Q1. An increase in breathing rate, heart rate and sweat production is symptomatic of which of the...
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Q1. An increase in breathing rate, heart rate and sweat production is symptomatic of which of the following? a. Increase in parasympathetic tone b. Increase
Q1. An increase in breathing rate, heart rate and sweat
production is symptomatic of which of the following? a. Increase in
parasympathetic tone b. Increase in sympathetic tone c. Increase in
epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla d. a and c e. b and
c Q2. An adult mammalian muscle fiber receives synaptic inputs from
how many neurons? a. 1 b. More than 1 c. None d. It depends on the
mammal Q3. Which of the following is not considered a type of
striated muscle? a. Skeletal muscle b. Smooth muscle c. Cardiac
muscle Q4. Which of the following cell types is NOT under direct
control by the autonomic nervous system? a. Cardiac muscle fibers
b. Secretory endocrine cells c. Skeletal muscle fibers d. Smooth
muscle fibers Q5. All muscle fibers require oxygen to generate ATP
for contraction a. TRUE b. FALSE Q6. In a muscle fiber, Ca2+
entering across the plasma membrane from outside the cell is
chiefly responsible for initiating contraction of the sarcomere. a.
TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 2
Q1. An increase in breathing rate, heart rate and sweat
production is symptomatic of which of the following? a. Increase in
parasympathetic tone b. Increase in sympathetic tone c. Increase in
epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla d. a and c e. b and
c Q2. An adult mammalian muscle fiber receives synaptic inputs from
how many neurons? a. 1 b. More than 1 c. None d. It depends on the
mammal Q3. Which of the following is not considered a type of
striated muscle? a. Skeletal muscle b. Smooth muscle c. Cardiac
muscle Q4. Which of the following cell types is NOT under direct
control by the autonomic nervous system? a. Cardiac muscle fibers
b. Secretory endocrine cells c. Skeletal muscle fibers d. Smooth
muscle fibers Q5. All muscle fibers require oxygen to generate ATP
for contraction a. TRUE b. FALSE Q6. In a muscle fiber, Ca2+
entering across the plasma membrane from outside the cell is
chiefly responsible for initiating contraction of the sarcomere. a.
TRUE b. FALSE 1/2
Slide 3
Q1. An increase in breathing rate, heart rate and sweat
production is symptomatic of which of the following? a. Increase in
parasympathetic tone b. Increase in sympathetic tone c. Increase in
epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla d. a and c e. b and
c Q2. An adult mammalian muscle fiber receives synaptic inputs from
how many neurons? a. 1 b. More than 1 c. None d. It depends on the
mammal Q3. Which of the following is not considered a type of
striated muscle? a. Skeletal muscle b. Smooth muscle c. Cardiac
muscle Q4. Which of the following cell types is NOT under direct
control by the autonomic nervous system? a. Cardiac muscle fibers
b. Secretory endocrine cells c. Skeletal muscle fibers d. Smooth
muscle fibers Q5. All muscle fibers require oxygen to generate ATP
for contraction a. TRUE b. FALSE Q6. In a muscle fiber, Ca2+
entering across the plasma membrane from outside the cell is
chiefly responsible for initiating contraction of the sarcomere. a.
TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 4
Q1. An increase in breathing rate, heart rate and sweat
production is symptomatic of which of the following? a. Increase in
parasympathetic tone b. Increase in sympathetic tone c. Increase in
epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla d. a and c e. b and
c Q2. An adult mammalian muscle fiber receives synaptic inputs from
how many neurons? a. 1 b. More than 1 c. None d. It depends on the
mammal Q3. Which of the following is not considered a type of
striated muscle? a. Skeletal muscle b. Smooth muscle c. Cardiac
muscle
Slide 5
Q1. An increase in breathing rate, heart rate and sweat
production is symptomatic of which of the following? a. Increase in
parasympathetic tone b. Increase in sympathetic tone c. Increase in
epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla d. a and c e. b and
c Q2. An adult mammalian muscle fiber receives synaptic inputs from
how many neurons? a. 1 b. More than 1 c. None d. It depends on the
mammal Q3. Which of the following is not considered a type of
striated muscle? a. Skeletal muscle b. Smooth muscle c. Cardiac
muscle Q4. Which of the following cell types is NOT under direct
control by the autonomic nervous system? a. Cardiac muscle fibers
b. Secretory endocrine cells c. Skeletal muscle fibers d. Smooth
muscle fibers Q5. All muscle fibers require oxygen to generate ATP
for contraction a. TRUE b. FALSE Q6. In a muscle fiber, Ca2+
entering across the plasma membrane from outside the cell is
chiefly responsible for initiating contraction of the sarcomere. a.
TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 6
Q4. Which of the following cell types is NOT under direct
control by the autonomic nervous system? a. Cardiac muscle fibers
b. Secretory endocrine cells c. Skeletal muscle fibers d. Smooth
muscle fibers Q5. All muscle fibers require oxygen to generate ATP
for contraction a. TRUE b. FALSE Q6. In a muscle fiber, Ca2+
entering across the plasma membrane from outside the cell is
chiefly responsible for initiating contraction of the sarcomere. a.
TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 7
Q4. Which of the following cell types is NOT under direct
control by the autonomic nervous system? a. Cardiac muscle fibers
b. Secretory endocrine cells c. Skeletal muscle fibers d. Smooth
muscle fibers Q5. All muscle fibers require oxygen to generate ATP
for contraction a. TRUE b. FALSE Q6. In a muscle fiber, Ca2+
entering across the plasma membrane from outside the cell is
chiefly responsible for initiating contraction of the sarcomere. a.
TRUE b. FALSE Slow oxidative (SO) Fast glycolytic (FG) Fast
oxidative glycolytic (FOG)
Slide 8
Q4. Which of the following cell types is NOT under direct
control by the autonomic nervous system? a. Cardiac muscle fibers
b. Secretory endocrine cells c. Skeletal muscle fibers d. Smooth
muscle fibers Q5. All muscle fibers require oxygen to generate ATP
for contraction a. TRUE b. FALSE Q6. In a muscle fiber, Ca2+
entering across the plasma membrane from outside the cell is
chiefly responsible for initiating contraction of the sarcomere. a.
TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 9
Q7. A venom toxin that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
would ______ muscle contraction; a venom toxin that blocked
voltage-gated Na + channels would ______ muscle contraction a.
inhibit; inhibit b. prolong; prolong c. prolong; inhibit d.
inhibit; prolong Q8. Membrane impermeable neurotransmitters and
hormones must bind and activate plasma membrane receptors in order
to exert their effects on cells a. TRUE b. FALSE Q9. Epinephrine is
primarily released from which structure? a. Thyroid b. Pituitary c.
Hypothalamus. d. Adrenal gland Q10. Vasopressin (ADH) is released
by the ______ pituitary. It is a potent _______. a. anterior;
vasoconstrictor b. posterior; steroid hormone c. posterior;
antidiuretic d. anterior; diuretic Q11. Which of the following
cells can conduct an action potential? a. Vertebrate skeletal
muscle fiber b. Astroctye c. Neuron d. Adipose cell e. a and c f.
All of the above Q12. Signaling between neurons is faster across an
electrical synapse than it is a cross a chemical synapse a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 10
Q7. A venom toxin that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
would ______ muscle contraction; a venom toxin that blocked
voltage-gated Na + channels would ______ muscle contraction a.
inhibit; inhibit b. prolong; prolong c. prolong; inhibit d.
inhibit; prolong Q8. Membrane impermeable neurotransmitters and
hormones must bind and activate plasma membrane receptors in order
to exert their effects on cells a. TRUE b. FALSE Q9. Epinephrine is
primarily released from which structure? a. Thyroid b. Pituitary c.
Hypothalamus. d. Adrenal gland
Slide 11
Q7. A venom toxin that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
would ______ muscle contraction; a venom toxin that blocked
voltage-gated Na + channels would ______ muscle contraction a.
inhibit; inhibit b. prolong; prolong c. prolong; inhibit d.
inhibit; prolong Q8. Membrane impermeable neurotransmitters and
hormones must bind and activate plasma membrane receptors in order
to exert their effects on cells a. TRUE b. FALSE Q9. Epinephrine is
primarily released from which structure? a. Thyroid b. Pituitary c.
Hypothalamus. d. Adrenal gland Q10. Vasopressin (ADH) is released
by the ______ pituitary. It is a potent _______. a. anterior;
vasoconstrictor b. posterior; steroid hormone c. posterior;
antidiuretic d. anterior; diuretic Q11. Which of the following
cells can conduct an action potential? a. Vertebrate skeletal
muscle fiber b. Astroctye c. Neuron d. Adipose cell e. a and c f.
