Pyrolysis project

8/10/2019 Pyrolysis project

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PYROLYSIS (A way to utilize plastic waste)

1.1 INTRODUCTION

It was in the 1950s that plastics began to come into wide use, yet within

few years, production has risen at an unparalleled rate. Plastic products have

become an indispensable part of our daily lives as many objects of daily use are

made from some ind of plastic. Plastic has many advantages over other materials

as it costs less, resists corrosion and is highly fle!ible and strong. "hile all these

properties mae it the ideal material for maing many substances. #ecause of the

advantages that plastic products offer, its use has increased plastic waste. Plastic

consumption has increased much more than the world average due to rapid

urbani$ation and economic development. %ue to the increase in generation, waste

plastics are becoming a major stream in solid waste.

Plastic products cannot be decomposable, it cannot be biodegradable.

Plastic can be produced once, it stay on earth forever. &he manufacturing of

plastic also consumes water and releases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

contributing to global warming. Plastic being light weight can be transported to

long distance easily by water or air. It is also responsible for the deaths of many

animals, fishes and birds.

'n the other hand, another biggest problem is that we are facing increasing

prices of petroleum. 'ur India is one of the biggest consumers of fuel lie petrol,

diesel and erosene. India imported about ()*rd of its petroleum re+uirements last

year which involved a cost of appro!imately s.-0, 000 crores in foreign

e!change. ven 5/ replacement of petroleum fuel by plastic fuel can help India,

to save s. 000 crores per year. It is important that the option for substitution of

petroleum fuels be e!plored to control this rapidly growing import bill.

&odays age is generally nown as plastic age. 'ur future is depended on

this plastic. &hough it is too useful, improper management of this plastic waste is

subject of concern. &here isnt any process for disposing the plastic waste. 2ence,

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/2012 Page 1


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it is the needed that plastic products must be recycled and must not end in

landfills. Plastic recycling offers a viable solution to these problems.

'ver the years, different waste management, treatment and disposal

methods have been adopted apart from the traditional options of landfill and

incineration. mphasis is now shifting to technologies that will be acceptable to

the end users. 'ne of such technologies is pyrolysis. Pyrolytic technology among

other methods is a way of harnessing the energy in these wastes, providing a good

method of disposing the wastes without affecting the ecological system. 'n the

other hand, it can provide an opportunity to collect and dispose of plastic waste in

the most environmental friendly way and it can be converted into a resource.

In its simplest form, this involves heating and decomposing mi!ed plastics

in the absence of o!ygen. 3nlie mechanical recycling techni+ues, in which the

long polymeric chains of the plastic are preserved intact, pyrolysis produces lower

molecular weight fragments. #y adjusting operating conditions, the rate and

e!tent of decomposition can be controlled. In this way, it is possible to obtain a

predominantly li+uid hydrocarbon product with potential for use as a fuel or a

refinery feedstoc.

&his approach can be applied to -0/ of commodity plastics, so mi!ed

plastic wastes can usually be handled without the need for segregation by polymer

type. In most of the situations, plastic waste recycling could also be economically

viable, as it generates resources, which are in high demand. Plastic waste

recycling also has a great potential for resource conservation. If pyrolysis is

studied economical and efficiency point of view it is much better techni+ue of

recycling mi!ed plastic waste.

OBJECTIVE



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4ince the global energy crises of the 190s, there has been a trend towards use of

alternative energy sources to replace fossil fuel worldwide. In this project we

trying to minimi$ed the plastic waste by recycling. "e get energy recovery from

it. Product obtained during this project may replace or use as alternative to any of

petroleum product. "e compare the characteristics of the product with other

petroleum product. &he results are shown in chapter *.

2. Literature Review



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The literature review/survey is based on the references mentioned at last of this

project report.The market data ,plastic sources are based on paper(!.The material

properties mentioned in the report are based on the literature collected from

books("rydson,#dab $handra!.%imilarly the municipal waste &eneration data is

refered from paper('!.

2. )*#T +% )#%T-

6"aste is generally termed as a material which is unwanted or unusable.7

r It may be also defined as 6substances which are disposed of or are intended to

be disposed of or are re+uired to be disposed of.7 r6&he material which are

discarded after used at the end of their intended life span.7

ach household generates garbage or waste day in and day out. Items that

we no longer need or do not have any further use for fall in the category of waste,

and we tend to throw them away. "astes may be generated during the e!traction

of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final

products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities

"aste is directly lined to human development, both technologically and

socially. &he compositions of different wastes have varied over time and location,

with industrial development and innovation being directly lined to waste

materials. !amples of this include plastics and nuclear technology. 4ome

components of waste have economical value and can be recycledonce correctly

recovered.

'nce a substance or object has become waste, it will remain waste until it

has been fully recovered and no longer poses a potential threat to the environment

or to human health.

"aste is sometimes a subjective concept, because items that some people

discard may have value to others.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling


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2.2 MARKET DATA

Market Data World Consu!t"on o# !last"$s%

8onstant developments in polymer technology, processing machineries,

nowhow and cost effective production is fast replacing conventional materials

in every segment with plastics. 8ontinuous innovation e!plains that, the total

global production of plastics has grown from around 1.* million tons :;&< in

1950 to (5 ;& in (00=. Plastics continue to be a global success story with

urope and 4wit$erland, producing about (5/ of the total estimated worldwide

plastics production during (00=. Plastics consumption on a per capita basis has

now grown to over 100 g)y in >orth ?merica and "estern urope, with the

potential to grow to up to 1*0 g)y per capita by (010.

