Qualities of Living ThingsQualities of Living Things

What does it mean to be What does it mean to be alive??alive??

BenchmarksBenchmarks

• Compare and classify organisms Compare and classify organisms into major groups on the basis of into major groups on the basis of their structure. (III.2.MS.1)their structure. (III.2.MS.1)

MisconceptionsMisconceptions

• http://www.nasalearn.org/teacher_suhttp://www.nasalearn.org/teacher_support_alerts_misconceps_lifesci.htmpport_alerts_misconceps_lifesci.htm

• http://homepage.mac.com/vtalsma/shttp://homepage.mac.com/vtalsma/syllabi/2943/handouts/misconcept.htyllabi/2943/handouts/misconcept.html#biologyml#biology

• Sing the Science StandardsSing the Science Standards– Living or Non-Living?Living or Non-Living?

Qualities of Living ThingsQualities of Living ThingsALL of the following must apply. Living things ALL of the following must apply. Living things

must...must...

• movemove..• grow and develop and diegrow and develop and die..

• adaptadapt to their environment. to their environment. • respondrespond to stimuli/ are sensitive. to stimuli/ are sensitive.

• excreteexcrete wastes. wastes.• respirerespire. (breathe). (breathe)

• reproducereproduce. . • are are made of cellsmade of cells. .

• obtain and use energyobtain and use energy. .

Alive???Alive??? HumanHuman CandleCandle

Move?Move? YesYes YesYes

Grow/Grow/develop/die?develop/die?

YesYes YesYes

Respond?Respond? YesYes YesYes

Adapt?Adapt? YesYes MaybeMaybe

Excrete Excrete wastes?wastes?

YesYes YesYes

Respire?Respire? YesYes YesYes

Reproduce?Reproduce? YesYes YesYes

Made of Made of Cells?Cells?

YesYes NoNo

Obtain/use Obtain/use energy? energy?

YesYes YesYes

So……So……Which is alive????Which is alive????

• Is the human alive???Is the human alive???

• Is the candle alive???Is the candle alive???

SymmetrySymmetryBilateral Bilateral SymmetrySymmetry

Radial Radial SymmetrySymmetry

AsymmetricalAsymmetrical

1 line of 1 line of symmetry symmetry dividing an dividing an organism into organism into 2 mirror 2 mirror image parts.image parts.

Many lines of Many lines of symmetry symmetry possible.possible.

No lines of No lines of symmetry.symmetry.

Example:Example:

humanhumanExample:Example:

Sea starSea starExample:Example:

amoebaamoeba

Onward…Onward…

Now that you know about Now that you know about

Qualities of Life, and Symmetry, let’s Qualities of Life, and Symmetry, let’s continue. continue.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationExampleExample ExampleExample

Cells Cells Nerve cellNerve cell Bone cellBone cell

Tissues Tissues Nerve tissueNerve tissue Connective Connective (bone) tissue(bone) tissue

Organs Organs BrainBrain bonesbones

Organ systems Organ systems Central Central nervous nervous systemsystem

Skeletal Skeletal systemsystem

OrganismOrganism humanhuman vertebratevertebrate

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• Create a chart and fill in the levels of Create a chart and fill in the levels of organization chart according to the organization chart according to the following information. following information.

Level 1 - CellsLevel 1 - Cells

• Are the basic units Are the basic units of structure and of structure and function in living function in living things. things.

• May serve a May serve a specific function specific function within the organismwithin the organism

• Blood cells, nerve Blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etccells, bone cells, etc

Level 2 - TissuesLevel 2 - Tissues

• Made up of cells that Made up of cells that are similar in are similar in structure and structure and function and which function and which work together to work together to perform a specific perform a specific activity. activity.

• Muscle, nerve, Muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial, connective, epithelial, are the 4 types of are the 4 types of tissue in humans.tissue in humans.

Level 3 - OrgansLevel 3 - Organs

• Made up of tissues Made up of tissues that work together that work together to perform a to perform a specific activity.specific activity.