All of the above Q12. Signaling between neurons is faster across an
electrical synapse than it is a cross a chemical synapse a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 12
Q7. A venom toxin that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
would ______ muscle contraction; a venom toxin that blocked
voltage-gated Na + channels would ______ muscle contraction a.
inhibit; inhibit b. prolong; prolong c. prolong; inhibit d.
inhibit; prolong Q8. Membrane impermeable neurotransmitters and
hormones must bind and activate plasma membrane receptors in order
to exert their effects on cells a. TRUE b. FALSE Q9. Epinephrine is
primarily released from which structure? a. Thyroid b. Pituitary c.
Hypothalamus. d. Adrenal gland
Slide 13
Q10. Vasopressin (ADH) is released by the ______ pituitary. It
is a potent _______. a. anterior; vasoconstrictor b. posterior;
steroid hormone c. posterior; antidiuretic d. anterior; diuretic
Q11. Which of the following cells can conduct an action potential?
a. Vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber b. Astroctye c. Neuron d.
Adipose cell e. a and c f. All of the above Q12. Signaling between
neurons is faster across an electrical synapse than it is a cross a
chemical synapse a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 14
Q7. A venom toxin that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
would ______ muscle contraction; a venom toxin that blocked
voltage-gated Na + channels would ______ muscle contraction a.
inhibit; inhibit b. prolong; prolong c. prolong; inhibit d.
inhibit; prolong Q8. Membrane impermeable neurotransmitters and
hormones must bind and activate plasma membrane receptors in order
to exert their effects on cells a. TRUE b. FALSE Q9. Epinephrine is
primarily released from which structure? a. Thyroid b. Pituitary c.
Hypothalamus. d. Adrenal gland Q10. Vasopressin (ADH) is released
by the ______ pituitary. It is a potent _______. a. anterior;
vasoconstrictor b. posterior; steroid hormone c. posterior;
antidiuretic d. anterior; diuretic Q11. Which of the following
cells can conduct an action potential? a. Vertebrate skeletal
muscle fiber b. Astroctye c. Neuron d. Adipose cell e. a and c f.
All of the above Q12. Signaling between neurons is faster across an
electrical synapse than it is a cross a chemical synapse a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 15
Q7. A venom toxin that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
would ______ muscle contraction; a venom toxin that blocked
voltage-gated Na + channels would ______ muscle contraction a.
inhibit; inhibit b. prolong; prolong c. prolong; inhibit d.
inhibit; prolong Q8. Membrane impermeable neurotransmitters and
hormones must bind and activate plasma membrane receptors in order
to exert their effects on cells a. TRUE b. FALSE Q9. Epinephrine is
primarily released from which structure? a. Thyroid b. Pituitary c.
Hypothalamus. d. Adrenal gland Q10. Vasopressin (ADH) is released
by the ______ pituitary. It is a potent _______. a. anterior;
vasoconstrictor b. posterior; steroid hormone c. posterior;
antidiuretic d. anterior; diuretic Q11. Which of the following
cells can conduct an action potential? a. Vertebrate skeletal
muscle fiber b. Astroctye c. Neuron d. Adipose cell e. a and c f.
All of the above Q12. Signaling between neurons is faster across an
electrical synapse than it is a cross a chemical synapse a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 16
Q13. Which of the following passive transport proteins directly
contributes to the initiation and propagation of an action
potential along the axon of a neuron? a. Voltage-gated Ca2+
channels b. Voltage-gated Na+ channel c. Na+/K+ ATPase d.
Voltage-gated K+ channel e. b and d Q14. During an action
potential, Na+ influx______ the membrane potential, and K+ efflux
subsequently ______ the membrane potential. a. Depolarizes;
repolarizes b. Hyperpolarizes; depolarizes c. Repolarizes;
depolarizes d. Polarizes; hyperpolarizes Q15. The rate of
transmitter release from a synaptic terminal is largely governed by
the frequency of arriving action potentials. a. TRUE b. FALSE Q16.
Salty taste transduction involves which of the following types of
membrane receptor? a. An ion channel b. A receptor tyrosine kinase
c. A G Protein-coupled receptor d. An intracellular receptor Q17.
Cortisol and estrogen have which of the following in common? a. The
both act on intracellular transcription factors. b. They are both
hormones c. They are both derived from the precursor cholesterol d.
All of the above Q18. A mechanical stimulus can potentially elicit
depolarization or hyperpolorization in a hair cell depending on the
direction in which the stereocilia are deflected a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 17
Q13. Which of the following passive transport proteins directly
contributes to the initiation and propagation of an action
potential along the axon of a neuron? a. Voltage-gated Ca2+
channels b. Voltage-gated Na+ channel c. Na+/K+ ATPase d.