&he highest consumption of plastics among different countries in 34? is

(.* ;& and is e!pected to reach to *9 ;& by (010. In the developing parts of

?sia :e!cluding @apan


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i&. $omparison of per capita consumption of plastics over three different

periods.

India has a plastic consumption of *.( ;& during (000 and is e!pected to

reach nearly 1(.5 ;& by (010. In India, the amount of plastic waste during

(000)(001 was (.*- ;& and is estimated to rise to more than - ;& by (010 and

(0 ;& by (0*0.

&last"$ 'aste (enerat"on "n Ind"a%

&his data is regarding to the ;unicipals 4olid waste. &he below data shows

the waste of plastic material before recycling. &he pie chart of total ;4"

generation e!hibited 1(.0/ of plastic waste A it shows also other materials

wastes.



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i&2.0lastic waste &eneration in +ndia



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2.2 &)A*TIC WA*TE + *OURCE* O, -ENERATION

Plastic wastes can be classified as industrial and municipal plastic wastes

according to their originsB these groups have different +ualities and properties and

are subjected to different management strategies. Plastic wastes represent a

considerable part of municipal wastesB furthermore huge amounts of plastic waste

arise as a byproduct or faulty product in industry and agriculture.

'f the total plastic waste, over - wt/ of this total corresponds to

thermoplastics and the remaining to thermosets. &hermoplastics are composed of

polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl

chlorideand can be recycled. 'n the other hand thermosets mainly include epo!y

resins and polyurethanes and cannot be recycled.

MUNICI&A) &)A*TIC WA*TE*

;unicipal plastic wastes :;4"< normally remain a part of municipal solid

wastes as they are discarded and collected as household wastes. &he various

sources of ;4" plastics includes domestic items :food containers, pacaging

foam, disposable cups, plates, cutlery, 8% and cassette bo!es. fridge liners,

vending cups, electronic e+uipment cases, drainage pipe, carbonated drins

bottles, plumbing pipes and guttering, flooring. cushioning foams, thermal

insulation foams, surface coatings, etc.


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greater than water such as polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride, and those with a

density lower than that of water such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and

e!panded polystyrene. &he latter group is much larger than the first group.

8onse+uently, recycling of municipal plastic wastes should deal with

plastic mi!tures of polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene, provided that the

above separation procedures are practiced. ?lthough ;4" separation

technologies have been studied e!tensively, it is still not possible to classify ;4"

mechanically and obtain maretable fractions. 4o waste separation at the

household would be a better option with where household wastes are separately

disposed into three partsD

:i< combustibles such as paper, itchen waste, te!tiles, and wood,

:ii< incombustibles such as metals, glass, ceramics, and

:iii< plastics

1unicipal plastic wastes

*ospital kitchen

Tetile ther



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INDU*TRIA) &)A*TIC WA*TE*

Industrial plastic wastes :socalled primary "aste< are those arising from

the large plastics manufacturing, processing and pacaging industry. &he

industrial waste plastic mainly constitute plastics from construction and

demolition companies :e.g. polyvinyl chloride pipes and fittings, tiles and sheets'! or 4o! in

flue gas.

Clue gas cleaning is

re+uired to avoid emission

of ha$ardous components

in e!haust gas.

>itrogenD polyamide,

polyurethane

4ulfurD polyphenylene sulfide

Polymers containing

halogens of chlorine,

bromine and fluorine.

4ource of ha$ardous and

corrosive flue gas upon

thermal treatment and

combustion.

Polyvinyl chloride,

Polyvinylidene chloride,

brominecontaining flame

retardants and fluorocarbon

polymers.



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C/a!ter4

4.1 &5RO)5*I*

Earious methodologies have been tried and tested to process waste plastics

for many years, with recycling becoming the most common method reflecting

todays environmental re+uirements. Plastics that cannot be processed are handled

by waste management companies by normal land filling or incineration.

In recent years, the building or e!panding of gasifiers :most notably the

levels of emissions< has become difficult due to opposition from governments and

community groups with environmental concerns. Fi+uefaction of plastic is a

superior method of reusing this resource. &he distillate product is an e!cellent fuel

and maes pyrolysis one of the best, economically feasible and environmentally

sensitive recycling systems in the world today.

:Plastic waste converting to fueloncatalytic pyrolysis

$atalytic 0yrolysis83

Pyrolysis oil consists of a comple! mi!ture of aliphatic and aromatic

o!ygenates and particulates. It is very viscous, acidic and unstable li+uid with

relatively lowenergy density compared to conventional fossil oil. 4uch poor

+uality of the oil re+uires costly post treatment and maes complete process

economically less attractive. Presence of proper catalysts during the Pyrolysis

process can affect the networ of reactions and upgrade the oil. Providing good

contact between the catalyst and solid waste is essential to improve the efficiency

of Pyrolysis process. Fower Pyrolysis temperature is crucial ma!imi$ing oil yield

and +uality.

8atalytic pyrolysis maes whole process very efficient only drawbac

associated with system is high cost. !ample of catalyst used are $eolite, O4;5,

silicaalumina, 4?2?)O4;5, ;8;1)O4;5, C88.

9on3catalytic pyrolysis

&his pyrolysis process is carried out in absence of catalyst. It re+uires more

temperature conditions. Its main advantage is good efficiency of process with low



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cost. &he only thing about this process is we cannot target specific product.

&hermal pyrolysis is type of noncatalytic pyrolysis.

(. 'n the basis of speed :residence time of waste< of pyrolysis. It is classified

into main two groups

a. Cast Pyrolysis, and

b. 4low Pyrolysis.

ast 0yrolysis83

Clash Pyrolysis is characteri$ed by moderate temperatures between 00

=00o

8 and rapid heating rates (o

8)s. Eapor residence times are usually less than

two seconds.