• Brain, heart, skinBrain, heart, skin

Level 4 – Organ SystemsLevel 4 – Organ Systems

• Groups of 2+ organs Groups of 2+ organs that work together to that work together to perform a specific perform a specific function for the function for the organism. organism.

• Circulatory, nervous, Circulatory, nervous, skeletal, digestive, skeletal, digestive, endocrine, excretory, endocrine, excretory, immune, reproductive, immune, reproductive, respiratoryrespiratory

The Body Systems…The Body Systems…

• Circulatory-heart, blood, blood vessels, Circulatory-heart, blood, blood vessels, etc.etc.

• Respiratory-lungs, bronchi, etc.Respiratory-lungs, bronchi, etc.• Endocrine-glands, lymph nodes, etc.Endocrine-glands, lymph nodes, etc.• Nervous-nerves, spinal cord, brain, etc.Nervous-nerves, spinal cord, brain, etc.• Skeletal-bones, connective tissue, etcSkeletal-bones, connective tissue, etc• Digestive-esophagus, stomach, liver, etc.Digestive-esophagus, stomach, liver, etc.• Excretory-kidney, liver, skin, etc.Excretory-kidney, liver, skin, etc.• Immune-white blood cells, lymph, etc.Immune-white blood cells, lymph, etc.• Reporoductive- sexual organs, etc.Reporoductive- sexual organs, etc.

Level 5 - OrganismsLevel 5 - Organisms

• Entire living things Entire living things that can carry out all that can carry out all basic life processes.basic life processes.

• Usually made up of Usually made up of organ systems, but organ systems, but organisms can also be organisms can also be unicellular. (“uni” unicellular. (“uni” means one)means one)

• Bacteria, amoeba, Bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, sunflower, mushroom, sunflower, humanhuman

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• How will you remember these in How will you remember these in order? order?

Cells Cells Tissues Tissues Organs Organs Organ Organ systemssystemsOrganismOrganism

Onward…Onward…

• Before we go any further….Before we go any further….

Let’s clarify the difference between the Let’s clarify the difference between the terms terms

Heterotrophic Heterotrophic

andand

AutotrophicAutotrophic

HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

• Organism that can Organism that can NOT manufacture NOT manufacture their own food. their own food.

• Get their energy Get their energy from eating other from eating other organisms. organisms.

• Example: Animals Example: Animals of all kinds.of all kinds.

AutotrophicAutotrophic

• Organism that CAN Organism that CAN manufacture it’s manufacture it’s own food. own food.

• Create their food Create their food from sunlight, or from sunlight, or chemical means.chemical means.

• Example: Plants of Example: Plants of all kinds. all kinds.

Kingdoms…Kingdoms…

• Now that you know the difference Now that you know the difference between Autotrophic and between Autotrophic and Heterotrophic, we can begin to discuss Heterotrophic, we can begin to discuss the 5 kingdoms that all life is divided the 5 kingdoms that all life is divided into. into.

• Did you know that every living Did you know that every living organism can be classified into one of organism can be classified into one of the 5 kingdoms. the 5 kingdoms.

The 5 Kingdoms of LifeThe 5 Kingdoms of Life

• Monera Monera

• ProtistaProtista

• FungiFungi

• PlantaePlantae

• AnimaliaAnimalia

Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera(bacteria)(bacteria)• UnicellularUnicellular

• No nucleusNo nucleus

• Heterotrophic or Heterotrophic or autotrophicautotrophic

• Most primitiveMost primitive

• Most numerousMost numerous

• Example: bacteriaExample: bacteria

3 shapes of bacteria3 shapes of bacteria

SpirilliSpirilli BacillBacillusus

CocciCocci

Spiral Spiral shapeshapedd

Rod Rod shapeshapedd

SpherSphere e shapeshapedd

Kingdom Protista (protists)Kingdom Protista (protists)

• UnicellularUnicellular

• With nucleusWith nucleus

• Autotrophic or Autotrophic or heterotrophic heterotrophic

• Examples: Examples:

• Amoeba/ diatomAmoeba/ diatom

3 ways Protists Move3 ways Protists Move

CiliaCilia FlagelluFlagellumm

Pseudo-Pseudo-podiapodia

Small Small hairlikhairlike oarse oars

Long Long whiplike whiplike

Streaming Streaming protoplasm protoplasm

(False foot)(False foot)

ParamParameciumecium

EuglenaEuglena AmoebaAmoeba

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

• Unicellular or Unicellular or MulticellularMulticellular

• Have nucleiHave nuclei• Heterotrophic Heterotrophic

(can’t make it’s (can’t make it’s own food)own food)

• Cell wall contains Cell wall contains chitin.chitin.