Voltage-gated K+ channel e. b and d Q14. During an action
potential, Na+ influx______ the membrane potential, and K+ efflux
subsequently ______ the membrane potential. a. Depolarizes;
repolarizes b. Hyperpolarizes; depolarizes c. Repolarizes;
depolarizes d. Polarizes; hyperpolarizes Q15. The rate of
transmitter release from a synaptic terminal is largely governed by
the frequency of arriving action potentials. a. TRUE b. FALSE Q16.
Salty taste transduction involves which of the following types of
membrane receptor? a. An ion channel b. A receptor tyrosine kinase
c. A G Protein-coupled receptor d. An intracellular receptor Q17.
Cortisol and estrogen have which of the following in common? a. The
both act on intracellular transcription factors. b. They are both
hormones c. They are both derived from the precursor cholesterol d.
All of the above Q18. A mechanical stimulus can potentially elicit
depolarization or hyperpolorization in a hair cell depending on the
direction in which the stereocilia are deflected a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 18
Q13. Which of the following passive transport proteins directly
contributes to the initiation and propagation of an action
potential along the axon of a neuron? a. Voltage-gated Ca2+
channels b. Voltage-gated Na+ channel c. Na+/K+ ATPase d.
Voltage-gated K+ channel e. b and d Q14. During an action
potential, Na+ influx______ the membrane potential, and K+ efflux
subsequently ______ the membrane potential. a. Depolarizes;
repolarizes b. Hyperpolarizes; depolarizes c. Repolarizes;
depolarizes d. Polarizes; hyperpolarizes Q15. The rate of
transmitter release from a synaptic terminal is largely governed by
the frequency of arriving action potentials. a. TRUE b. FALSE Q16.
Salty taste transduction involves which of the following types of
membrane receptor? a. An ion channel b. A receptor tyrosine kinase
c. A G Protein-coupled receptor d. An intracellular receptor Q17.
Cortisol and estrogen have which of the following in common? a. The
both act on intracellular transcription factors. b. They are both
hormones c. They are both derived from the precursor cholesterol d.
All of the above Q18. A mechanical stimulus can potentially elicit
depolarization or hyperpolorization in a hair cell depending on the
direction in which the stereocilia are deflected a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 19
Q13. Which of the following passive transport proteins directly
contributes to the initiation and propagation of an action
potential along the axon of a neuron? a. Voltage-gated Ca2+
channels b. Voltage-gated Na+ channel c. Na+/K+ ATPase d.
Voltage-gated K+ channel e. b and d Q14. During an action
potential, Na+ influx______ the membrane potential, and K+ efflux
subsequently ______ the membrane potential. a. Depolarizes;
repolarizes b. Hyperpolarizes; depolarizes c. Repolarizes;
depolarizes d. Polarizes; hyperpolarizes Q15. The rate of
transmitter release from a synaptic terminal is largely governed by
the frequency of arriving action potentials. a. TRUE b. FALSE Q16.
Salty taste transduction involves which of the following types of
membrane receptor? a. An ion channel b. A receptor tyrosine kinase
c. A G Protein-coupled receptor d. An intracellular receptor Q17.
Cortisol and estrogen have which of the following in common? a. The
both act on intracellular transcription factors. b. They are both
hormones c. They are both derived from the precursor cholesterol d.
All of the above Q18. A mechanical stimulus can potentially elicit
depolarization or hyperpolorization in a hair cell depending on the
direction in which the stereocilia are deflected a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 20
Q13. Which of the following passive transport proteins directly
contributes to the initiation and propagation of an action
potential along the axon of a neuron? a. Voltage-gated Ca2+
channels b. Voltage-gated Na+ channel c. Na+/K+ ATPase d.
Voltage-gated K+ channel e. b and d Q14. During an action
potential, Na+ influx______ the membrane potential, and K+ efflux
subsequently ______ the membrane potential. a. Depolarizes;
repolarizes b. Hyperpolarizes; depolarizes c. Repolarizes;
depolarizes d. Polarizes; hyperpolarizes Q15. The rate of
transmitter release from a synaptic terminal is largely governed by
the frequency of arriving action potentials. a. TRUE b. FALSE Q16.
Salty taste transduction involves which of the following types of
membrane receptor? a. An ion channel b. A receptor tyrosine kinase
c. A G Protein-coupled receptor d. An intracellular receptor Q17.