%ue to the short vapor residence time, products are high +uality,

ethylenerich gases that could subse+uently be used to produce alcohols or

gasoline. &he production of char and tar is considerable less during this process.

Cast Pyrolysis can be further categori$ed into the followingD

#blative ast 0yrolysis pressure is applied to biomass to increase speed of

decomposition through use of centrifugal or mechanical force. Farger particles

of biomass can be used in this process.

$yclonic ast 0yrolysis also called vorte! fast pyrolysis, separates the solids

from the noncondensible gases and returns them to the mi!er.

Rotatin& $one ast 0yrolysis uses a compact high intensity reactor in

which biomass of ambient temperature is mi!ed with hot sand. 3pon mi!ing

with the hot sand, the biomass decomposes into 0/ condensible gases with

15/ noncondensible gases and 15/ char.

%low 0yrolysis83

4low Pyrolysis is characteri$ed by slow heating rates, low temperaturesand lengthy gas and solids residence times. %epending on the system, heating



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rates are about 0.1 to (o8)s and prevailing temperatures are around 500o8. Gas

residence time may be greater than five seconds. %uring conventional Pyrolysis,

the waste is slowly devolatilli$edB hence tar and char are the main products.

Eacuum pyrolysis

*. 'n the basis of temperature used pyrolysis again can be classified into two

classes

a. 2igh temperature pyrolysis

b. Fow temperature pyrolysis

*i&h temperature

2igh temperature pyrolysis taes place at 500 08 100008. It taes less

residence time and gives more gaseous product.

Low temperature

Fow temperature pyrolysis taes place below 50008 temperature. It taes

more residence time and gives more li+uid product.

. ?gain there are two major classes of pyrolysis on the basis of type of gas used

for purging

a. '!idative pyrolysis

b. >ono!idative pyrolysis

idative pyrolysis

'!idative pyrolysis is the process of pyrolysis which allow measured

amount of o!ygen in system. In this process co( is used as purging gas. It

re+u1ires less temperature than that of nono!idative pyrolysis.

http://www.bioenergywiki.net/Vacuum_pyrolysishttp://www.bioenergywiki.net/Vacuum_pyrolysis


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9on3oidative

>ono!idative pyrolysis is the process of pyrolysis which does not allow

o!ygen in the system. In this type of pyrolysis nitrogen is used as purging gas.



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4.2&RODUCT T5&E AND CARACTERI*TIC*

Plastics are separated into oil, gas and char residue by pyrolysis. ecovery

ratio and characteristics of the product distillate differs. &his depends on the types

of plastics and the level of contamination as shown in table below. ssentiallyD the

cleaner the feedstoc, the better the yield.

Table48 0roduct types of some plastics for pyrolysis

1ain products Type of plastics #s a feedstock of li:uid fuel

Fi+uid hydrocarbons Polyethylene :Pe!t re+uirement to mae process feasible in laboratory level was to mae

system lea proof. %uring the process the gases lea through the reactor or from

any joint such as joint between condenser and reactor. #ecause pyrolysis gives

highly ignitable gases and li+uid any mistae or careless action may cause fire in

laboratory. &o deal with problem we made our system lea proof as we can. "e

used silica gel, glass wool, white cement and plaster of paries as lea proof agent.

#y above efforts process of pyrolysis made feasible in laboratory level.



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W5 WE COO*E &5RO)5*I* &ROCE**=

Pyrolysis is one of the best methods for preserving valuable petroleum

resources in addition to protecting the environment by decreasing the volume of

nondegradable waste. ?dvantages of pyrolysis are reduces greenhouse gas

emissions and waste going to landfill,Produces a maretable product :electricity


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very short life span. &o form article from mi!ed plastic waste it is needed that that

waste must be of good +uality and should not be degraded or dirty.

?nother way of recycling of waste is Incineration which is purely used for

reduction of volume of waste. It includes burning of plastic waste in presence of

o!ygen. It emits ha$ardous gases and unable to give amount of energy plastic

could generate.

?nother way of dealing with plastic waste is Fand Cilling. Fand filling not

only responsible for loss in potential of plastic waste and loss in resources but also

for land pollution. It just helps to minimi$e volume of plastic waste.

Pyrolysis is highly efficient techni+ue of recycling. If (0000 g of plastic

waste under go for pyrolysis 19000 liter of li+uid is come as yield. It means

process is highly efficient. ?gain special feature of pyrolysis is that, mi!ed plastic

waste, unsorted, unclean can be processed through this techni+ue. &hird most

important feature is that it is environmentally attractive process. >either has it

evolved any harmful gases nor any solid waste to cause any pollution.

4o it is environmentally friendly techni+ue to process plastic waste. Fi+uid

fuel produced in this techni+ue can be used as automotive fuel after blending with

%iesel. Gases produced in pyrolysis can be used for pyrolysis unit itself :to

generate temperature re+uired for system


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C/a!ter6

6.1 DE*CRI&TION O, &5RO)5*I* *ET U&

1. ,URNACE

Des$r"!t"on o# #urna$e

&he essential condition to carry process of pyrolysis in laboratory is to

obtain and maintain temperature re+uirement for the process of pyrolysis.

;inimum temperature re+uirement for process of pyrolysis is 50o

c and thema!imum can reach up to =50oc. temperature need for our project was limited for

the range of *0oc to =00oc. &o achieve this much temperature at constant rate

laboratory furnace is needed furnace available to us was muffle furnace. %etail

related to muffle furnace is given bellow

9ameK ;uffle Curnace

*!e$"#"$at"ons%

Iolta&eK (50 volts

LoadK 10 amps.

