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QoS QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS NetworksIssues in GPRS/UMTS Networks
Shiao-Li Charles Tsao (曹孝櫟)
Computer & Communications Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
(工研院電通所)[email protected]
TEL:886-3-591-4651 FAX:886-3-5820310
2
OutlineOutline
• Why QoS ?• End-to-End QoS Architecture• QoS in GPRS Networks• QoS in UMTS Networks• QoS in 3G All IP• End-to-End QoS in Heterogeneous Wireless Network• Conclusions
3
Why Why QoS QoS ??
• What is QoS ?– Quality of Service is a mechanism that provides a level of
assurance that ensures that a service or application can be delivered to the end-user in a satisfactory time frame (QoSforum)
– Depending on different users and different APs– does not create additional bandwidth– manages the existing bandwidth in more efficient way– allows for predictable delays, delay variation (jitter) and
packet loss rates
4
WhyWhy QoSQoS ? (Cont.)? (Cont.)
• Why we need QoS ? – Consistent and predictable to real-time and non-real-time
service above a minimum level– Unique problems for wireless communication
• bandwidth-limiting (engineering approaches to solve QoSproblem over fixed network fail)
• error-prone (retransmission is what we always do over fixed network, but it costs too much over wireless network)
• time-variant
5
WhyWhy QoSQoS ? (Cont.)? (Cont.)
• Do we need application QoS or end-to-end QoS ?– YES. That is why we need QoS
• QoS architecture– ATM QoS– IP QoS architecture
• MPLS, IntServ, DiffServ– QoS for optical networks
6
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS ArchitectureArchitecture
TE MT UTRAN CN IuEDGENODE
CNGateway
TE
UMTS
End-to-End Service
TE/MT LocalBearer Service
UMTS Bearer Service External BearerService
UMTS Bearer Service
Radio Access Bearer Service CN BearerService
BackboneBearer Service
Iu BearerService
Radio BearerService
UTRAFDD/TDD
Service
PhysicalBearer Service
7
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS Architecture Architecture (Cont.)(Cont.)
• End-to-End bears : architecture migrationDiffServ, or
IntServIP IP IP
GGSN
DiffServDiffServ
MS
Radio Bearer ATM PVC ATM PVC
IP IP IPGTP GTP GTP GTP
IP
L1/L2
HostRouters Routers …RNC SGSN
8
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS Architecture Architecture (Cont.)(Cont.)
• End-to-End bears : architecture migrationDiffServ, or
IntServIP IP IP
Routers Routers
IPv6
GGSN
DiffServMPLS
MS
Radio Bearer
IPGTP GTP GTP GTP
IP
L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2
Host…RNC SGSN
9
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS Architecture Architecture (Cont.)(Cont.)
• End-to-End bears : architecture migration
IP IP IP
GTP GTPIP
Radio Bearer L1/L2 L1/L2
HostMS Routers Routers …RNC IGSN
10
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS Architecture Architecture (Cont.)(Cont.)
• End-to-End bears : architecture migration (All-IP)
MS
IP
Radio Bearer
RNC Routers Routers … Host
IP
L1/L2
IPv6
Support for QoS in optical domain
11
QoSQoS in GPRS Networksin GPRS Networks
• General ideas - Initiate
HLR
1 : Subscribe time2 : Attach
3 : PDP Context Activation
4 : Send packet3‘ : IP QoS session mapping & establishment
4‘ : Send packet through real-time MAC/RLC based on QoS profile and radio priority
SGSNMS GGSNBSS
Not defined in the GPRS specs.
Not defined in the GPRS specs.
12
QoSQoS in GPRS Networksin GPRS Networks
• General ideas – Modify and Roaming
2 : PDP Context Modification
BSS
1 : Send packet
2‘ : IP QoS session re-mapping & establishment
1‘ : Re-mapping QoS profile and radio priority to real-time MAC/RLCBSS
BSS SGSN
SGSN GGSNMS
Not defined in the GPRS specs.
Not defined in the GPRS specs.