Cortisol and estrogen have which of the following in common? a. The
both act on intracellular transcription factors. b. They are both
hormones c. They are both derived from the precursor cholesterol d.
All of the above Q18. A mechanical stimulus can potentially elicit
depolarization or hyperpolorization in a hair cell depending on the
direction in which the stereocilia are deflected a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 21
Q16. Salty taste transduction involves which of the following
types of membrane receptor? a. An ion channel b. A receptor
tyrosine kinase c. A G Protein-coupled receptor d. An intracellular
receptor Q17. Cortisol and estrogen have which of the following in
common? a. The both act on intracellular transcription factors. b.
They are both hormones c. They are both derived from the precursor
cholesterol d. All of the above Q18. A mechanical stimulus can
potentially elicit depolarization or hyperpolorization in a hair
cell depending on the direction in which the stereocilia are
deflected a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 22
Q16. Salty taste transduction involves which of the following
types of membrane receptor? a. An ion channel b. A receptor
tyrosine kinase c. A G Protein-coupled receptor d. An intracellular
receptor Q17. Cortisol and estrogen have which of the following in
common? a. The both act on intracellular transcription factors. b.
They are both hormones c. They are both derived from the precursor
cholesterol d. All of the above Q18. A mechanical stimulus can
potentially elicit depolarization or hyperpolorization in a hair
cell depending on the direction in which the stereocilia are
deflected a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 23
Q19. A rhodopsin receptor with its associated retinal molecule
in the all-cis configuration has yet to be stimulated by light. a.
TRUE b. FALSE Q20. The membrane potential of a photoreceptors,
olfactory receptor cells, and motor neurons all conduct action
potentials a. TRUE b. FALSE Q21. Light stimulation of a mammalian
rod cells leads to activation of which of the following signaling
cascades? a. Gq-mediated PLC activation b. Transducin-mediated cGMP
phosphodiesterase activation c. Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylyl
cyclase d. Gustducin Q22. At the peak of an action potential spike,
the plasma membrane of a typical animal cell is mostly permeable to
which ion? a.Ca2+ b.Na+ c.K+ d.Cl- Q23. Which of the following
strongly influences the speed of axonal action potential
conduction? a. Extent of myelin sheathing b. Expression of
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors c. Extracellular Ca2+
concentration d. Axon diameter e. a and c f. a and d Q24. Sweet,
bitter and umami taste receptors are distributed evenly over the
mammalian tongue a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 24
Q19. A rhodopsin receptor with its associated retinal molecule
in the 11-cis configuration has yet to be stimulated by light. a.
TRUE b. FALSE Q20. The membrane potential of a photoreceptors,
olfactory receptor cells, and motor neurons all conduct action
potentials a. TRUE b. FALSE Q21. Light stimulation of a mammalian
rod cells leads to activation of which of the following signaling
cascades? a. Gq-mediated PLC activation b. Transducin-mediated cGMP
phosphodiesterase activation c. Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylyl
cyclase d. Gustducin
Slide 25
Q19. A rhodopsin receptor with its associated retinal molecule
in the 11-cis configuration has yet to be stimulated by light. a.
TRUE b. FALSE Q20. The membrane potential of a photoreceptors,
olfactory receptor cells, and motor neurons all conduct action
potentials a. TRUE b. FALSE Q21. Light stimulation of a mammalian
rod cells leads to activation of which of the following signaling
cascades? a. Gq-mediated PLC activation b. Transducin-mediated cGMP
phosphodiesterase activation c. Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylyl
cyclase d. Gustducin Q22. At the peak of an action potential spike,
the plasma membrane of a typical animal cell is mostly permeable to
which ion? a.Ca2+ b.Na+ c.K+ d.Cl- Q23. Which of the following
strongly influences the speed of axonal action potential
conduction? a. Extent of myelin sheathing b. Expression of
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors c. Extracellular Ca2+
concentration d. Axon diameter e. a and c f. a and d Q24. Sweet,
bitter and umami taste receptors are distributed evenly over the
mammalian tongue a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 26
Q19. A rhodopsin receptor with its associated retinal molecule
in the 11-cis configuration has yet to be stimulated by light. a.
