboratory facilities and minimum equipments
6. It requires less test volume
7. It is more accurate
INSTRUMENTS FOR EVALUATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER
System Working Principle Remarks
Visual Based Inspection
Autoskan Light Scattering Non-Destructive
Eisai Ampoule Inspection
(AIM) System
Light blockage (Shadow) Non-Destructive
Schering PDS/A-V System Light Scattering Non-Destructive
Electronic Particle Counters
Coulter Counter Change in Electric Resistance Destructive; Large errors in measuring flakes
and fibers;
Not recommended by FDA for parenterals
HIAC (High Accuracy
Instruments)
Light Blockage Destructive; High Efficiency,
Easy calibration;
Recommended by USP;
Expensive
Met-One Climet Particle
Counter
Light Scattering Destructive; Measures 6 particles sizes at a time;
Excellent large particle detection
Climet Instrument Light Obstruction Non-destructive
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
CLARITY TESTING (DETECTION OF PARTICULATE MATTER)
Particulate matter can be detected in parenteral product by two methods, including
visual inspection and electronic particulate counting.
A) Visual methods
I) Visual inspection by naked eye
In visual inspection, each injectable is inspected visually against white and black
backgrounds. The white background aids in diction of dark colored particles. The light or
reflective particles will appear against the black back ground. Some visual-enhancing aids can
increase the efficiency. A magnifying lens at 2.5 × magnification set at the eye level facilitates
the inspection. Microscopic examination enhances detection of particulate matter in injectables.
Visual inspection gives the qualitative estimation of the particulate matter. Acceptance
Standards is that each container checked must not contain any visible particulate matter.
II) Automated visual inspection
The automatic systems are also called as the electron particles counter. The electronic
particles counter evaluates the particles in injectables automatically. However, this method
requires destruction of the ampoule/container for the particle examination.
Electronic particles counting may be based on any one of the following principles: a)
change in electrical resistance, b) light blockages principle and c) light scattering. Some of the
automated systems for visual particle inspection include Autoskan, Eisai Ampoule inspection
machine, Schering PDS/A-V system, etc. Autoskan System.
The Autoskan system is based on light scattering principle whereby the particle in the
path of a light source causes the scattering of light. The scattered light is measured and
provides the corresponding information regarding the presence of particulate in the sample. This
is a non-destructive test.
EISAI AMPOULE MACHINE SYSTEM
The Eisai ampoule machine (AIM) system is based on the light blockage principle. The
particle size dimensions are determined with the shadow created by the particle under light
source. Assessment of the shadow is the indication of the presence of particulate matter. This is
also a non-destructive test.
Schering PDS/A-V system
The Schering PDS/A-V System is based on light scattering by particle if present in the sample.
This is also a non-destructive test.
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
B) PARTICLE COUNT METHODS
Particle count methods are the USP specified microscopic methods, which require the
use of optical microscope and automatic microscope.
I) Optical Microscopic Method
The optical microscopic method requires magnification of 100 k.10x. One eyepiece must
be equipped with graticule. A graticule have a series of circles of different diameters, usually in
a “under root 2 progression”. The graticule is in circular diameter used to size the particulate.
The micrometer is graduated in 10 micro meter increments.
A circular diameter graticule
II) Automated Particle Counters
The automated particle counters are based on the light obscuration, light scattering
method and the electrical resistance methods. Coulter Counter counts the particles in a sample
based on the change in the electrical resistance. Particle size detection limit in this instrument is
from 0.1 to 1000 micrometer.
The powder sample requires pretreatment such as dispersion in an electrolyte to form a
very dilute suspension. The Suspension is usually subjected to ultrasonic agitation to avoid
particle agglomerates. A dispersant may also be added to aid particle deagglomeration.
Passage of particle causes the change in electrical resistance in between the electrodes which
is proportional to the volume of particle. The change in resistance is converted into voltage
pulse which is amplified and processed electronically and split into the particle size distribution
into many different size-range.
Glass Tube
Orifice
Principle of coulter counter
This is a destructive test and large errors in measuring flakes and fibers are expected.
This test is not recommended by FDA for parenterals.
Illustration for a coulter counter
High Accuracy (HIAC) Instrument
High Accuracy (HIAC) Instrument is based on light blockage principle. The test is highly
effective for counting the both solid and liquid suspended particles. The instrument is calibrated
easily and the test is recommended by USP. This is destructive test method and is expensive.