13
QoSQoS in GPRS Networksin GPRS Networks
• QoS profile configuration
PDP Context #3
PDP Context #2
PDP Context #1
Subscriber #1
•PDP Context ID•APN•PDP Address•QoS Profile•…
MS HLRSGSN GGSN
•Precedence class : high, normal, low•Delay class : 1-3 (predictive), 4 (best effort)•Reliability class : 1 (highest) – 5 (lowest)•Peak throughput class : 1 (lowest, 8kbps) – 9 (highest, 2048 kbps) •Mean throughput class : 1 (lowest, 0.22kbps) – 18 (highest, 111kbps), 31 (best effort)
14
QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)
• Protocol stack
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
IP/X.25
Application
Host
L2L1
15
QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)
SGSN GGSN HLR
PDP Context #3
PDP Context #2
PDP Context #1
Subscriber #1
•PDP Context ID•APN•PDP Address•QoS Profile•…
• Subscriber attaches to network
MS
1 Attach Req.
2 Insert Sub. Data
3 Insert Sub. Data Ack.
4 Attach Acpt.
16
QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)
• Admission control and QoS session establishment
SGSNMS BSS GGSN Host
2 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)
GGSN may further restrict the QoS given its
capabilities and load
3 Activate PDP Context Rsp. (QoS Neg.)
4 Activate PDP Context Acpt. (QoS Neg., Radio Priority) through neg. LLC SAP
MS either accepts the QoS or deactivates the PDP
context
1 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Req.) through req. LLC SAP
SGSN may restrict the requested QoS given its capabilities, load and the
subscribed QoS
SGSN selects radio priority based on QoS negotiated
* MS has attached to the GPRS network* MS has attached to the GPRS network
17
QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)
• QoS modification
SGSNMS BSS GGSN Host1 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)
GGSN may further restrict the QoS given its
capabilities and load
2 Update PDP Context Rsp. (QoS Neg.)
3 Modify PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg., Radio Priority) through neg. LLC SAP
MS either accepts the QoS or deactivates the PDP
context
4 Modify PDP Context Acpt.
SGSN selects radio priority based on QoS negotiated
18
QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)
• QoS during Handover (Inter-BSS)
SGSNMS New BSS GGSN Host
1 Data PacketsOld BSS
Data packet through the specific LLC SAP and to RLC/MAC with QoS profile and radio priority to new BSS
2 Data Packets
Data packet through the specific LLC SAP and to RLC/MAC with QoS profile and radio priority
19
QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)
• QoS during Handover (Inter-SGSN)
Old SGSNMS BSS GGSN Host
1 RA Update Req.
2 SGSN Context Req./Rsp./Ack. (QoS profile)
New SGSN
3 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)
4 Update PDP Context Rsp. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)
5 RA Update Acpt./Complete…
20
QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
IP/X.25
Application
Host
Radio Priority
PDP Context (QoS Profile)PDP Context (QoS Profile)• QoS control and maintenance
L2L1
LLC QoS 1~4 SAP (delay class)Flow/Congestion Control
21
QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)
Flow control over frame relay
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
L1L2
IP/X.25
Application
Host
TCP/UDP Flows : no differentiated
Associate with PDP context based on PDP address
Through specific LLC SAPs based
on QoS delay class
QoS control based onQoS profiles and radio priorities
• Packet flow
IP QoS based on PDP context (QoS profile)IP QoS based on PDP context (QoS profile)
22
QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)
• Difficulties of QoS control in GPRS Networks– TDMA radio
• Best effort traffic• Shared capacity, no fixed reservation• Non-optimized handover for real-time packets
– BSS knows nothing about PDP context (QoS Profile)• Mapping complicated QoS profile into 4 priorities (LLC and
radio priorities)– No QoS mechanisms standardized on core network
• QoS mechanisms can be applied to core network, but the bottleneck is in radio interface
– One QoS profile per PDP address• No per flow QoS
23
QoSQoS in UMTS Networksin UMTS Networks
• Why QoS in UMTS is important ?– 1G cellular system (AMPS)
• analog voice/circuit switch (radio network)– 2G cellular system (GSM)
• digital voice/circuit switch (radio network)– 2.5G cellular system (GPRS)
• digital data/packet switch (radio network)• Address QoS issues but not required to implement