TRUE b. FALSE Q20. The membrane potential of a photoreceptors,
olfactory receptor cells, and motor neurons all conduct action
potentials a. TRUE b. FALSE Q21. Light stimulation of a mammalian
rod cells leads to activation of which of the following signaling
cascades? a. Gq-mediated PLC activation b. Transducin-mediated cGMP
phosphodiesterase activation c. Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylyl
cyclase d. Gustducin Q22. At the peak of an action potential spike,
the plasma membrane of a typical animal cell is mostly permeable to
which ion? a.Ca2+ b.Na+ c.K+ d.Cl- Q23. Which of the following
strongly influences the speed of axonal action potential
conduction? a. Extent of myelin sheathing b. Expression of
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors c. Extracellular Ca2+
concentration d. Axon diameter e. a and c f. a and d Q24. Sweet,
bitter and umami taste receptors are distributed evenly over the
mammalian tongue a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 27
Q19. A rhodopsin receptor with its associated retinal molecule
in the 11-cis configuration has yet to be stimulated by light. a.
TRUE b. FALSE Q20. The membrane potential of a photoreceptors,
olfactory receptor cells, and motor neurons all conduct action
potentials a. TRUE b. FALSE Q21. Light stimulation of a mammalian
rod cells leads to activation of which of the following signaling
cascades? a. Gq-mediated PLC activation b. Transducin-mediated cGMP
phosphodiesterase activation c. Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylyl
cyclase d. Gustducin Q22. At the peak of an action potential spike,
the plasma membrane of a typical animal cell is mostly permeable to
which ion? a.Ca2+ b.Na+ c.K+ d.Cl- Q23. Which of the following
strongly influences the speed of axonal action potential
conduction? a. Extent of myelin sheathing b. Expression of
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors c. Extracellular Ca2+
concentration d. Axon diameter e. a and c f. a and d Q24. Sweet,
bitter and umami taste receptors are distributed evenly over the
mammalian tongue a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 28
Action potential up close 30 0 -50 -70 Membrane potential (mV)
Conductance (mS) (i.e. permeability) 30 20 10 0 Time (s) Na +
influx 1 2 3 4 0 5 K + efflux
Slide 29
Action potential up close 30 0 -50 -70 Membrane potential (mV)
Conductance (mS) (i.e. permeability) 30 20 10 0 Time (s) Na +
influx 1 2 3 4 0 5 K + efflux
Slide 30
Action potential up close 30 0 -50 -70 Membrane potential (mV)
Conductance (mS) (i.e. permeability) 30 20 10 0 Time (s) Na +
influx 1 2 3 4 0 5 K + efflux
Slide 31
Action potential up close 30 0 -50 -70 Membrane potential (mV)
Conductance (mS) (i.e. permeability) 30 20 10 0 Time (s) Na +
influx 1 2 3 4 0 5 K + efflux
Slide 32
Action potential up close 30 0 -50 -70 Membrane potential (mV)
Conductance (mS) (i.e. permeability) 30 20 10 0 Time (s) Na +
influx 1 2 3 4 0 5 K + efflux
Slide 33
Q19. A rhodopsin receptor with its associated retinal molecule
in the 11-cis configuration has yet to be stimulated by light. a.
TRUE b. FALSE Q20. The membrane potential of a photoreceptors,
olfactory receptor cells, and motor neurons all conduct action
potentials a. TRUE b. FALSE Q21. Light stimulation of a mammalian
rod cells leads to activation of which of the following signaling
cascades? a. Gq-mediated PLC activation b. Transducin-mediated cGMP
phosphodiesterase activation c. Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylyl
cyclase d. Gustducin Q22. At the peak of an action potential spike,
the plasma membrane of a typical animal cell is mostly permeable to
which ion? a.Ca2+ b.Na+ c.K+ d.Cl- Q23. Which of the following
strongly influences the speed of axonal action potential
conduction? a. Extent of myelin sheathing b. Expression of
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors c. Extracellular Ca2+
concentration d. Axon diameter e. a and c f. a and d Q24. Sweet,
bitter and umami taste receptors are distributed evenly over the
mammalian tongue a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 34
Q22. At the peak of an action potential spike, the plasma
membrane of a typical animal cell is mostly permeable to which ion?
a.Ca2+ b.Na+ c.K+ d.Cl- Q23. Which of the following strongly
influences the speed of axonal action potential conduction? a.
Extent of myelin sheathing b. Expression of nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors c. Extracellular Ca2+ concentration d. Axon diameter e. a
and c f. a and d Q24. Sweet, bitter and umami taste receptors are
distributed evenly over the mammalian tongue a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 35
Q22. At the peak of an action potential spike, the plasma
membrane of a typical animal cell is mostly permeable to which ion?
a.Ca2+ b.Na+ c.K+ d.Cl- Q23. Which of the following strongly
influences the speed of axonal action potential conduction? a.