Temp. Ran&eK 0 K 1(00oc

D"ens"ons%

%pace availableK 150W150W*00 mm( cross section.

+nsulation used glass wool, asbestos sheets.

Mod"#"$at"on "n #urna$e



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"ith the available furnace it is not possible to maintain the furnace

temperature at re+uired level. 4o we modify the furnace by attaching the digital

temperature controller which can control the furnace temperature at re+uired

level.

0ictorial representation of Temperature $ontroller and furnace

5.5i&ital Temperature $ontroller . urnace with temp. controller



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2. REACTOR

Des$r"!t"on o# rea$tor

It is feed containing vessel made up of stainless steel. eactor consists of

three opening on its top for different purposes as shown in below pictures.

Mod"#"$at"on "n rea$tor

&he previous reactor present was leaed from opening present at top due to

improper matching of condenser and reactor so modify the reactor by welding the

tapper section to the outlet for attaching the condenser system properly in order to

minimi$es the leaages as shown in picture. "e also attached the sensor from one

of the opening present to the reactor which shows inside temperature of reactor. It

is really difficult to attach the sensor to the reactor for this we sealed a hole of

reactor and ept a small opening through which we can insert the cable of the

sensor inside the reactor so that we minimi$es leaages.



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*$/eat"$ re!resentat"on o# !re;"ous rea$tor%

>.&"$tor"al re!resentat"on o# !re;"ous rea$tor%

>a.,ront ;"e' >. To! ;"e'



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?.*$/eat"$ re!resentat"on o# od"#"ed rea$tor%

&"$tor"al re!resentat"on o#Mod"#"ed Rea$tor:

Ca. ront view Cb. Top view



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@.&"$tor"al re!resentat"on o# *ensor

Te!erature sensor sensor atta$/ed to rea$tor

4. DOOR O, ,URNACE

%oor is opening provided for insertion of reactor into the furnace

Des$r"!t"on o# DOOR

1aterialK mild steel :msitrogen purging cylinder

was available on rent by 6>atwarlal Eisanji ?gency in ?ola7.

.0ictorial representation of pur&in& system83

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e #$


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PYROLYSIS (A way to utilize plastic waste)2

2. Condensat"on s7ste

8ondensation system is used to receive vapours formed due to process of

pyrolysis. It consists of one reflu! condenser. Inlet of condenser is attached to

opening of rector provided for condensation system using bent. Product vessel is

attached to the outlet of condenser by bent. It is attached in inclined shape so that

li+uid travels easily to collection system. Inlet is provided from bottom of the

condenser A outlet is provided from top condenser, care should be taen that

whole condenser should be filled by cooling water.

2.0ictorial representation of condensation system83

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e ##


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4. Cool"n( s7ste

8ooling system is to provide cool water continuously for condensation of

vapours formed as product of pyrolysis.

8ooling system consist of one bucet to which one outlet system is drilled

at bottom tap is fi!ed to drilled portion of bucet. 8are is taen while fi!ing tap

because small leaage may cause huge water loss. Pipe is e!tended from top of

bucet to bottom inlet of condenser inlet of condenser. Crom top of condenser

opening pipe is e!tended to bucet for use of water. #ucet is placed at the height

of * ft. from height of condenser so that water should flow without use of any

force. "e used chilled water as cooling media.

4.0ictorial representation of coolin& system83

6. Colle$t"on s7ste

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e #%


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Purpose of collection system is to receive li+uid product from condenser.

8ollection system was consist of one vessel having round bottom two and

openings out of which one is bloced by rubber cor. ?nother opening is

connected to condenser via bend. &o eep vessel in air stand was provided.

8ollection vessel must be washed and dried thoroughly.

6.0ictorial representation of collection system83

C/a!ter

.1&ROCE** DE*CRI&TION

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e #&


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Collowings are the steps which taes place during the run of the set up.

1. 8leaning of reactor

(. ;aterial preparation

*. Cilling of reactor

. Insertion of reactor into the furnace

5. Purging

=. 4witch on the furnace

. 8ondensation and product collection

It is necessary to clean the reactor and other accessories such as condenser

product vessel etc. before the start of process because unclean reactor may cause

physical changes i.e. contamination of final product or may cause problem in

material balance. "e used detergent and scrubber to wash the reactor using

moderate temperature water. &he condenser is clean by using hot water so that the

dust or trapped product of earlier batch can remove easily. ?fter cleaning

e+uipments are ept for drying. 4ometime manual drying may re+uire.

4econdly is raw material preparation which includes cutting of raw

materials, washing and drying, for uniform temperature distribution through the

raw material it is cut into pieces having similar or nearly similar surface area.

?fter cutting raw material in pieces ne!t step is washing or cleaning of raw

material by water. ?fter washing water is removed and material is ept for drying

or preheating in furnace. Preheating removes water and other volatiles impurities.

In ne!t step, dried or preheated material is then filled into the reactor.

#olts attached to flanges are screwed tightly to avoid leaage problem. ?t this this

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e #'


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step we inserted sensor into the reactor from one of the opening present at top of

reactor which measures and shows temperature in the reactor. &he reactor is then

placed in to the furnace.

8ondenser assembly is attached to the reactor as shown in the fig. cooling

system consist of one bucet having one opening for outlet water two pipes to two

openings of condenser is provided. Cirst flow rate and flow temperature of inlet

water is measured, and then it is attached to condenser. ?s the water comes out of

condenser its outlet flow rate A out let temperature is measured. 2ere we are

using inclined product condenser. ?s the product vapours starts coming out they

are condensed by cooling water A condensed product dripped inside the

collection vessels.

