Pyelos Perineo 1

Mt.ro6rroio,onie&to>eopeot

Ê,r'wrenczlp,r

TQoXAFtDr,cPlfd$zp(tc)|A*, (@e (P.PE-a,

d6*utno'\,or.,no,,

KEOAAAIO

Ilvunol KAr IIuprNEoH nleAog (trerovq) elvor 11 neproXrl onou evdrvovror ro roro o-

Kpo U€ Tov roppd (Err. 3-1). To nepfueo, q neproXq Uero€u rov pn-ptitv (Etr. 3-54), e(vorrlXovoerdqg neproXrl rou ropprou roror onoto \nrppaypo qg nueAou, ro ono(o Xop((er qv nuetrrr1 roiloq-ro ono ro neplveo (pI. Err. 2-29).

H nteAogH nUetroq onoretre( ro ror6repo olprelo rou rop;rou Kor I nue-

trtrr1 roLtr6qro, Xtovoerdoug oXrlporoq, onoreLe[ ro ror6repo rpul-

;ro qq roilroulg rodoqroq ror evronl(eror xoro ono ro enlneborou nuetrrxou Xeitrouq, nou opi(eL qreALxr. r7 ovtivult4 ypappr1l (Etx.3-1 xor 3-7, BI. Ex.2-29). H ovrilvu;ul ypopUn onoretrelro ovoopto rqq nuetrrxlg roLklqrog, q ono[o ouv6Xeror pe qv roilrorrlrotLorrlro. H nuetrrrrl roil,dqro otpopl(eror ono rortr.t ono rodnrppoypa rqg nueAou, ro ono(o oxnpori(eL rc nueAu<o e\orpogror nopeppoltreror gero[u nuetrou ror neplvtlou. To dvo ordpror4g nuetrou 11 eioodog rqg nuetrou orpop[(eror oe rd0e ntreupd onoqv ovrirvupq ypogpn, 11 ono(o e rr€lverol ono qv qBLxrl oultrpuo4 e-pnpoq, etoq rc oxpurqpLo rou repou ooroU n(oto (Err. 3-1A).

H oortrvry nteAogH oor6rvq nuetrog onore),e[ ro oretrero rrlg nuetrou. Ileprrtrel-

el qv nuetrLrrl roilorrlro ror oXrlgori(er t1v nueAxry (itvry2 1te yuonoio ouvroooovror T0 ooro rov rdror orpov. H oor6rvl nrietroqoXlgorf(eror ono epnpdg ror ono ro ntrdyto ono ro 6uo ovtivupaooro, to onofo evtilvovror Kor oxr]UoT((ouv rqv qBwq o1prpuo4, e-v6 npog ro n(oo onri ro repor oorc xurov KlKKUya (Err. 3-1 6trlg3-4). To tepov ooro rol o rdrruyog, nou onoretrouv ro xortlreporprlpo qg onovdutrrrrlg orr1trr1g, nopegBotrtrovror pero{u rov on[-o0ttov orpulv rov drio ovtr.rvulurlv oortilv. To uvr0vu;ro oord elvornlorro ooro ovtrlpotrou oXrlporog. To xd0e ovtirvupo onoretrelrorond rp(o rgflporo: ro troyovro, ro roXroxo ror ro qprro oord. Toooro ouro ouvovr6vr0r ot7v xorAAq, plo otporpoerdrl roitr1 enrqo-

1 H ovtivupog ypot4Jq lxnt)ari(erat an6 To 1PLKO rpAlto, r1v rrevrqtu a-rpoAorpio rou 1ptxotj oorcA, r4v ro{ott64 yplpuq rlu Aayov[ou xot

^ r4v ntepuya Ker r0 orput1pto rou Lepol ooroA (ELx. 3-1).z H nueALx4 (uv4 oy4pou(eTaL onl To 600 avdvupo 0oro. H xotA6r4ro

nou nepLEyeru orqv nueAmq fuivn Ku orpopi(erut ono nloa ono rorcp6v oorolv e[vat q nuelLr4 r<orA6qq 4 nieAoq.