P Light source
Digital Value
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
Principle of light blockage
Met-One Climet Particle Counter
Met-One Climet Particle Counter is based on light scattering principle. The particles are
assessed and counted in the sample based on the principle of light scattering. The instrument
measures 6 particles sizes at a time and has the excellent ability for the detection of large
particle. The test is destructive.
Depending on the instrument used, the sample may be presented as the liquid as
suspension or air suspension. The light emitted by a helium-neon laser is incident on the
sample particle. Light-particle interaction results in scattering of light. The photo detector
converts the signals corresponding area/volume diameter of the particle.
Instrument based on light scatter principle
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS REPORTED OF PARTICULATE MATTER
The particles may localize in lungs, liver, spleen and myocardial tissues and may lead to
thrombosis, Particles may lead to myocardial infarction due to embolic fibers. Injection of
solution contaminated with particulate matter causes granulomas and emboli in lungs
Compendial requirements.
Due to having a potential for blockage of the capillaries, an injection must be free from
the visual evidence of particulate contamination. Thus, according to the Compendial
requirements, each final container of the injectable must be inspected individually and the
container must show evidence of contamination with visible foreign material.
The in-process quality control test includes the leak and clarity testing. The quality
control of finished product required the pyrogen and sterility testing.
Leakage test
Leakage test is employed to test the package integrity. Package integrity reflects its
ability to keep the product in and to keep potential contamination out”. It is because leakage
occurs when a discontinuity exists in the wall of a package that can allow the passage of gas
under pressure or concentration differential existing across the wall. Leakage differs from
permeation, which is the flow of matter through the barrier itself. Followings are the leak test
methods.
A) VISUAL INSPECTION
Visual inspection is the easiest leak test method to perform. But this method is least
sensitive. The method is used for the evaluation of large volume parenterals. To increase the
sensitivity of the method, the visual inspection of the sample container may be coupled with the
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
application of vacuum to make leakage more readily observable. This method is simple and
inexpensive. However, the method is insensitive, operator dependent, and qualitative.
Sometimes, the method is used in combination with pressure and /or temperature
cycling to accelerate leakage to improve sensitivity.
B) BUBBLE TEST
The test package is submerged in liquids. A differential pressure is applied on the
container. The container is observed for bubbles. Sometimes, surfactant added liquid is used for
immersion of test package. Any leakage is evident after the application of differential pressure
as the generation of foaming in immersion liquid. The method is simple and inexpensive. The
location of the leaks can be observed in this method. However, it is relatively insensitive and the
findings are operator dependent and are qualitative. The optimized conditions can be achieved
using a surfactant immersion fluid along with the dark background and High intensity lighting.
Generation of a differential positive pressure of 3 psi inside the vial and observation of any
leakage using magnifying glass within a maximum test time of 15 minutes.
C) DYE TESTS
The test container is immersed in a dye bath. Vacuum and pressure is applied for some
time. The container is removed from the dye bath and washed. The container is then inspected
for the presence of dye either visually or by means of UV spectroscopy. The dye used may be
of blue, green, yellowish-green color. The dye test can be optimized by use of a surfactant and
or a low viscosity fluid in the dye solution to increase the capillary migration through the pores.
The dye test is widely accepted in industry and is approved in drug use. The test is inexpensive
and is requires no special equipment required for visual dye detection. However, the test is
qualitative, destructive and slow. The test is used for ampoules and vials.
D) VACUUM IONIZATION TEST
Vacuum ionization test is useful for testing leakage in the vials or bottled sealed under
vacuum. This test is used for online testing of the lyophilized products. High voltage, high
frequency field is applied to vials which to cause residual gas, if present to glow.
Glow intensity is the function of headspace vacuum level. The blue glow is the indicative
of vacuum while the purple glow indicative of no vacuum. The sensitivity of the method is not
documented. This test is on-line, rapid and is non destructive test. However, the proteins
present in the test sample may be decomposed. This method is used for the lyophilized vials of
biopharmaceuticals.
CLARITY TESTING
Clarity testing is carried out to check the particulate matter in the sample.
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
Particulate matter
Matter of biological or non-biological origin and with observable length, width, and
thickness, e.g., bacteria, fungi, dust, dirt, fibers, plastic, rubber, lint etc. It may be any matter,
mixed accidentally during manufacturing in the parenteral product which does not belong to the
product. Particulate mater may be tiny pieces of lint, glass, dust, rubber, metal fibers, hair,
microbes or unidentified and can make the product impure, unclean or unfit for use.