8are must be taen to mae whole system lea proof. Fea may cause

entry of o!ygen inside reactor or loss of product through leas. &o mae system

lea proof silica gel, white cement and plaster of paries are used.

?s the process starts purging is done initially for 5 to minutes. very

process condition such as flow rates, various temperatures, resident time, and

purging pressure is noted. &o mae system o!ygen free purging is done after every

15 minutes.

1.*$/eat"$ re!resentat"on o# !7rol7s"s set u!

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e #(


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1.&"$tor"al ;"e' o# !7rol7s"s set u!

.2 IDENTI,ICATION O, DI,,ERENT T5&E* O, &)A*TIC*

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e %0


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&here are several simple tests that can be used to distinguish between the

common types of polymers so that they may be separated for processing.

?ccording to that we choose P4 and 2%P for our process. Cor that purpose we

choose college articles and mil pouches, which have to pass from few tests listed

belowD

Table:6

TestJ

1aterialK

)ater "urnin& %mell after

burnin&

ther

characteristics

0rediction

4tationary

articles

:glassy pens,

scales , set

s+uares, etc ?mines

10 19(.95 8> ?mines

11 1=1(.5 8V8 ?romatic

1( 1*.0= 8V' ?ldehydes, Retonecarbo!ylic

acids A esters

1* 1-0.*= Phenyl ing

4ubstitution

?ny

1 1--.* Phenyl ing

4ubstitution

?ny

15 195(.0* 8is

82V82

8V8 asymmentric compound

1= ((**.= 88 ?lynes

1 (*(0. 88 ?lynes

1- (-5-.= 82 ?lane

19 (9(-.0 8arbo!ylic

acid

?ny

(0 *0(-.* 82 ?lene

(1 *0=-.-5 ?romatic

ing

?ny

(( **-5.1- 82 ?lynes

(* *=--.0( '2 2#onded ?lcoholA Phenol

,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR CO))E-E ARTICA)* 9&* "n $rude #or:

*!a'h6+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s'!#%(c #&aine% a 4500c

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e '%


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C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e '&


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Table@8Reference table for T+R peak values

Table2?8R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e ''


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%r. 9o. 0eak Ialue Type f "ond Types f $ompound

1 (=.(- Iodoalanes ?ny

( -.15 Iodoalanes ?ny

* 5*.9 82 ?lynes 00.1- ?romatices ;onosubstituted #en$ene

5 5.19 ?romatices ;etasubstituted #en$ene

= -(.9 82 Phenyl ing 4ubstitution #ands

90(.( 82 ?lenes

- 10((.*1 82 ?lenes

9 10-(.1 8' ?lcohols, ether, carbo!ylic acids

A esters

10 1(=*.( 8' ?lcohols, ether, carbo!ylic acids

A esters11 1*1.* 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl

1( 1-.59 82 ?lane

1* 19-. 8V8 ?romatic ring

1 1595.1- 8V8 ?romatic ring

15 1=0-.=9 8V8 ?lene

1= 1*.9( 8V' ?ldehydes

1 1-09.(9 8arbo!ylic acid A

derivatives

?cyl halides

1- 1--.* 8arbo!ylic acid A

derivatives

?cyl halides

19 1950.1 82 Phenyl ing 4ubstitution #ands

(0 ((*5.5 83> >itriles

(1 (*((=.(* 8M8 ?lynes

(( (-5-.= 82 ?lane

(* (9(-.0 82 ?lane

( *0(=.1 V82 A V82( ?lene

(5 *0=9.-5 V82 A V82( ?lene

(= *(1.-* >2 ?mine

( *55.(- '2 ?lcoholA Phenol

(- *=--.0( >2 ?mide

,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR CO))E-E ARTICA)* 9&* res"due:

*!a'h7+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s !esi%(e #&aine% a 4500C

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e '(
http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/tutorials/images/irunk04.gifhttp://wwwchem.csustan.edu/tutorials/images/irunk04.gifhttp://wwwchem.csustan.edu/tutorials/images/irunk04.gifhttp://wwwchem.csustan.edu/tutorials/images/irunk04.gif


90/122


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91/122


&able(1Deference table for C&I pea values

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e (


92/122


Table228Result8The peak values in above &raph shows followin&

compounds


1 1=.= Iodoalanes ;onosubstituted

( (.5- Iodoalanes ;etasubstituted

* 5*-.1= Phenyl ing ?ny

=9-.(5 Phenyl ing ?ny

5 -0.* 82 Phenyl ing

= -=(.(1 82 Phenyl ing

10(0.*- 8> ?mines

- 1095.1= 8> ?mines

9 1(=1.9 8' ?lcohols, ethers

10 10=.15 8> ?mines

11 15.*- 8V8 ?romatic ring

1( 150.5* 8V8 ?romatic ring

1* (=0.-* 8V8 ?lenes

1 1*0.(1 8V' ?ldehydes, Retone

,carbo!ylic acids A esters

15 1950.1 8is82V82 8V8 ?symmetric

compound

1= (*59.0( 8V> >itrile

1 (9=0.-* ?lyl ;ethyl

1- *10.(= >2 ?mines

19 *=1-.5- '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols A

phenols

(0 *=-9.95 '2 2 K #onded ?lcohols A

phenols

,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI)K &OUCE* 9D&E "n $rude #or:



93/122


*!a'h8+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s'!#%(c #&aine% a 4500C

"#"11!"1"1#"!!"$$"%1&c'