"loOol406at 6-{il \lr^hoY.b llQt(rruxrvt

vero oTrlv dltrl enrqovero rou ovrrtvupou oorou, pe rqv ono[ov op-0pdiveror 1 rerpotrl rou plprolou oorou (Err. 3-38 ror 3-4). Toovrirvupo ooro nepLyporpovror oT0 repotrolo rov roro orpov (Kerp.

5). To r6ooepo rg1goro rou oreLerou qg nuelou ouyrporouvrorpero[f roug pe roXupo0g ouvDeopouq (Err 3-B ror 3-9) ror evdr-vovror U6 reooeprg op0prrroeLg: Duo 6rop0ptiroerq, riq rcpoAa.yp-vrcg dnplptioerg ror D0o ouyxovdprtoers ryn ryB,"iffim$-Tnv LtpoKOKKUyx4 ap9puo1 (Err 3-1 ror 3-4) IrLq duo retreuro[-eq, Uero(f Tov ouvroooopevov oorov nopeppotrtrovrol rvoXovdpL-vor 6(oror, evo-r evroXuovror xor ono ouvddogoug.

H ovrivultty 4 rcilxrl ypappi

H nuetroq euploreror roro ono ro en(nedo nou opl(er 1 ovdr-vulrog ypopprl (Err.3-7, Btr. enioqg Ew.2-29). To enlnedo ourd ei-vor rertrrpevo ror oXrlporr(eL yo.rv(o neplnou 550 pe ro opL(ovrro e-n(ne6o. Iupn(nrel pe r4v ypopprl nou evtirver ro orporrlpro rou re -pou oorou pe qv ovto enrqoveto qq lprrrlg oulupuorlg. Aurrl orpr-Fdrq n ypoUUn, ro0opi(er ror rrlv npoo0lon(o0Lo droperpo rou ovrr,r

oropiou t1 eroodou r4g nuetrou (Erx. 3-6A). H ovdrvupq ypopUlonoretreiror ono ro nopordrot poptptirporo (Err. 3-1 eolg 3-7 ror 3-15A): ro qprro qugo, rqv rrevro(o orpotrorp(o rou qprrou oorou, rqvroloerdq ypoUpl rou troyov[ou oorou, ro npoo0ro dpro rov reptirvnrepuyfrr-rv ror ro orpotrrlpro Tou repou oorou.

Me rqv ovtirvuprl ypopUn 1 nuetroq drorpelror oe duo ;toipeg:r4v ovo, pei(ovo nfetro (Qeudrlg nuetroq), 11 onolo or1v npoygoTr-ror4ro e[voL rpqgo qq roro rortrlog ror qv roro, eloooovo.nUe-tro (otr40Lvr1 nuetrog, "poreulr4 nuetroq"), r1 ono[o neprtroppoverrrlv nue),rrr1 roilorrlro (Err.3-4 ror 3-7, Ftr. enionq Err. 2-29). H

pe((ov nIetrog errelveror gerolrj rov troyovur.rv poOptrtv, novo onoqv ovtirvugq ypoUUn. H etrooorrlv nuetrog pp(oreror rorol ono rorerl,lpevo en(nedo 14q ovdrvuprlg ypoUUnq ror e(vor eloLpelro or1-povrrr4 orrl poteurrrrl xot yuvorrotroy(0, oqorj onoretreI ovonoono-oro rpqpo rqg yevv4lulq odorj.

Arogop6g pero[ri ovdprx{g Kor fuvor-;i'e}reiog nu6lou (Err. 3-1, llivorog 3-1). H ovdprrn Korrlyuvolre[o nuetrog droqepouv oe oprero orlpe(0, ro onoioelvoL oorprl ror ovoyvop((ovror eurotro. 0r drotpopeg our6qoqeilovror rup[og orrl pop[rep1 xorooreurl ror ro roXupo-repo puiro ouorqpo rotv ovbprirv, otrtro roL orqv ovoyrrqnpooop;royrlq qg yuvorxefog nuetrou oe evdeXdpevl ru1-oq. H yevrrq rorooreurl qq ovdprrqg nu6l,ou, Xoporqp(-(eror ono peyol0repo popog ror dyro ror ouvrl0urg no rU-rpovrl oorLro UoprptirUoro. H yuvoLxe[o n/eAoq efuat nnnAoren,nto pnxn, pe eupArepo avu xoL xoru oropto.ltrlv