– 3G cellular system (3GPP R99/R4)• digital voice/data/packet switch (radio network)• WCDMA introduced•• QoS QoS features are design in and ready for providing packet voicefeatures are design in and ready for providing packet voice
– Beyond 3G (3GPP R5/R6)• digital voice/data/packet switch (radio and core network)
24
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• General ideas - Initiate
HLRRNC
1 : Subscribe time2 : Attach
UE
3 : PDP Context Activation
5 : RL/RB establishment
5‘ : RRM to map QoS to channels
SGSN GGSN
3‘ : IP QoS session mapping & establishment
4 : RAB establishment
4‘ : IP QoS session mapping & establishment
5 : PDP Modification if required
5‘ : IP QoS re-mapping if required
25
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• General ideas – Modify and Roaming
RNC
1: Inter NodeB, RNC handovers
UE SGSN GGSN
2‘ : IP QoS session re-mapping & establishment
RNC
2 : Inter SGSN RAU
SGSN
1‘:RRM involved
RNC
3 :PDP Context Modification
3‘ : IP QoS session re-mapping & establishment
26
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• QoS profile configuration
PDP Context #3
PDP Context #2
PDP Context #1
Subscriber #1
•PDP Context ID•APN•PDP Address•QoS Profile Lists•…
UE HLRRNC SGSN GGSN
UMTS QoS Classes•Conversational class•Streaming class•Interactive class•Background class
27
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• UMTS Bearer Service– Traffic classes
Traffic class Conversational class
conversational RT
Streaming class streaming RT
Interactive class Interactive best effort
Background Background best
effort Fundamental characteristics
- Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream Conversational pattern (stringent and low delay )
- Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream
- Request response pattern - Preserve payload content
- Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time - Preserve payload content
Example of the application
- voice - streaming video - Web browsing - background download of emails
28
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• QoS Attributes (QoS profile)Traffic class Conversational
class Streaming class Interactive class Background class
Maximum bitrate (kbps) < 2 048 (1) (2) < 2 048 (1) (2) < 2 048 - overhead (2) (3)
< 2 048 - overhead (2) (3)
Delivery order Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Maximum SDU size (octets)
<=1 500 or 1 502 (4) <=1 500 or 1 502 (4) <=1 500 or 1 502 (4) <=1 500 or 1 502 (4)
SDU format information (5) (5) Delivery of erroneous SDUs
Yes/No/- (6) Yes/No/- (6) Yes/No/- (6) Yes/No/- (6)
Residual BER 5*10-2, 10-2, 5*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-6
5*10-2, 10-2, 5*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6
4*10-3, 10-5, 6*10-8 (7) 4*10-3, 10-5, 6*10-8 (7)
SDU error ratio 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5
10-1, 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5
10-3, 10-4, 10-6 10-3, 10-4, 10-6
Transfer delay (ms) 100 up to FFS (9) 250 up to FFS (9) Guaranteed bit rate (kbps)
< 2 048 (1) (2) < 2 048 (1) (2)
Traffic handling priority 1,2,3 (8) Allocation/Retention priority
1,2,3 (8) 1,2,3 (8) 1,2,3 (8) 1,2,3 (8)
29
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Radio access bearer– Attributes mapping from Radio access bearer attributes
(implementation dependent) • Spreading code format• Turbo encoder format• Interleaver• Open-loop power control threshold• Usage of RLC acknowledge
30
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Core Network Bearer Services– Operator’s option to use QoS capabilities in IP or ATM
layer• IP-based backbone
– Differentiated Services shall be used• ATM-SVC as transport bearer
– Interoperation with IP-based backbone is based on DiffServ
– Mapping from UMTS QoS classes to DiffServ codepoint• Operator controls the mapping, depending on bandwidth and
resource provisioning among DiffServ classes• Interoperability between operators based on Service Level
Aggrements
31
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
SGSN GGSN HLR
PDP Context #3
PDP Context #2
PDP Context #1
Subscriber #1
•PDP Context ID•APN•PDP Address•QoS Profile Lists•…
• Subscriber attaches to network
UE
1 Attach Req.
2 Insert Sub. Data
3 Insert Sub. Data Ack.
4 Attach Acpt.
32
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• PDP context, QoS profile, traffic flow template, and packet filters
SGSNRNCPDP Context Act.