Sources of particulate matter
Particulate contamination particularly of cellulose fibers, dust, cotton fibers, hair, dandruff
and loose skin from human origin as well as microbial contamination may arise from the
following main sources.
1. Material arising from the drug: undissolved substances and trace contaminants etc.
2. Material arising from vehicle or added substances: These may include those material not
filtered out during a clarification process before to filling the final container.
3. Materials present in the final container: Material already present in container and which
were not removed by rinsing prior to filling
4. Materials falling by chance into the final container during the filling process
5. The container or closures which may be deposited in the produce during sterilization,
e.g. carbon black, whiting, zinc oxide and clay
6. Packaging components: Including glass, plastic, rubber, I/V administration sets, etc.
7. Environmental contaminants: Including air, work tops, insects’ parts
8. Processing equipments: Including glass, stainless steel, rubber, or filter fiber, etc.
9. Personnel: Including skin, hair, and clothing etc.
Particle size
Particles present in injectable are non-reactive, apyrogenic, sterilized. However, by
virtue of their size may biologically hazardous. The particulate matter may be capable of
blocking the blood vessels with severe results on induction into body with injection.
A person with 20/20 vision under inspection conditions is able to detect particles of size
range 40 – 50 μm. However, it is universally accepted that the particles size of 50 μm is
detected visually by an unaided eye.
Particle size greater than 7 μm diameter is considered to be more threatening.
Pulmonary capillary are approximately 7 μm in diameter, thus particle of this much size
entrapped in vascular bed resulting in multiple pulmonary infarction.
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
SEALING OF STERILE PREPARATIONS
E) Sealing
The container should be sealed in the aseptic area immediately adjacent to the filling
machine. In addition to retaining the content of the sterile product, sealing of containers assures
sterility of its contents. Temper-proof sealing is essential so as the sterility can be ensured until
usage. Different approaches have been used for sealing of ampoules and the bottles.
Sealing of ampoules
The ampoules can be sealed either by tip or bead seal or pull seal. Both of the methods
require heating with high-temperature oxygen flame. During sealing, the heating must be even
and carefully controlled to avoid distortion of the seal. It is sometimes necessary to displace the
air in the space within the ampoule above the product to prevent decomposition. This may be
done by introducing a stream of inert gas, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide, during or after
filling with the product. Immediately thereafter, the ampoule is sealed before the gas can diffuse
out. The tip seals are made by melting sufficient glass at the tip of the ampoules neck to form a
bead of glass and close the opening. Thus, tip seal is also known as bead seals since a bead is
formed during melting of the neck. Excessive heat of air and gases in the neck cause expansion
against the soft glass with the formation of fragile bubbles at the point of seal. Open capillaries
at the point of seal or cracks result in leakers. Fracture of the neck of ampoule often occurs
during sealing if wetting had occurred at the time of filling, Also wet glass at the neck increases
the frequency of bubble formation and contaminating deposits of carbon or oxides as a result of
the effect of the heat of sealing on the droplet of the product. Pull seals are made by heating the
neck of the rotating ampoule below the tip, then pulling the tip away to form a small, twisted
capillary just prior to being melted closed. Pull sealing is a slower process, but the seals are
more reliable than those from the tip sealing. Powder ampoules or other types having a wide
opening must be sealed by pull-sealing.
With some sensitive products, it may be necessary to seal the ampoules with pull-seals
to prevent combustion produces of the flame from entering the ampoule at the time of sealing,
as might occur with tip-sealing.
Sealing of bottles, cartridges and vials
The closure is to be slide from a rotating or vibrating drum to the bottom of a chute,
where it is positioned over a container ready for insertion by a plunger or some other pressure
device which is followed by stoperring. To facilitate sliding of rubber closures, their surface is
halogenated or coated with silicon which reduces the friction during slipping into the container’s
mouth.
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
Aluminum caps are used to hold rubber closures in place. Single caps may have a
permanent center hole or a center that is torn away at the time of use to expose the rubber
closure. When applied, the bottom edge of the aluminium cap is bent (crimped) around and
under the lip of the glass container. It cannot be removed without destroying the cap but
perforation permit tearing away the portions of the cap to be discarded. Crimping can be
achieved using the heavy duty crimping machines.
