Q.O.T.D.

Q: What does coffee do to your body?

Go ask Alice – Columbia University

Chemistry of the cell

Biology 11

Chapter 2

Please read pages: 32-42

Life is organic!

Organic compounds are Carbon (C) based compounds.

Living things (including cells) are composed of the following types of organic compounds: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Periodic Table

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Carbon

Carbohydrates

Sugars and starches Used for energy (example = glucose) and

structural parts of cells (example = cellulose)

Contain the following elements: C, H & O

Always have a 2:1 ratio of H:O

Monosaccharides

Building blocks = monosaccharides

examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

Monosaccharides are also known as single sugars.

Molecular formula = C6H12O6

Monosaccharides continued…

Structural formula for glucose:

Note: the “ring” thing

Disaccharides

Disaccharides are double sugars. Molecular formula = C12H22O11

Examples:Maltose = glucose + glucoseLactose = glucose + galactoseSucrose = glucose + fructose

Notice the “ose” trend???

How do you build a disaccharide?

Dehydration synthesis:

Dehydration synthesis

Is the building of a larger, more complex compound by the removal of a water molecule from two smaller, less complex compounds. (an anabolic process)

A + B AB + H2O

Hydrolysis

The reverse process of dehydration synthesis.

The breaking down of a larger more complex compound into two smaller less complex compounds by the addition of a water molecule. (a catabolic process)

AB + H2O A + B

Biochemistry Video

Frozen Frogs

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates

Examples = cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin

Exoskeletons are made of chitin!

Lipids

Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids

Contain elements C, H & O Do not dissolve in water!

Uses of Lipids:

Long term energy storageFYI - 1g of lipid contains 2.25X as much

energy as 1g of carbohydrate! Cushioning of internal organs Hormones (estrogens, testosterone) Cell membrane (phospholipids)

Lipids

Building blocks = glycerol + fatty acids

Glycerol Fatty acid

Let’s build a triglyceride!

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Q: What is ear wax and why is it produced in the human body?

A: Ear wax a.k.a. cerumen It is produced by two different types of glands in the ear It is composed of:

Skin cells and keratin Fatty acids Alcohol Cholesterol

Functions include: Natural cleanser Protects the ear Anti-bacterial / anti-fungal properties

Contains lysozyme and has a low pH

Discussion Questions

Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

Give some examples of complex carbohydrates. How could a cell get usable energy from starch

or glycogen? Explain how and where lipids are formed. What is the difference between a saturated and

unsaturated fat?

Nitrogen

ProteiNs

Contain elements C, H, O & N (nitrogen!)

Examples: feathers, wool, silk, hormones (example = insulin), hemoglobin, enzymes, membrane proteins, pigments…

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins = Amino Acids General formula:

R = variable, differs for each of the 20 AA’s

Language of proteins

Dipeptides – two amino acids bonded together

Polypeptides – long chains of amino acids bonded together

Peptide bonds – covalent bonds formed between amino acids (by dehydration synthesis!)

Cystic Fibrosis

Cracking the Code of Life

Summary questions

How would you be able to identify a carbohydrate, from a lipid, from a protein?

Compare and contrast:carbohydrate & lipid lipid & proteincarbohydrate & protein

Probe tomorrow… are you ready?!

#1 What are the building blocks of carbohydrates, give an example.

#2 How / where are polypeptides built? #3 List two functions of lipids. #4 What are the components of a

triglyceride?

Q: Why is horseshoe crab blood blue? A: They do not have hemoglobin, they have

hemocyanin.

•Benefits of blue blood – NGM

•Blood clots in the presence of endotoxins (which are produced by harmful bacteria)

•Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL)•1 quart of horseshoe crab blood is worth ~$15 000!

Interesting facts about the…

Horeshoe crab!http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2

008/01/080131-oldest-crab.html

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/?p=6442

Too cute!!!

Horeshoe crab!http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/

2008/01/080131-oldest-crab.html

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/?p=6442

Too cute!!!

Cell Chemistry Essay

Step One – Do you know the vocabulary? Use your glossary / chapters 1 & 2

Step Two – Organize the terms Protein words, lipid words, and carb. words

Step Three – Write paragraphs Don’t just define words…

Step Four – Introduction and conclusion Welcome and wrap up…

Mrs. Cobb’s M&M guilt - rationalized??

Ingredients:Sucrose (sugar)Lactose (milk sugar)Glucose (corn syrup)Cocoa butterCarnauba waxPeanuts

Protein Peanut oil