PDP Context
UE GGSN
PDP Context
Traffic Flow Template
Traffic Flow Template
Secondary PDP Context Act.PDP Context
Same PDP AddressDifferent NSAPI
Different QoS
Same PDP AddressDifferent NSAPI
Different QoSPDP Context
TFT
Packet filter
Packet filter
Packet filter, …
TFT
Secondary PDP Context Act.PDP Context
Same PDP AddressDifferent NSAPI
Different QoS
PDP Context
TFT TFT
33
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• PDP context, QoS profile, traffic flow template, and packet filters
SGSNUE GGSNRNC Incoming packet
Packet filter
Packet filter
Packet filter
…
PDP ContextPDP Context
Packet filter
Packet filter
Packet filter
…
PDP ContextPDP Context
Outgoing packet
PDP contexts with Same PDP address but
different QoS
PDP Context
PDP contexts with Same PDP address but
different QoS
34
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Protocol stack
L1
RLC
PDCP
MAC
E.g., IP,PPP
Application
L1
RLC
PDCP
MAC
ATM
UDP/IP
GTP-U
AAL5
Relay
L1
UDP/IP
L2
GTP-U
E.g., IP,PPP
3G-SGSNUTRANMSIu-PSUu Gn Gi
3G-GGSN
ATM
UDP/IP
GTP-U
AAL5
L1
UDP/IP
GTP-U
L2
Relay
Application
Host
IP/X.25
L2L1
35
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Admission control and QoS session establishment
SGSNUE RNC GGSN Host
2 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)
GGSN may further restrict the QoS given its
capabilities and load
3 Activate PDP Context Rsp. (QoS Neg.)
4 RAB Setup (QoS Neg.)
RRM Algorithms5 RL/RB Establishment
6 RAB Est. Rsp.
1 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Req.)
SGSN may restrict the requested QoS given its capabilities, load and the
subscribed QoS
SGSN selects radio priority based on QoS negotiated
* continue* continue
36
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Admission control and QoS session establishment (Cont.)
SGSN GGSN Host
oS Neg., LLC SAP, Radio PriorityLLC SAP, Radio Priority)
MS either accepts the QoS or deactivates the PDP context
7 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)
8 Update PDP Context Rsp.Not used in UMTSNot used in UMTS
UE RNC
9 Activate PDP Context Acpt. (Q
In case QoS was downgraded by RNC, SGSN may inform GGSN about the new QoS
37
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Secondary PDP Context Activation
SGSNUE RNC GGSN Host
2 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg., TFTTFT)
GGSN may further restrict the QoS given its
capabilities and load
3 Activate PDP Context Rsp. (QoS Neg.)
4 RAB Setup (QoS Neg.)
RRM Algorithms5 RL Establishment
6 RAB Est. Rsp.
1 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Req., TFTTFT)
SGSN may restrict the requested QoS given its capabilities, load and the
subscribed QoS
SGSN selects radio priority based on QoS negotiated
* continue* continue
38
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Secondary PDP Context Activation (Cont.)
SGSN GGSN Host
oS Neg., LLC SAP, Radio PriorityLLC SAP, Radio Priority)
MS either accepts the QoS or deactivates the PDP context
7 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)
8 Update PDP Context Rsp.Not used in UMTSNot used in UMTS
UE RNC
9 Activate PDP Context Acpt. (Q
In case QoS was downgraded by RNC, SGSN may inform GGSN about the new QoS
39
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• QoS setup procedures (control plane)
Transl. Transl.