FILLING OF POWDERS
Sterile solids are more difficult to subdivide accurately and precisely into individual dose
containers than are liquids. The rate of flow of the solid materials tends to be slow and irregular,
particularly if the powder is finally divided. Small granular particles flow most evenly. Uniform
particle size and good flow properties of solids are necessary for uniform and effective filling by
machines. For powder showing poor flow, the containers with a relatively large opening must be
used, even so, the filling rate is slow and the risk of the spillage is ever present. For these
reasons, the tolerances permitted for the contents of such containers must be relatively large.
Relatively freely flowing solids are filled using filling machines. One type of machine for delivery
of measured quantities of solid material employs an augar in the stem of the funnel-shaped
hopper. The size and rotation of the augar can be adjusted to deliver a regulated volume of
granular material from the funnel stem into the container.
In another filling machine, a adjustable cavity in the rim of the filling wheel is filled by
vacuum as the wheel passes under the hopper. The contents are held by vacuum until the
cavity is inserted over the container when a jet of sterile air discharges the solids. This machine
also dispenses dry solid that flow less freely.
D) FILLING PROCEDURE
The filling process has been categorized as the filling of low density and viscosity liquids,
filling of viscous liquids and filling of solids. Filling equipment has a reservoir to hold bulk
product. The reservoir is connected to delivery tube to dispense product into container. A mean
is provided for repetitively forcing a measured volume/amount through the orifice of a delivery
tube. The accuracy and the precision of the machine filling of sterile liquids vary with the
method. Therefore, a method is selected to provide the degree of accuracy and precision
required by the nature of the product. The slightest excess is required in each container to
provide for the loss that occurs at the time of the withdrawal of dose at the time of administration
due to adherence of container content to the wall of container and retention in the syringe.
Filling machines should be designed so that the part through which the liquid flows can be easily
demounted for cleaning and for sterilization. These parts also should be constructed of non-
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
reactive materials, such as borosilicate glass or stainless steel. Syringes are usually made of
stainless steel, when the pressure required for delivery of the viscous liquid or large volumes
would be useful for glass syringes.
Filling of low viscosity small volume liquid preparations
A liquid may be subdivided from a bulk container to individual dose containers more
easily and uniformly than a solid. Mechanical subdivision of a mobile, low density liquid can be
achieved with light-duty machinery. Certain fundamental features are found on all filling
equipments for liquid preparations. The filling equipment has a reservoir to hold the bulk of the
liquid preparation to be filled into containers. A means is provided for repetitively forcing a
precisely measured volume of the liquid through the orifice of a delivery tube designed to enter
the constricted opening of a container. The size of the delivery tube is governed by the opening
in the container to be used, viscosity and density of the liquid and the speed of the delivery
desired. The tube must enter freely into the neck of the container and deliver the liquid deep
enough to permit air to escape without sweeping the entering liquid into the neck or out of the
container. To reduce the resistance to the follow of the liquid, the tube should have the
maximum possible diameter. Excessive force of delivery causes splashing of the liquid and
troublesome foaming, if the liquid has a low surface tension. The delivery of relatively small
volumes of liquids is usually obtained with pressure obtained from the strokes of the plunger of
a syringe. The stroke of the syringe forces the liquid through a two-way valve that provides for
an alternate filling of the syringe from a reservoir and delivery to a container. A drop of liquid
normally hangs at the tip of the tube after a delivery. When the container to be filed is an
ampoule, withdrawal of the tube without wetting the long restricted neck is almost impossible,
unless the hanging drop of the liquid is retracted. Thus, a retracting device is designated as a
part of the most filling machines.
Filling of low viscosity large volume liquid preparations
Sterile solutions of relatively low potency dispensed in large volumes (up to 1 liter) do
not normally require the precision of filling that is required for small volumes of potent
injectables. Therefore, the liquid is filled into the bottles by gravity, pressure or vacuum filling
devices. Generally, gravity filling is relatively slow, but is accomplished with simpler means. A
liquid reservoir is positioned above the filling line, with a hose connection from the reservoir to a
shut-off device at the filling line. The shut-off device is usually hand operated, and the bottles
are filled to graduations on the bottles.
The pressure pump filler often is operated semi-automatically and differs from the gravity
fillers, principally in that the liquid is under pressure. It is usually equipped with the overflow tube
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
connected to a receiver to prevent excess flow of the container. Vacuum filling is commonly
used in faster filling lines for large liquid volumes because it is more acceptable for automation.
A vacuum is produced in a bottle when a nozzle gasket makes a seal against the tip of the
bottle to be filled. The vacuum draws the liquid from a reservoir through the delivery tube into
the bottle. When the liquid level reaches to a level of an adjustable overflow tube, the seal is
mechanically loosened and the vacuum is released. Any liquid that had been drawn into the
vacuum line is collected in a trap receiver and then returned to the reservoir.