288 KAINIKH ANATOMIA

Etxtjvu 3-1. Ar0Lll ono epnpog rulv oorurv ovdprrrlg (A) r<or yuvotrerog (B) nuetrou. Irlpeurrore orL ro ovo oropro rrlg nu6trou (e(oodog) ervot eu-purepo oq yuvotre[o nue],0 xot ort ri 1Bu<1 r<olropo (HK) elvot no],u eupurepl on'orL orlv ovdpLrrl nuetro. H 1BLrrl yutvio, oqv ropurp1 ouTnq qqropopog Bptorerot oro xorco or<po qg 1Brrflq ofprpuolq (I). Iqper6ore ro ptrpo noXog rou oorof oro troyovLo Bo0po qq yuvorreiog nu6trou. F.

11poo0(o ogrg nu6trou oT1v KovovrKrl rqq 0eor1.

NYEAOZ KAI NEPINEO 289

Aovavta 0Kponofn

Erxrivo 3-.1 . l-

ActVavta ûDttoLlo

QtostdtlC €ntOov€tcr

AntaFn ovkt novovt0 0K0v0J

OnloAto K0L0 noyat/tal 0Karv)[,

npoooto ovoiloVovrcl atKctveo

ActVovtoC E00pac

npoooto Kdro)ActV0vt0 dKovo(l

tol,to DXroKou ooTau

noVovoKT€vrKo oyK(nflcl

KL€vtot0 oKponoAtal

Av(D nljtKoC Kno6oCn p 0 L 0 :a t 6 t ) t, o u.) o K | |

1,",1 a t:e v I c xo I K ti € vI op lj

loxr0Kn ctKclvoct

En0aoev taxnKn:vtoL)t

Apsnova€tdnC oK pan aeta

loxroKo KUprcdUct

teu0 tlDtKou ootoU

Koto n'tKaC Kr'lo6oc

ot/o puf ...idL)r/a t n n t tot a c iJXtoKa)c'Knoda(

Etxtivo 3-2' Ano$r1 oro too rou Oeltou ovcuvupou 00r0u. IqpeLoore orL onore,\euor ono 3 rpq;ioro.vrotrrog. To ovorypo qg "Bevrotrtog" onoretrel 1 nrdpuyo rou ],oyrlvrou oorou, evdr n Qopdr0 IoBlorou.

Aoy0vr0, toXroro ror 4Brro ror eXer oX1po Be-rou oXrlporr(eror ono ro orlpo rou l$trou o-

l'),lt'rt

lA//.


).:::iKt) 0naQuatl

t(Dl-10 1l anov'unauI

QrcsrciC€nrQov€toi€ pa

KUDTQLIO

npaoeto ovinovovto oKov0o

K€POC LOU KOKKUVO

EvKopato K€poC KjKKUVoHDtKn aupQuotl

KApuqtl foLt I L)rkLtVO Kapuqn tau ârK

Erxrivo 3-3. A, Ae{ro ntroVro orlrt repou oorou ror rorruyo. B. lltroyro ogrl rou delrorj ovov0pou oorou rot rou rorruyo, nou 6e(yver orr oe ovo-roptr<1 06oq 1 npooOro ovrrr troyovro orov0o rot ro ovr,l opLo rrlq 1Brr1g oulupuolg Bplorovrol oro ldro perornlo[o snirtsOo.