Adm.Contr
RABManager
UMTS BSManager
UMTS BSManager
UMTS BSManager
Subscr.Control
Adm./Cap.Control
MT GatewayCN EDGEUTRAN
Ext.ServiceControl
LocalServiceControl
Iu BSManager
Radio BSManager
Iu NSManager
UTRAph. BS M
Radio BSManager
UTRAph. BS M
Local BSManager
Adm./Cap.Control
Adm./Cap.Control
Adm./Cap.Control
Iu BSManager
Iu NSManager
CN BSManager
Ext. BSManager
CN BSManager
service primitive interface
BB NSManager
BB NSManager
protocol interface
TE Ext.Netw.1. Activate PDP Context 2. CN Bearer
3. RAB4. RB5. CN Bearer (opt.)
6. Ack. (UMTS Bearer)
40
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• PDP context modification– SGSN-initiated
• QoS negotiated – GGSN-initiated
• QoS negotiated– UE-initiated
• QoS negotiated • TFT modification
– RNC-initiated• RRC connection lost Iu release
– PDP context preserved for backgroup/interactive traffic class– PDP context preserved for streaming/conversational traffic class
with max. bit rate = 0 kbps
41
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• QoS control during handovers– Inter RNC handovers
• SRNS relocation– Inter SGSN handovers
• Inter SGSN handover
42
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Serving SRNS Relocation (soft handover)
Old SGSNSourceRNC New SGSN
TargetRNC GGSN
1 Relocation Required (Source ID, Target ID, SRNCSRNC-->TRNC container>TRNC container)2 Forward Rel. Req. (PDP context(PDP context)
3 Relocation Req. (SRNC(SRNC-->TRNC container>TRNC container, RABsRABs))
Establishment of RABs/RBs4 Relocation Req. Ack. (RABs(RABs OK, OK, RABsRABs fail)fail)
5 Forward Rel. Rsp.6 Relocation Command
7 Relocation commit
8 Forwarding of data
UE
* continue* continue
43
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Serving SRNS Relocation (soft handover) (Cont.)
Old SGSNUESourceRNC New SGSN
TargetRNC GGSN
9 Relocation Detect10 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)11 Update PDP Context Rsp.
10a UTRAN mobility info
11a UTRAN mobility info conf.
12 Relocation complete
13 Forward Rel. Comp.
14 Forward Rel. Comp. Ack.
15 Iu release Com/complete
44
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• Inter SGSN RA update
Old SGSNMS RNC GGSN
1 RA Update Req.
2 SGSN Context Req./Rsp./Ack. (QoS profile)
New SGSN
3 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)
4 Update PDP Context Rsp. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)
5 RA Update Acpt./Complete…
45
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
UE RAN SGSN GGSN UE
N or NN or N--11 TFTs
IP xxx IP xxx
TFT
PDP ContextPDP ContextPDP Context
NN TCP/UDP Flows
NSAPI-1 NSAPI-1TFT
NSAPI-1
PDP ContextPDP Context
RAB ID-1 RAB ID-1RAB ID-1
RB ID-1 RB ID-1
IP yyy
N or NN or N--11 TFTs
N N NSAPIs
N N GTP-U1~N1~N GTP-C
N N GTP-U1 1 Iu
1~N1~N PDP Context11--NN PDP Context
• QoS control (user plane) PDP Context
* We assume there are * We assume there are NN PDP ContextsPDP ContextsM M RBs(SRBs)
46
QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)
• QoS control (user plane)
L1
RLC
PDCP
MAC
E.g., IP,PPP
Application
L1
RLC
PDCP
MAC
ATM
UDP/IP
GTP-U
AAL5
Relay
L1
UDP/IP
L2
GTP-U
E.g., IP,PPP
3G-SGSNUTRANMSIu-PSUu Gn Gi
3G-GGSN
ATM
UDP/IP
GTP-U
AAL5
L1
UDP/IP
GTP-U
L2
Relay
L1L2
IP/X.25
Application
Host
IP QoS Control (DiffServ, RSVP,…)
IP QoS Control (RSVP, DiffServ, …)
Fast QoS Control
Fast QoS Control
RRC/RRM Slow QoS contrl
47
QoSQoS in 3G All IPin 3G All IP
• 3G R5
MS
GmMultmediasignallingprotocols
PSTNIM-MGW
Media Gateway
MGCFMedia GatewayControl Function
Gi
Mg
Mc
MultimediaIP Network
SGSN GGSNUTRAN
MRFMultimedia
Resources Function
HSSHome
Subscriber Server
CSCFCall State Control Function
Gr
Cx
Mm
Gi
Gn
Iu
Gc
T-SGWTransport