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94/122


&able(*Deference table for C&I pea values

Table268R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin&compounds

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e ($


95/122



1 5*.9 Phenol ing

4ubstitution

?ny

( 11.= ?romatices ;onosubstituted

#en$ene

* *-.= ?romatices ;onosubstituted

#en$ene

-0.* ?romatices ;etasubstituted

#en$ene

5 90(.( Einyl ;onosubstituted

?lene

= 9-5.== Einyl ;onosubstituted

?lene 100=.-- 8> ?mines

- 10-.0* 8> ?mines

9 1(=5.*5 8' 82* ?lcohols, ether,

carbo!ylic acids A

esters

10 1*=.5- 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl

11 15.*- 82 ?lane

1( 1=*.1 8V8 ?lene

1* 1*(.1* 8V' ?ldehydes,

Retonecarbo!ylicacids A esters

1 19(.*- 8is

82V82

8V8 asymmentric

compound

15 (**0.09 '2 carbo!ylic acids

1= (=5.*= '2 carbo!ylic acids

1 (-5=.= 82 ?lane

1- (9(0.*( 82 ?lane

19 *0=-.-5 82 ?lene

,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI)K &OUCE* 9D&E res"due:

*!a'h9++Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s !esi%(e #&aine% a 4500c

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e (#


96/122


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C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e (%


97/122



Table28R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e (&


98/122



1 (.*5 Iodoalanes ?ny

( (.5- Iodoalanes ?ny

* 5*=.(* 82 ?lynes

(*.** ?romatic ;onosubstituted

#en$ene

5 -0(.1 Phenyl ing ;etasubstituted

#en$ene

= 10(-.09 8> ?mines

1091.5 8> ?mines

- 1(=1.9 8' ?lcohols, ethers

9 1*1.* 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl

10 1=(.09 8> ?mines

11 110.9( 8V' ?ldehydes, Retone

,carbo!ylic acids A

esters

1( (0(1. >V8V',

>V8V>,8V8

V'

Isocyanates,diimides

A etones

1* (**.59 8V> >itrile

1 (==*.- 8V',82 ?ldehydes, Retone

15 (-50.-- 8V' carbo!ylic acids

1= (9((.*5 8V' carbo!ylic acids

1 **5.5 >2 ?mines

1- *=1=.=5 '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols

A phenols

19 *=91.-- '2 2 bonded ?lcohols

A phenols

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e ('


99/122


,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI &)A*TIC WA*TE 9&ol7ole#"ns "n $rude

#or:

*!a'h10-Res(l #) )i!s &ach,s'!#%(c #&aine% a 6000C

"#"11!"1"1#"!!"$$"%1&c'

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C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e ((


100/122



C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e 00


101/122


Table2C8R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds


1 =-.( Iodoalanes ?ny( 5(.0( 82 ?lynes

* 19. ?romatic ;onosubstituted #en$ene

-0(.1 Phenol ing ;etasubstituted #en$ene

5 -9=.9* 82 Phenyl ing

= 10((.*1 8> ?mines

1095.= 8> ?mines

- 1(=1.9 8' ?lcohols, ethers carbo!ylic,

acids A esters

9 1*5.(9 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl

10 15-.(* 8> ?mines

11 1=5.** >2 ?mines1( 101.( 8V' carbo!ylic, acids A

%erivatives

1* (*==. 8V> >itrile

1 ((. 82 ?ldehydes A Retone

15 (-5(.-1 carbo!ylic, acids A

%erivatives

?ny

1= (9((.(5 carbo!ylic, acids A

%erivatives

?ny

1 *0(.1 ?romatic ing ?ny

1- *=1-.5- '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols Aphenols

19 *=95.* '2 2 bonded ?lcohols A

phenols

,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI &)A*TIC WA*TE 9&ol7ole#"ns "n $rude

#or:

*!a'h11+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s'!#%(c #&aine% a 4500c



102/122


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103/122





104/122


Table4?8R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds


1 =(.9* Iodoalanes ?ny( 5*.9 82 ?lynes

* 19. ?romatices ?ny

-0.* 82 Phenyl ing 4ubstitution

5 -9=.9* 82 Phenyl ing 4ubstitution

= 100-.- 8' ?lcohols, ethers carbo!ylic,

acids A esters

109.5* 8' ?lcohols, ethers carbo!ylic,

acids A esters

- 1(1.1* 8' ?lcohols, ethers carbo!ylic,

acids A esters

9 1**.*= 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl

10 15=.* 8> ?mines

11 1=0.-* 8V8 ?romatic ring

1( 1=5.** 8V8 ?lenes

1* 10*.( 8V' carbo!ylic, acids A

%erivatives

1 (1-5.( >V8V',

>V8V>,

8V8V'

Isocyanates,diimides A

etones

15 (*((.* 8V> >itrile

1= (=*.* 8V' ?ldehydes A Retone

1 ((9.* 82 ?ldehydes A Retone

1- (-5=.= 8arbo!ylic

acid

?ny

19 (9(0.*( 8arbo!ylic

acid

?ny

(0 *00.- ?romatic ing ?ny

(1 *=*.* '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols A

phenols

(( *=91.-- '2 2#onded ?lcoholA Phenol

,T3IR RE*U)T* ,OR MI &)A*TIC WA*TE 9&ol7ole#"ns res"due:

*!a'h12+Res(l #) sec#n% &ach,s !esi%(e #&aine% a 4500c

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e 0$


105/122


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C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e 0#