Extent of myelin sheathing b. Expression of nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors c. Extracellular Ca2+ concentration d. Axon diameter e. a
and c f. a and d Q24. Sweet, bitter and umami taste receptors are
distributed evenly over the mammalian tongue a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 36
Q25. In which of the following sensory cell types is K+ influx
into the cell responsible for causing depolarization of the plasma
membrane? a. A taste receptor b. An auditory hair cell c. An
olfactory receptor cell d. A rod cell Q26. A dog has ______ vision.
This means that its retina has ____ types of cone cell. a.
dichromatic; 1 b. dichromatic; 2 c. trichromatic; 3 d.
tetrachromatic; 2 Q27. The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
can release some hormones directly into the blood stream a. TRUE b.
FALSE Q28. Which of the following hormones acts on the thyroid
gland to regulate its release of thyroxine? a.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone c.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone d. Oxytocin Q29. Within the central
nervous system, the principle structure involved in coordinating
autonomic and endocrine functions is which of the following? a.
Hypothalamus b. Anterior pituitary c. Somatic nervous system d.
Hippocampus Q30. During the mammalian stress response, increased
sympathetic tone leads to redirection of blood flow from the muscle
towards the skin and gastrointestinal tract. a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 37
Q25. In which of the following sensory cell types is K+ influx
into the cell responsible for causing depolarization of the plasma
membrane? a. A taste receptor b. An auditory hair cell c. An
olfactory receptor cell d. A rod cell Q26. A dog has ______ vision.
This means that its retina has ____ types of cone cell. a.
dichromatic; 1 b. dichromatic; 2 c. trichromatic; 3 d.
tetrachromatic; 2 Q27. The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
can release some hormones directly into the blood stream a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 38
Q25. In which of the following sensory cell types is K+ influx
into the cell responsible for causing depolarization of the plasma
membrane? a. A taste receptor b. An auditory hair cell c. An
olfactory receptor cell d. A rod cell Q26. A dog has ______ vision.
This means that its retina has ____ types of cone cell. a.
dichromatic; 1 b. dichromatic; 2 c. trichromatic; 3 d.
tetrachromatic; 2 Q27. The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
can release some hormones directly into the blood stream a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 39
Q25. In which of the following sensory cell types is K+ influx
into the cell responsible for causing depolarization of the plasma
membrane? a. A taste receptor b. An auditory hair cell c. An
olfactory receptor cell d. A rod cell Q26. A dog has ______ vision.
This means that its retina has ____ types of cone cell. a.
dichromatic; 1 b. dichromatic; 2 c. trichromatic; 3 d.
tetrachromatic; 2 Q27. The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
can release some hormones directly into the blood stream a. TRUE b.
FALSE
Slide 40
Q25. In which of the following sensory cell types is K+ influx
into the cell responsible for causing depolarization of the plasma
membrane? a. A taste receptor b. An auditory hair cell c. An
olfactory receptor cell d. A rod cell Q26. A dog has ______ vision.
This means that its retina has ____ types of cone cell. a.
dichromatic; 1 b. dichromatic; 2 c. trichromatic; 3 d.
tetrachromatic; 2 Q27. The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
can release some hormones directly into the blood stream a. TRUE b.
FALSE Q28. Which of the following hormones acts on the thyroid
gland to regulate its release of thyroxine? a.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone c.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone d. Oxytocin Q29. Within the central
nervous system, the principle structure involved in coordinating
autonomic and endocrine functions is which of the following? a.
Hypothalamus b. Anterior pituitary c. Somatic nervous system d.
Hippocampus Q30. During the mammalian stress response, increased
sympathetic tone leads to redirection of blood flow from the muscle
towards the skin and gastrointestinal tract. a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 41
Q28. Which of the following hormones acts on the thyroid gland
to regulate its release of thyroxine? a. Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone c. Adrenocorticotropic
hormone d. Oxytocin Q29. Within the central nervous system, the
principle structure involved in coordinating autonomic and
endocrine functions is which of the following? a. Hypothalamus b.
Anterior pituitary c. Somatic nervous system d. Hippocampus Q30.
During the mammalian stress response, increased sympathetic tone
leads to redirection of blood flow from the muscle towards the skin
and gastrointestinal tract. a. TRUE b. FALSE
Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
Slide 42
Q28. Which of the following hormones acts on the thyroid gland
to regulate its release of thyroxine? a. Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone c. Adrenocorticotropic
hormone d. Oxytocin Q29. Within the central nervous system, the
principle structure involved in coordinating autonomic and
endocrine functions is which of the following? a. Hypothalamus b.