Signalling GW
Mr
GoGo
R-SGWRoaming Signalling
Ms
LegacyMobile Signalling
Network
SCPService Control Point
Applicationsand
Services
CAP
EIR
Gf
Gi
Mh
BGCFBreakout GatewayControl Function
Mi
SGSN
Ga
Gi
48
UE SGSN P-CSCF (PCF)GGSN
1. INVITE
3. INVITE2. 100 Trying
4. 100 Trying
5. 183 SessionProgress
7. 183 Session Progress
6. Authorise QoS resources
12. GPRS:Activate PDP context
8. PRACK9. PRACK
10. 200 OK (PRACK)11. 200 OK (PRACK)
18. GPRS:Activate PDPcontext accept
19. COMET
22. 200 OK (COMET)
20. COMET
21. 200 OK (COMET)
23. 180 Ringing24. 180 Ringing
25. PRACK26. PRACK
27. 200 OK (PRACK)
28. 200 OK (PRACK)
32. 200 OK (INVITE)
29. 200 OK (INVITE)
33. ACK34. ACK
MO Network
13. GPRS: Create PDP context
17. GPRS: Create PDP response
14. COPS: REQ (Activate PDP context)
16. COPS: RPT (Activate PDP context)
15. COPS: DEC (Policy information)
31. COPS: RPT (Report outcome)
30. COPS: DEC (Open "gate")
49
QoSQoS in 3G All IP (Cont.)in 3G All IP (Cont.)
• Framework for QoS mapping between IMS and GPRS
P-CSCF
GGSN
Ue SDP
PEP
(Policy Enforcement Point) PCF
(Policy Control Function)
SDP UMTS QoS Parameters
SDP QoS authorization parameters
PDP
Context
Go
QoS authorization parameters UMTS QoS Parameter
1 : Authorize QoS
3 : COPS
2 : PDP Context Activation
50
QoSQoS in 3G All IP (Cont.)in 3G All IP (Cont.)
• Framework for generating requested QoS parameters in the UE
Application
SDP Handler
UMTS BS Manager
SessionManager
SGSN
SessionManager
PDP Contex Activation and Modification
(SDP)
UE
UMTSQoS
Param.Per
Applic Type
1)
2)
3)
4)
51
QoSQoS in 3G All IP (Cont.)in 3G All IP (Cont.)
• Authorize QoS resources at originating PCF
UE GGSN P-CSCFPCF
1. Define down-link connection info
SDP
SDP
SDP
SDP
2. Define up-link connection info
3. QoS authorisation
52
QoSQoS in 3G All IP (Cont.)in 3G All IP (Cont.)
• Mobile Originated without End to End RSVP (Activation)
UE P-CSCFPCFSGSN GGSN
2. Activate PDP Req.
3. Create PDP Req.
8. Create PDP Res.
9. Activate PDP Acc.
4. COPS REQ
6. COPS DEC
7. COPS RPT
1. Mapping ofSDP parametersinto UMTS QoS
5. Processresourcerequest
53
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless NetworkWireless Network
• Seamless Roaming in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
3G/2.5G/2G Core Network3G/2.5G/2G Core Network
Enterprise IntranetEnterprise Intranet
InternetInternet
PANPAN
WLANWLAN
WLANWLAN
WLANWLAN
ISP1 CoreISP1 Core
ISP2 CoreISP2 Core
54
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• QoS Concerns for Roaming in Heterogeneous Networks
3G/2.5G/2G Core Network3G/2.5G/2G Core Network
Enterprise IntranetEnterprise Intranet
InternetInternet
PANPAN
WLANWLAN
WLANWLAN
WLANWLAN
ISP1 CoreISP1 Core
ISP2 CoreISP2 Core
Push-Based News Server
VoIP Call
55
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• Logical View of End-to-End IP QoS
End to End IP BearerRadio Access Bearer CN Bearer Backbone Bearer CN Bearer Radio Access Bearer
End to End IP BearerRadio Access Bearer CN Bearer Backbone Bearer CN Bearer
End to End IP BearerRadio Access Bearer CN Bearer Radio Access Bearer
End to End IP BearerRadio Access Bearer CN Bearer
…
56
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• Generic End-to-End QoS Architecture
L2 L2 QoSQoS
L3 L3 QoSQoS
UE RAN CN Backbone CN RAN UE
UE:User EquipmentRAN:Radio Access NetworkCN:core network (or intranet)Backbone:Backbone network (or Internet)
L2 QoS Control & Admission ControlL3 QoS Control & Admission ControlQoS Translator
57
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• Generic Handoff Models in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
InterInter--RAN (L2) HandoffsRAN (L2) HandoffsWLAN AP - WLAN AP, UMTS RAN - UMTS RAN, UTRAN – GERAN, UTRAN - BRAN