106/122



Table428R%;LT8The peak values in above &raph shows followin& compounds

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e 0%


107/122



1 0.=5 Iodoalanes ;etasubstituted

( 5*0. Phenol ing ?ny

* 19. ?romatic ;onosubstituted

#en$ene

-0.* Phenyl ing ;etasubstituted #en$ene

5 -5.1 82 Phenyl ing

= 10(.( 8> ?mines

109.5* 8> ?mines

- 1(=1.9 8' ?lcohols, ethers

carbo!ylic acids A esters

9 1*1.* 82* Isopropyl. tbutyl

10 1=0.1= 8> ?mines

11 1599.0 82 ?romatic bonding

1( 195.9 8V' carbo!ylic, acids

1* (*59.0( 8V> >itrile

1 (515.(= 8V' 4aturated etone

15 (-50.-- 8V' carbo!ylic acids A

derivatives

1= (9(0.*( 8V' carbo!ylic acids A

derivatives

1 *=1-.5- '2 ;onomeric ?lcohols A

phenols

1- *=95.* '2 2 bonded ?lcohols A

phenols

&he residue obtained at =000c is in coal form so we cannot do the C&I test of

residues of all three wastes obtained at =000c.

.6. CA)ORI,IC VA)UE

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e 0&


108/122


&he calorific value of a fuel is the +uantity of heat produced by its

combustion at constant pressure and under HnormalH conditions. &he combustion

process generates water vapor and certain techni+ues may be used to recover the

+uantity of heat contained in this water vapor by condensing it.

&he 2igher 8alorific Ealue :or Gross 8alorific Ealue G8E< suppose that

the water of combustion is entirely condensed and that the heat contained in the

water vapor is recovered. &he Fower 8alorific Ealue :or >et 8alorific Ealue

>8E< suppose that the products of combustion contains the water vapor and that

the heat in the water vapor is not recovered.

&he calorific value is a characteristic for each substance. It is measured in

units of energy per unit of the substance, usually mass, such asD cal)g, @)g,

@)mol, #tu)m.2eating value is commonly determined by use of a bomb

calorimeter.

"e carried out colorific value test at E>I&, >agpur.

i&'8$#LR+1TR

CA)ORI,IC VA)UE O, DI,,ERENT &ETRO)EUM &RODUCT*

Table448$alorific value of 5ifferent uels

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e 0'


109/122


Cuels Ealues:Rcal)gmatural gas

4."iomass

#&ricultural residues

Paddy straw

ice hus

;ango leaves

Groundnut

4ugarcane

"heaat straw

8otton stals

;ai$e stals

;ai$e cobs#ajra stals

Gram straw

;asoor straw

;oong straw

6.orestry residues

"ood wastes

#ar

A.#nimal wastes

8owdung8owdung cae

5000(*10

=900

10-00

10500

10*00

1000

9=00

-000 9-0

*000

*00

**90

(00

*-00

*-00

00

*500

*-50

*950

*-10

*9-0

(500 *-50

(500 (-50

*(90*10

Tale 46% Results #or $alor"#"$ ;alue o# !rodu$t ota"ned at 6$.

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e 0(


110/122


%r. 9o. 9ame of 0roduct

(crude form!

$alorific Ialue

(=cal/&m!

1 Polystyrene 1=*.9

( Polyolefines 1=-(.-

* 2igh density polyethylene 19*.(

Crom above tables we compare the different calorific values of standard fuel

product with our product. 4o we can say that our product values come near to

the petroleum product i.e. diesel.



111/122


OTER *TUD5 TE*T

1. &our &o"nt + Cloud &o"nt

&he Pour point is defined as the temperature 5 0C:(.- 0c< higher than that

at which the oil ceases to flow when cooled A tested according to prescribed

condition.

&he cloud point is defined as the temperature at which oil becomes cloudy

when it is cooled in a specific manner.

Test %pecial 7rade 7rade 3# 7rade B"

Pour point = = 1(

&able*5DPour point

2. *oke &o"nt

4moe Point is the ma!imum flame height in millimeters to which a diesel

will burn without smoing in a standard apparatus.

Test %uperior 7rade +nferior 7rade

4moe point (0 1(

&able*=D4moe point

4. An"l"ne &o"nt

It is defined as the temperature at which a li+uid just becomes

completely miscible with an e+ual volume of aniline. ?niline is a organic

compound. &he molecular formula is :8=25>(


112/122


&he ignition +uality of diesel fuel is measured in a standard engine by

matching against blend of two reference fuels A e!pressed in terms of cetane

number. 8etane number of diesel is about 0 to 50.

6. O$tane Nuer

&he antinoc +uality of a fuel is measured in a standard engine in

terms of relative performance of two standard fuels A then e!pressed as its

octane number.

C/a!ter>



113/122


Cost Est"at"on

&he primary intention to demonstrate is that waste plastics has great potentials forresource such as fuel production. 4uch ind of project will first focus on technical,

environmental and social viability with its financial returns as the least priority

Crom below table the operating costs involves feedstoc cost, electricity cost, fi!ed

cost :au!iliary e+uipments


114/122


Pyrolysis is feasible in laboratory if temperature conditions and leaage is

control. &he temperature re+uirement of three different plastic wastes are shown

in below table*-,

1aterial Temperature

(oc!

Polystyrene waste (50

2igh %ensity Polyethylene waste ((0

'lefinic waste (0

&hrough e!perimental study we calculated that thermal pyrolysis has high

efficiency and minimum losses. ?s the range of temperature varies at wide range

C&I study shows wide range of product distribution. &hrough that we could

conclude that to obtain narrower range of hydrocarbon we need to eep our

temperature range narrower. ;ost important conclusion is made by observing

flash point data, fire point data, density and calorific value data.