Erxtivo 3-4. llpoo0ronLo0[o orlvoyporp(oyuvorre[oq nue],0u. IrlgeLdlore qv eupeloqptrrl ropopo ror qpLr<1 yrrlvio roL r0 ysyo-voq ort unopXeL opxerog orlpog oro opOoror ro oLypoerddg r<6),ov nro novo, To BeIqde[Xvouv qv lBtrn ouptpuorl (I), rrlv Lepo-Loyovto opOpoor1, rqv ovo enupovero qgror[].49 (K) roL qv neprqdpero rou 0upoer-doug rp1porog (0). H retpoll rou p4prolou(M) op0prlveror Ue Tlv roru),1 qg ono(ogbrotpolverot ro ro[],0 o<porpLro oyqlro.

runrr4 ovdprrrl ror yuvorrelo nuetro nopor4podge on: 1) r1

ondorool pero[u ovcovulurrv oortilv elvor peyotr0repri oTqyuvoLxelo n[e],0, rorL nou oqel],eror oro peyotr0repo eu-poq rou rep00 ooTou, yeyovoq nou e{1yei rr1 oXelro eupu-repl nuetro rov yuvorrdrv, 2) q onooroorl perol0 rorvroXrordlv xupro;lororv eivar peyotrurepn oTrq yuvoixeg, tro-yur eupureplq rlprrrlg ropopog, 3) ro repov ooro oTrq yu-

voireg eivor potrlov enine6o, oupBdtrtrovroq 6ror orrlv ori-[qoq rou ;reyriOoug rou ovul oroglou r4g nu6trou Kor r1qDropdrpou rlg yevvrllrr;q od00 Kor 4) ro Oupoerd1 rpnUo-ro e[vor orptlyyutro oroug ovdpeq ror ooerdq olg yuvoi-Keq. Ir0 neprooorepeg trenrogdpereg yro Trq drorpopdqoTqv KoTooKeurl qg nuritrou pero[u rorv 6uo rputrorv ptr.

Ellis (1983).


ANOPANOEIAHT NAATYNYEAOEIAH' Erxrivu 3-5. 0r rdooepLg runor r4q oorelv1g nu6\ou. 0r A

ror B elvoL r<orvoI oroug ovdpeg, evdr ouroI nou qolvovrororo I ror A onovrcirvror ouXvorepo orLq yuvokeg. A. Av-Opornoerdlg nueLog (onovrorot oe peplrorjg ovdpeg roLoto 23ok neplnou rov yuvorr6v). lloporqpelore orr 11

npoooronlooro droperpog rou ovul oroplou rrlg nuetroueivor peyoLureprl ono qv eyropoLo 0roperpo. B. ll}.oru-nuetroetdrlg n0etrog (oouvfi019 xor oro duo rputro). f. Av-dpoeLOlg nueLog (onovroror oroug nsproooTspouq 0v-dpeg ror oro 32o/o nspllt0u rov yuvorKdrv). Ilperdrore o-rL ro ovtrl oropto qg nudLou epcpovi(er ueyOtrn eyroporodLoperpo, rlprrlg ro onlo0ro rplpo rou elvot orevo. A. Iu-voLroeLdqg nuetrog (onovroror oro 43% nepinou Tov yu-voLr6v), Auro o runog nuetrou e[vor o nLo eupuXtrtpog o-no poreurtrlg oflorllq. 0g er rourou yuvolreg pe rdroLoruno nu6Lou Dev ovlperoni.(ouv ouvrl0o.rq npoBtrrlporororo rov rorero.

lll€t:0v nustloC

ANAPOEIAHE rYN AI KO EIAH'

A0,y'ovtooKPOno()to

Alst<0vtaxtoKtl€ vtol-il1

Av0vuptlvpotlt-rl

npoa0tonioAto6tot.rErpoc

Kar u r) tl

laxtoKaKUpt QI-1O

nDeKtocAv€dKu tpoCfOU ND(I)KfOU

Eta cgtVKiltDoctau npQKIOLI

Etrdvo 3-7. IXrlporrrrl UrTonroro 0roropl nuatrou, 0n0u Q0tvrTor TO

Xtrlvoerdoug oX|porog drorppoylro qg nu6Lou, ro onolov oXrlporL(erorono rov ovetrrrflpo UU TOU npoKTou r<or rov rorruyrro pu. l-loporlpeL.ors 0Tr rl sloooov n0etroq (otrr1Or1q nuetrog) BpLoreror Koro ono ro s-nlnedo rqg ovrilvuprlg ypoppnq.To A unodrltrdver q trr1ru0o rou 0p-000, q onoio oxoupno oro drotppoypo rqg nurltrou, oT0 on0r0 Kor oTl-pr(eror.