CN BackboneUE RAN
IntraIntra--CN HandoffsCN HandoffsUMTS SGSN - UMTS SGSN, Intranet Router – Intranet Router
InterInter--CN HandoffsCN HandoffsUMTS PLMN - UMTS PLMNRouter - Router InterInter--system Handoffssystem HandoffsUMTS - WLAN
58
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• QoS for Inter Radio Access Network Handoffs
L2 L2 QoSQoS
L3 L3 QoSQoS
UE RAN CN Backbone CN RAN UE
L2 L2 QoSQoS
L3 L3 QoSQoS
UE RAN••Research IssuesResearch Issues
•Radio resource management (RRM)•Heterogeneous radio resource management (Heterogeneous RRM)•Frame synchronization for soft/hard handoffs •QoS renegotiation
59
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• QoS for Intra/Inter Core Network Handoffs
L2 L2 QoSQoS
L3 L3 QoSQoS
L2 L2 QoSQoS
L3 L3 QoSQoS
••Research IssuesResearch Issues•Session management and Mobility management within/between PLMNs•Core network admission and QoScontrol•Packet forwarding•QoS context transfer within/betweenPLMNs•QoS renegotiation within/between PLMNs
UE RAN CN Backbone CN RAN UE
UE RAN CN
60
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• QoS for Inter System Handoffs
L2 L2 QoSQoS
L3 L3 QoSQoS
L2 L2 QoSQoS
L3 L3 QoSQoS
UE RAN CN Backbone CN RAN UE
UE RAN CN
61
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• Mobile IP for Intersystem Handoffs
InternetInternet
SGSN GGSN
SGSN GGSN
Packet radio networkPacket radio network
Router Gateway
Router Name Server
Wireless networkWireless network
Name Server
DHCP Server
MS
MS
HA/FA
HA/FA
Host
62
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• Mobile IP Problems+ and Recent Development
InternetInternet
SGSN GGSN
SGSN GGSN
Packet radio networkPacket radio network
Router Gateway
Router Name Server
Wireless networkWireless network
Name Server
DHCP Server
MS
MS
HA/FA
HA/FA
Host
Reduce MIP Reduce MIP registration registration
Latency Latency <ietf<ietf--mipv6mipv6--hierarchicalhierarchical
MobileMobile--initiated or initiated or networknetwork--initiated initiated
handoffs for handoffs for Seamless roamingSeamless roaming<<ietfietf--fastfast--mipv6>mipv6>
63
EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)
• QoS Problems for Intersystem Handoffs
InternetInternet
SGSN GGSN
SGSN GGSN
Packet radio networkPacket radio network
Router Gateway
Router Name Server
Wireless networkWireless network
Name Server
DHCP Server
MS
MS
HA/FA
HA/FA
Host
QoSQoS profile profile needs to be needs to be transferred transferred
during handoffsduring handoffs
Resource alone the new Resource alone the new routing path should be routing path should be reserved in advanced reserved in advanced
for some for some APsAPs
QoS QoS Profile should be Profile should be renegotiated with new renegotiated with new systems and translated systems and translated to new to new QoS QoS profileprofile
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ConclusionsConclusions
• GPRS suffers from design defects to support QoS• Maybe it is not required to build in QoS features in GPRS
– Radio interface is the bottleneck– The range of the QoS that radio interface can offer is quite different
from these of the fixed network. It does not make sense to map two scales which have a large gap
•• QoSQoS is required for 3G and is a MUST for B3Gis required for 3G and is a MUST for B3G• QoS features for 3G system such as UMTS has already designed has already designed
inin•• Take Take QoS QoS into consideration for 3G productsinto consideration for 3G products or deployment deployment
of 3G system of 3G system –– will also help you to move to B3G smoothlywill also help you to move to B3G smoothly