Tale 4@% Co!arat";e result o# all test !rodu$ts ota"ned at $

C.O.E.T.A/Chemical/202!a"e $


115/122


!.# ae!ial

Tess

P $PE PO

OE"E

iesel

1 Clash point 55 =9 0 =(

( Cire point =0 -1 5= -1

* %ensity:g)cm*o.5(-.

*. @. ?.#rydson, Plastic ;aterial , second edition ,butter worth group, chapter 11, page

no.( to (*.

. #. R. ao,? &e!tboo of Petrochemical &echnology, first edition,page no 1*519

5. Project report on Xpyrolysis guided by Prof.>..#halerao, batch (009(010.

&A&ER*%

1. &urning mi!ed plastic wastes into a useable li+uid fuel 4.F. Fow, ;.?. 8onnor and

G.2. 8ovey %epartment of 8hemical ngineering 3niversity of ;elbourne

;elbourne, Eictoria *010 ?ustralia.

(. 8onverting "aste Plastics into a esource 8ompendium of &echnologies 8ompiled

by 3nited >ations nvironmental Programme %ivision of &echnology, Industry and

conomics International nvironmental &echnology 8entre 'saa)4higa, @apan.

*. &hermolysis of waste plastics to li+uid fuel ? suitable method for plastic waste

management and production of value added products? world prospective ?chyut

R. Panda a,b,W, .R. 4ingh a,1, %.R. ;ishra b,( a %epartment of 8hemical

ngineering, >ational Institute of &echnology, ourela, 'rissa, India b @agannath

Institute for &echnology and ;anagement, Parlahemundi, = 4uryanagar,

#hubaneswar 5100*, 'rissa, India.

. En4-mart Technl"ie 4er4ie5 5ate platic t dieel 6uel

inn4ati4e en4irnment technl".



121/122


5. ecycling techni+ues of polyolefins from plastic wastes by %.4. ?82IFI?4, .

?>&'>?R'3,8.'3P?RI?4,P.;G?F'R'>';'4,?.F?PP?4, Faboratory

of 'rganic 8hemical &echnology %epartment of 8hemistry, ?ristotle 3niversity of&hessalonii G 51 ( &hessalonii, Greece ,Faboratory of nvironmental Cuels

and 2ydrocarbons, 8PI G 50 01 &hermi, &hessalonii, Greece.

=. ;unicipal 4olid "aste ;anagement in ?siaD ? 8omparative ?nalysis 8. Eisvanathan

and @. &ranler nvironmental ngineering A ;anagement, 4chool of nvironment,

esources and %evelopment, ?sian Institute of &echnology, P. '. #o! , Rlong

Fuang, Pathumthani 1(1(0, &hailand.

. Oadgaonarscofriendly, Plastic Cuel 8onversion of "aste Plastic into Fi+uid

2ydrocarbons ) nergy, ? major breathrough in the arena 'f >onconventionalsources of energy, Information #rochure ?nd &echnical "rite3p by Prof. ;rs. ?la

Oadgaonar ?sst. Professor A 2ead, %ept. of ?pplied 8hemistry, G. 2. aisoni

8ollege of ngineering, >agpur.

-. PF?4&I8 "?4& 4&?; #y ;elanie 4mith.

9. Rinetics of the Fow&emperature Pyrolysis of Polyethene, Polypropene, and

Polystyrene ;odeling, !perimental %etermination, and 8omparison with Fiterature

;odels and %ata . ". @. "esterhout, @. "aanders, @. ?. ;. Ruipers,W and ". P. ;.

van 4waaij Caculty of 8hemical ngineering, eaction ngineering Group,

3niversity of &wente, P.'. #o! (1, 500 ? nschede, &he >etherlands.

10. @en Rovcs, "hat is #iomass Pyrolysis 8onsumer energy information. nergy

fficiency and enewable nergy >etwor. 3.4.

11. @'3>?F % P2\4I3 IE 8ollo+ue 8, supplment au @ournal de Physi+ue 111,

Eolume *, novembre 199* ecycling of polymers by pyrolysis ". R?;I>4R\

Institute or Tec!nical and "acromolecular #!emistr$% &ni'ersit$ o Hambur(%

Bundesstrasse )*% +,,, Hambur( -% /erman$.

1(. PF?4&I84 P\'F\4I4 AN0 #OAL #OPRO#ESSLN/ 1ITH 1ASTE PLASTI#S;. 4. ;ulgaonar, 8. 2. Ruo, ?. . &arrer8hemical ngg %ept ?uburn 3niversity

?uburn. ?l*=-9

1*. PyrolysisD ? method for ;i!ed Polymer ecycling by ;atthew @ohnson, 4ean

%erric, Green ;anufacturing Initiative.



122/122


WEB*ITE*%

1. www.envis.com

(. www.eosvest.com*. www.enviroliteracy.com

. www.thermo.com

5. www.motherearthnews.com

=. www.biodiesel.org

. www.greenstudentu.com)encyclopedia)recycling)plastic.

-. www.hubbertpea.com)2ubbert)195=)195=.pdf.

9. www.wcaslab.com)tech)tbftir.htm.
http://www.envis.com/http://www.ekosvest.com/http://www.enviroliteracy.com/http://www.thermo.com/http://www.motherearthnews.com/http://www.biodiesel.org/http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/recycling/plastichttp://www.hubbertpeak.com/Hubbert/1956/1956.pdfhttp://www.envis.com/http://www.ekosvest.com/http://www.enviroliteracy.com/http://www.thermo.com/http://www.motherearthnews.com/http://www.biodiesel.org/http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/recycling/plastichttp://www.hubbertpeak.com/Hubbert/1956/1956.pdf

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Pyrolysis project