Filling of high viscosity liquid preparations
The viscous, sticky or high density liquids require much more heavy machines to
withstand the pressure required to dispense them in individual containers. Thus, compared to
the plunger-syringe assembly for filling of low viscosity liquid, for heavy, viscous liquids, a sliding
piston valve provides more positive action. Emulsion, suspensions and semisolid preparations
often require specially designed filling equipments because of their high viscosity. To obtain a
reasonable flow rate of the emulsion and suspension, high pressure must be applied or
container with large openings must be used to permit the entry of large delivery tubes.
Sometimes the jacketed tanks can be used to raise the temperature of the product to facilitate
filling by lowering its viscosity. It is normally necessary to keep suspensions and sometimes
emulsion, constantly agitated in the reservoir during filling so that the product remains
homogeneous and each subdivided unit contains the required amount of drug.
C) FORMULATION OF STERILE PRODUCT
The product formulation is sometimes, just compounding of the ingredients. In other
situations, the parenteral products are formulated as emulsions, suspensions, cream and
ointments. All the process are undertaken in strict aseptic conditions.
Compounding of ingredients
The ingredients should be compounded under clean environmental conditions. A sterile
condition is usually not required since it may not be possible or feasible to sterilize some of the
ingredients or equipment, e.g., large tanks. Whenever possible, however, the equipments and
the ingredients should be sterile to reduce the microbial load.
The compounding process should meet the rigid standards accepted in pharmaceutical
procedures, regardless of the batch size, recognizing that small multiple errors may be additive.
In large batches particular attention must be given to achieving and maintaining homogeneity of
solution, suspensions and mixtures, maintaining a given temperature and accelerating cooling.
The order of mixing ingredients may become highly significant, for example, owing to the
physical problem of disturbing a pH adjusting ingredient throughout a large tank of liquid.
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
Compounding problems for large batches of product often are different from those of the small
batches.
B) Sterilization methods
Six sterilization methods are available and are selected based on the item, material of
product to be sterilized. These include; 1) sterilization by steam, 2) sterilization by dry heat, 3)
sterilization by ethylene oxide, 4) sterilization by filtration, 5) Lyophilization, and 6) sterilization
by -radiations. A detail description of the methods has already been given in previous classes.
CLEANING RUBBERY PLASTIC COMPONENTS
The rubber closures are usually washed by mechanical agitation in a tank of hot
detergent solution (such as 0.5% sodium pyrophosphate) followed by a series of through water
rinses, the final rinse being WFI. The objective is to remove the surface debris accumulated
from the molding operation and from handling and leachable constituents at or near the surface.
Part of the debris is attached and held on the surface by electrostatic forces. Similarly, plastic
materials accumulate surface debris.
The multiple objectives for washing closures and other parts include loosening debris,
minimizing abrasion and sweeping away the loosened debris.
CLEANING OF CONTAINERS, GLASSWARE AND METAL WARES
Like instruments, the unused containers are contaminated with dust, fibers, and
chemical films. These are removed by vigorous treatment with hot detergents. The containers
are inverted on spindles in the front of the cleaning machine and are automatically conveyed in
an inverted position. During rotation of the cleaning machine, they are carried through a series
of rigorous, high pressure treatment including hot detergent, hot tap water and final rinses with
distilled water. Because many containers have restricted openings, it is essential that the
treatments in any washer be introduced though tubes into each container with smooth outflow.
For ampoules or containers with a markedly constricted opening that makes water drainage
incomplete, the final treatment is usually a blast of clean air to blow out remaining water.
After cleaning, it is essential that the clean containers be protected from dust and other
particulates that might be present in the environment. Therefore, the clean containers are often
removed from the rinser and placed in clean stainless steel boxes for sterilization under the
protection of HEPA filtered airflow. Glassware and metal ware (small) may also be
contaminated from previous use and can also be mechanically like containers in their converted
position during automatically conveying through a series of rigorous, high pressure treatment
including hot detergent, hot tap water and final rinses with distilled water. In cleaning new
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glassware, the detergent treatment is usually eliminated, and with it the risk of the detergent
residue.
With rinsing alternatively by hot (preferably clean steam) and cold treatments should be
used to lessen the debris. Final rinses should be done with filtered WFI.