Anterior pituitary c. Somatic nervous system d. Hippocampus Q30.
During the mammalian stress response, increased sympathetic tone
leads to redirection of blood flow from the muscle towards the skin
and gastrointestinal tract. a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 43
Q25. In which of the following sensory cell types is K+ influx
into the cell responsible for causing depolarization of the plasma
membrane? a. A taste receptor b. An auditory hair cell c. An
olfactory receptor cell d. A rod cell Q26. A dog has ______ vision.
This means that its retina has ____ types of cone cell. a.
dichromatic; 1 b. dichromatic; 2 c. trichromatic; 3 d.
tetrachromatic; 2 Q27. The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
can release some hormones directly into the blood stream a. TRUE b.
FALSE Q28. Which of the following hormones acts on the thyroid
gland to regulate its release of thyroxine? a.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone c.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone d. Oxytocin Q29. Within the central
nervous system, the principle structure involved in coordinating
autonomic and endocrine functions is which of the following? a.
Hypothalamus b. Anterior pituitary c. Somatic nervous system d.
Hippocampus Q30. During the mammalian stress response, increased
sympathetic tone leads to redirection of blood flow from the muscle
towards the skin and gastrointestinal tract. a. TRUE b. FALSE
Slide 44
Q31. Explain how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
helps prepare a mammal for increased physical activity during the
stress response.
Slide 45
Hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells stimulate ACTH release from
anterior pituitary (via CRH) ACTH stimulated release of
glucocorticoids from adrenal medulla Glucocorticoids liberate
glucose for muscle use (via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis)
regulate immune response
Slide 46
Q32. Explain, with reference to adrenergic receptors, how an
increase in sympathetic tone changes the distribution of blood flow
to the bodys tissues.
Slide 47
In the skin, gut, kidneys etc, epinephrine/norepinephrine
activates a1-ADRs These stimulate constriction of blood vessels and
impede blood flow In the skeletal muscle, b2-ADRs are actiated
These mediate vasodilation and promote blood flow Therefore, during
stress, blood is redirected preferentially towards the working
skeletal muscles
Slide 48
Q33. Describe one example of a physiological sensory process
relying on the activity of mechanosensory receptors.
Slide 49
Q34. Explain the molecular events that follow light stimulation
of a rod cell, and how this serves to alter membrane potential and
transmitter release.
Slide 50
At rest, plasma membrane cGMP-gated channels are open and
allowing Na + influx: membrane partly depolarized. Light stimulates
light-sensitive opsin (rhodopsin) Leads to activation of cGMP
phsphodiesterase via the G protein, transducin Phosphodiesterase
reduces cytosolic cGMP Reduction in cytosolic cGMP leads to reduced
activity of CNG channels Hyperpolarization
Slide 51
Q35. Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Start with
the arrival of an action potential into the presynaptic terminal,
and end with the activation of membrane receptors on the
postsynaptic cell membrane.
Slide 52
Slide 53
Q36. Explain the process by which depolarization of a muscle
fiber by acetylcholine leads to contraction of the fiber. Action
potential depolarizes presynaptic terminal and stimulates
acetylcholine release Acetylcholine activates nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors on muscle fiber causing Na+ influx,
depolarization and action potential propagation APs spread down
into muscle fiber via T- tubules ... And stimulate voltage-gated
Ca2+ channels (DHPR) coupled to endoplasmic reticulum ryanodine
receptors Ca2+ released from ER diffuses into myofibrils
Contraction
Slide 54
Q37. Provide an example of a physiological process in which Na
+ /K + ATPase serves as a vital component. Action potential
propagation in neurons or muscle fibers Assists in recovery of
electrical gradient after membrane potential discharge Glucose
transport in the intestine Recovers Na+ electrochemical gradient
after use of Na+ diffusion energy to pump glucose across epithelial
membrame Salt transport across gill epithelium etc 30 0 -50 -70
Membrane potential (mV) Conductance (mS) (i.e. permeability) 30 20
10 0 Time (s) Na + influx 1 2 3 4 0 5 K + efflux
Slide 55
Q38. List three reasons why dogs have a keener sense of smell
than humans.
Slide 56
Olfactory epithelium surface area Density of ORCs ~1000 genes
code mammalian ORCs Primates: only ~20% transcribed Canids: 60%
transcribed Relative size of the olfactory bulb