• Examples: Examples: mushroom, yeastmushroom, yeast

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

• MulticellularMulticellular

• Have nucleiHave nuclei

• Autotrophic (makes Autotrophic (makes it’s own food)it’s own food)

• Cell wall contains Cell wall contains cellulose.cellulose.

• Examples: grass, Examples: grass, corn, treecorn, tree

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

• MulticellularMulticellular

• Have nucleiHave nuclei

• Heterotrophic Heterotrophic (can’t make it’s (can’t make it’s own food)own food)

• Examples: spider, Examples: spider, bird, humanbird, human

Remember those Remember those Kingdoms…Kingdoms…

Now create a mnemonic to Now create a mnemonic to remember the Kingdoms of life, remember the Kingdoms of life,

and and

Draw a picture to make it easier for Draw a picture to make it easier for you to remember these kingdoms. you to remember these kingdoms.

Oh yes!Oh yes!

Another list to remember…Another list to remember…

Are you Are you ready????ready????

Classification of LifeClassification of Life

• Every organism can be considered part of Every organism can be considered part of 1 of the 5 kingdoms, but the kingdom is 1 of the 5 kingdoms, but the kingdom is only the broadest of the classification only the broadest of the classification categories. categories.

• Every organism also has a much longer Every organism also has a much longer classification name. classification name.

• This classification name gives clues as to This classification name gives clues as to how organisms are related to each other. how organisms are related to each other.

Classification of LifeClassification of Life

• Kingdom Kingdom

• PhylumPhylum

• ClassClass

• OrderOrder

• Family Family

• Genus Genus

• SpeciesSpecies

***Make a mnemonic to

remember levels of classification in

order. Then draw a picture of your mnemonic

so that you will remember it.

Compare a lion to a Compare a lion to a human…human…

LionLion HumanHuman

KingdomKingdom AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia

PhylumPhylum ChrodataChrodata ChordataChordata

ClassClass MammaliaMammalia MammaliaMammalia

OrderOrder CarnivoraCarnivora PrimatePrimate

FamilyFamily FelidaeFelidae HomoHomo

GenusGenus PantheraPanthera SapiensSapiens

SpeciesSpecies leoleo sapienssapiens

Classification of LifeClassification of Life

• Do you see how they share the same Do you see how they share the same Kingdom, Phylum and Class, but Kingdom, Phylum and Class, but begin to differ at the Order level? begin to differ at the Order level?

• This shows that we are more closely This shows that we are more closely related to lions than Pine Trees, related to lions than Pine Trees, because they would be an entirely because they would be an entirely different kingdom. different kingdom.

5 Kingdoms of Life5 Kingdoms of LifeAnimaliaAnimalia PlantaePlantae FungiFungi MoneraMonera ProtisProtis

tt

KingdoKingdomm

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

OrderOrder

FamilyFamily

GenusGenus

SpeciesSpeciesCla

ssifi

cati

on

of

Org

anis

ms

How this fits together…How this fits together…

Classification of LifeClassification of Life

•Any organism from any Kingdom can be classified in a similar manner.

•Relationship to other organisms is based on how similar/different they are according to their structure.

Classification Genus & Classification Genus & SpeciesSpecies• When we refer to an animal, many times When we refer to an animal, many times

they are referred to only by their genus they are referred to only by their genus and species names. and species names.

• The genus name is ALWAYS capitalized. The genus name is ALWAYS capitalized.

• The species name is NEVER capitalized. The species name is NEVER capitalized.