A) CLEANING OF EQUIPMENTS, CONTAINERS AND GLASSWARE (1)
Cleaning of Equipments
The equipments to be used in the processing of the sterile products must be thoroughly
cleaned. The new and unused equipments are contaminated principally with dust, fibers, and
chemical films which usually are relatively easy to remove often by rinsing only.
Debris that is more dangerous and more difficult to remove may be present as residue
from the previous use. These are removed by vigorous treatment with hot detergents.
Whenever possible, large equipments should be disassembled so that each part can be
thoroughly scrubbed and clean with particular attention given to screw threads, joints and other
dirt collecting structures. After cleaning, the equipments should be rinsed several times with final
rinse with water for injection (WFI). Just prior to re-use, large cleaned tanks and similar
equipments should be rinsed thoroughly with WFI. Reserving of the equipment for use with only
one type of the product reduces the cleaning problems.
A new method for large tanks, pipe lines and associated equipments that can be isolated
and contained within a process unit has been developed and identified as clean in place (CIP)
system. Under this system, cleaning of the dedicated instruments for specific products is
accomplished primarily with high pressure rinsing treatments, delivered automatically within the
equipment. This is usually followed by steam sanitization through the same system.
STERILE PRODUCTION PROCESS
The general production process started from the accumulation of raw materials,
ingredients and packaging components and then combining of the ingredients of the formula
into a product. The prepared product is enclosed in the individual containers for distribution.
Sterilization during production and/or after production is also employed.
During production, in-process quality control and the finished product quality control is
also performed. The required equipments are cleaned prior to the start of the sterile production
process.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
To enhance the assurance of the successful manufacturing operations, all process steps
must be carefully written. The written process steps are often called standard operating
procedures (SOP). No extemporaneous changes are permitted in the SOP. Any change in SOP
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must go through the same approval steps as the original written SOP. According to the FDA
guidelines on the good manufacturing practices, extensive records must be kept to assure, at
the end of the production process in that all steps have been performed as prescribed.
Such in-process control is essential to assure the quality of the product. Since this
assurance is even more significant than those from product release testing. Production of
quality product is a result of continuous, dedicated efforts of the quality assurance, production
and quality control personnel within the plan in developing, performing and confirming effective
SOP.
The process equipments and the components of the containers, cleaned thoroughly
according to the required specifications are assembled in a clean environment. The assembled
components are preferably sterilized and depyrogenated prior to use. All equipments and the
supplies, introduced into the aseptic filling areas should be sterilized.
The outer surfaces of the boxes, packages, or equipments should be wiped with a
disinfectant solution as they are transferred to clean room. All the supplies must be introduced
into the aseptic filling room in such a manner that the aseptic state of these room is maintained,
thereby, preventing the introduction of environmental contamination into the product while it is
being subdivided into individual containers. After sealing of containers, contamination cannot
enter into the container and the product. Thus the product is sealed in its final container within
the aseptic room from where it is transported to packaging area. This area is maintained clean
but need not meet the standard imposed for the aseptic room or for the sterile compounding
room. Packaged products are placed in quarantine storage until all tests have been completed
and in-process control records have been evaluated.
PERSONNEL FOR STERILE PREPARATIONS
F) Personnel
The most ideally planned processes can be rendered ineffective by personnel who do
not have the right attitudes or training. The personnel who produce sterile products usually are
non-professional person, supervised by those with professional training. To be effective
operators, they must inherently neat, orderly, reliable and alert and have good manual dexterity.
They should be appreciative of the vital role that every movement lies in determining the quality
of final product, it its freedom from contaminants.
All employees should be in good health and should be subjected to periodic physical
examinations. They should understand their responsibility to report the developing symptoms of
cold, sore throat or other infectious diseases, so that they can be assigned to a less critical area
until they have fully recovered.
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Sahu Raghu College of Pharmacy
The attire won by personnel in the aseptic areas usually consists of sterile coveralls,
hoods, face masks and show covers. Sterile rubber gloves also may be required. Personnel
entering the aseptic areas should be required to follow a definite preparatory procedure. This
should include removing at least outside street clothing, washing the hands and arms
thoroughly with a disinfectant soap, and donning the prescribed uniform.
A full body water and soap shower would be essential n most biologic products
processing plants – usually, both when entering and leaving the area to control contaminations
in both directions, between personnel and the product. Since people are continually shedding
viable and non-viable particulate matter from body surfaces, uniform are worn to help to control
this emission. The uniform should, preferably be of coverall type and made of synthetic fibers
such as Dacron. Dacron cloth is made of a continuous fiber, which makes it essentially lint-free
and in air conditioned room, is acceptably comfortable.
ANOTHER SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION FOR CLEAN ARE
ANOTHER SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION FOR CLEAN AREA
Class Number of Particle Diameter (um)
0.1 0.3 0.5 5
1 35 3 1
10 350 35 10
100
300 100
1000
1000 7
10,000
10,000 70
100,000
100,000 700
Federal Standard 209 (FED STD 209) For Clean Area
1. Class 100,000: Particle count not to exceed a total of 100,000 particles per cubic foot of
a size 0.5μ (micron) and larger or 700 particles per cubic foot of a size 5.0μ (micron) and
larger.
2. Class 10.000: Particle count not to exceed a total of 10,000 particles per cubic foot of a
size 0.5μ (micron) and larger or 65 particles per cubic foot of a size 5.0μ (micron) and
larger.
3. Class 1,000: Particle count not to exceed a total of 1000 particles per cubic foot of a size
0.5μ (micron) and larger or 10 particles per cubic foot of a size 5.0μ (micron) and larger.
4. Class 100: Particle count not to exceed a total of 100 particles per cubic foot of a size
0.5μ (micron) and larger.
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(The Clean Room class is generally achieved in the "at rest" state when there are no people in
the room)
British Standard 5295 For Sterile Area
British Standard 5295
Class 1: The particle counts shall not exceed a total of 3000 particles/m3 of a size of
0.5μ (micron) or greater. The greatest particle present in any sample shall not exceed 5μ
(micron).
Class 2: The particle count shall not exceed a total of 300,000 particles/ m3 of a size
0.5μ (micron) or greater: 2000 particles/m3 of a size 5μ (micron) or greater: 30 particles of a
size 10μ (micron) or greater.
Class 3: The particle count shall not exceed 1,000,000 particles of a size of 1 micron or
greater: 20,000 particles/m3 of a size 5μ (micron) or greater: 4000 particles/m3 of a size 10μ
(micron) or greater; 300 particles/m3 of a size 25μ (micron) or greater.
Class 4: The particle count shall not exceed a total of 200,000 particles/m3 of a size 5μ
(micron) or greater: 40,000 particles/m3 of a size 10μ (micron) or greater: 4000 particles/m3 of a
size 25μ (micron) or greater. (3000 particles/m3 at 0.5um converts to about 85 particles/Ft3)
PRODUCTION FACILITIES FOR STERILE PRODUCTS (Continued...)
A) Environmental control
Effective environmental control, both physical and biologic is essential but the level
achievable is related to the characteristics of the facility. Further rigid standards from plant to
plant and from geographic location to another are not appropriate. Allowance also must be
made for variation in control associated with the seasonal conditions.
The standards of environmental control vary depending on the area involved (cleanup,
packaging, compounding or filling) and type of product being prepared. Unquestionably, the
entire area used for the preparation of a product prepared aseptically (without terminal
sterilization) must be maintained under the most rigid control that the existing technology
permits. If the product is to be terminally sterilized, somewhat less rigid biologic control of the
compounding and filling areas may be acceptable. However, rigid standard of cleanliness must
be maintained. High standards of cleanliness, excluding daily use of disinfecting procedures are
usually acceptable for the cleanup and packaging areas.
B) Traffic control
Carefully designed arrangement to control and minimize traffic, particularly ‘in’ and ‘out’
of the aseptic areas is essential. Access by personnel to the aseptic corridor and aseptic
compound and filling rooms will be only possible through an airlock. Pass-through openings and
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double ended sterilizers are provided to permit controlled passage of supplies from non-aseptic
to aseptic area.
Persons should be permitted to enter aseptic areas only after following rigidly prescribed
procedures for removing street clothing, washing their hands and putting on gowns, hats, shoes,
facemasks, gloves and other prescribed attire. Once they have entered the aseptic area, they
should not be permitted to move in and out of the area with out regowning.
Personnel assigned to cleaning and packaging should be restricted to these areas.
Unauthorized personnel should never be permitted to enter the aseptic area.
C) House keeping
All equipment and the surrounding work area must be cleaned thoroughly at the end of
the working day. No contaminating residues from the concluded process may remain.
The ceiling, walls, and other structural surfaces must be cleaned with a frequency which
is most appropriate. All cleaning equipments should be selected for its effectiveness and
freedom from lint-producing tendencies. It should be reserved for use in the aseptic areas only.
D) Surface disinfection
After through cleaning all surfaces should be disinfected, at least in the aseptic areas.
An effective liquid disinfectant should be sprayed or wiped on all surfaces. Irradiation from
ultraviolet lamps that are located provide adequate radiation intensity on the maximum extent of
surfaces in a room and that are maintained free from dust and films further reduces the viable
microorganisms present on the surface and in the air.
Ultraviolet rays may be particularly useful to irradiate the inside exposed surfaces of the
processing tanks, surfaces under hoods. The surface of the conveyor belts and the similar
confined surfaces those are otherwise, difficult to render aseptic. However they cannot reach
unexposed surfaces such as pipe connections to tanks, the undersides of conveyors and the
inside of containers.
The UV lamps must be kept clean and care must be taken to check for a decrease in
effective emission, a natural occurrence due to a change in the glass structure with aging.
E) Air control
In any area occupied by personnel, air must be exchanged at frequent intervals. Fresh
outside or recycled air must first be filtered to remove gross particulate matter. A spun glass,
cloth, or shredded polyethylene filter may be used for this preliminary cleaning operation.
At times, more than one pre-filter may be used in series, the first one is quite large and
the next somewhat smaller pore size to provide a gradation of particle size removal from heavily
contaminated air. To remove finer debris down to the submicron range, including
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microorganism, a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter is used. The HEPA filter has been
defined as at least 99.97% efficient in removing particles of 0.3um size and larger and
composed of glass fibers and filters or electrostatic precipitators may be employed. Air passing
though these units can be considered virtually free from foreign matter. Another air cleaning
system washes the air with a disinfectant and controls the humidity at the same time.
Blowers should be installed in the air ventilation system upstream to the filters, so that all
the dirt producing devices are ahead of the filter. The clean air is normally distributed to the
regulated areas by means of metal (preferably stainless steel) ducts. Since it is practically
impossible to keep these ducts as clean as required, it is normally preferred to install HEPA
filters at the where the clean air enters the controlled room. Alternatively, the ducts may be
replaced with a room (a plenum) usually above the production area, into which clean air is
blown and then distributed through opening into each of the process rooms. The entire plenum
can be kept clean and aseptic.
The clean and aseptic air is distributed in such a manner that it flows into the maximum
security room at the greatest volume flow rate, thereby producing a positive pressure in these
areas. This prevents unclean air from rushing into the aseptic area though cracks, temporarily
opened doors or other openings. The pressure is reduced successively so that the air follows
from the maximum security area to other less critical areas for return to the filtration system. At
the intake end of the system, fresh air usually about 2% is continually introduced for the comfort
and needs of the personnel. Further, the air is usually conditioned with respect to the
temperature and humidity for the comfort of the personnel and sometimes to meet the special
requirements of a product.
Horizontal laminar flow hood Vertical laminar flow hood
A relatively new air control system, based on laminar flow principle, has greatly improved
the potential for environmental control of aseptic areas. Currently, it is the only means available
for achieving a class 100 clean room. A class 100 clean room is defined as a room in which the
particle count in the air is not more than 100 per cubic feet of 0.5um and lager in size. The air
filtered through HEPA filter is blown evenly out of the entire back or top of the work bench or
entire side or from ceiling of a room. The air flow must be uniform in velocity and direction
throughout any given cross-section of the area, being exhausted from the opposite side. The air
velocity employed should be 100 k 20 ft/min.
Contamination is controlled because it is swept away with the airflow.
Although class 100 work environments are normally specified for the most critical aseptic
and or clean operations associated with the parenteral preparations, achieving such levels of
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cleanliness is expensive and requires effective maintenance and monitoring. It should be
recognized that not all operations associates with parenteral medication require such an
environment. To such an end other classes are defined. For example, a class 10,000 room is
one in which the particle count is not more than 10,000 per cubic feet of 0.5 um and large size.
Such a cleanliness level is usually considered suitable for buffer areas around class 100
worksites in which operations such as handling of pre-cleaned containers, process filtration and
aseptic gowning of personnel may be performed. Still less stringent requirements would be
applied to laboratories, stock staging areas, and finish packaging where a class 100,000 or
similar cleanliness levels would be considered suitable.
Different classes and standards of clean rooms:
The determination of how clean an area is, depends on the classification that it has been
designed with different standards. Four different classes are described according to British
Standard system 5295 and Federal Standard 209 (FED STD 209).