llivoxog 3-1. K0preg drorpoprlg ;rerolu ovdprrlg xol yuvoLrelognuel,ou,

Avdprxq fuvoneia

F a0)gu po€tdnaAt6otiKoCt)ontlv0Cn a0rlltvctCrau Alcock

loxto Kt1oKov0a

EnoooevtaxoKilsvt ol-il i

EuAutoxtoKoar'irP/loa

B

Erxrivu 3-6. Xoporrqprolrdg runog yuvorrelog nue],ou onou olperdr-vovTor rl npoo0ronlo0ro ror 1 eyroporo droperpog rou ovtrt orop[ou qg,11 eroodou rrlg nuetrou, Iro B noporqpelore ol q eyxoporo DLoperpogrou ovtrl oroplou qg nuetrou, elvor peyo],frepr1 ono rrlv npoooronioOtodLouerpo rou.

Ievlxrl rorooreurlKoroquoerg ;rutirvMe[(ov nuetroqE).oooov nueloqAvo ordpLo nuetrouKoror oropLo nudtrouYnonuetrurl ycov[o

0upoet0dg rprlpoKor0).11

tloXLo xor popLo

Eur<pLve[q

Bo0Lo

Irevrl rot po0ero

IXrlgorog xopdrogIXenxoq prrpoIrevrlITpoyyutrolVeVoln

AenTn Kor otrqppoAooqeLg

A0o0nSEupeLo ror oBo0rlg0oe106q r1 orpoyyu),0IXerLxo eupU

Eupe[o

0oeLDdgIVlrxpri


ffilv rtuelo ofloroutoi(eror snl cuvohl*

pdq gero[u ovdpxrqg ncteror q unap[r1 aver

opoqxeiaoa evdi

H pef(uv nieAog

H tlteudnq n|,eAoq evronl(erot novto ono ro ovto oropto 1 e(oo-

6o qg nu6trou Kot rrlv ovdrvuprlYpoUUn (Etx. 3-1, 3-4 roL 3-7). H

roddrrlro rrlq onoretre( rUrlUo rnq xottrlog (BI. Etr. 2-29).H pe((trrv nrietroq nept6Xet xottrtoxd ontrdlvo (n.X. to otYUoet-

66q xotrov, Etx.3-4, ptr. enforlq Etr.2-26A). H Uei(trtvn[etrog otpo-

pi(eror npoq ro epnpog onci ro npooOto rottrtoxd rofXogo, orontrdyro ono rouq troyovtouq Bo0pouq Kot rpoq ro n[otri ono rov 5o

ooquiro (05) xot rov 1o tepo (ll) onovdutro.

H eAfioouv nteAog

H otr4Orvrj nrietroq 6xet otq dvo 6pto ro ovtrl ordpto qg nu6-Lou xorqv ovrilvuprlypoUgn (ELx. 3-1, 3-4 rot3-7). To rorol rqg

opro e(voL ro rorrrl oropto 11 e€odoq rrlq nudtrou, ro ono(o ono-rppoooerot ord ro nueLtrd bLotppoYUo, nou onoretre(rot rupltrlg

ono rov ovetrrrrlpo UU TOU rpoKTou (Etr.3-7. BL rot Etx.2-29).To rdro rrlq dpto ovrtorotXe( odpd orn YpoUUrl nou ev6vet Trlv KO-

puqn rou rdrruyo pe ro rortlrepo opto rrlg npLrrtq ofUtpuonq. H

xoLA6t4ro nou nepfyerot oTnv eAaooovo nleAo efuu 4 nueAxtlxotAorqrc, q onofo nepteler ro nuetrtxo ontrulvo (n.X. qv oupo-

ddXo rrjorrl). H nuetrrrrl xottrorrlro, XoUnI1 rot ruprrl, oXtlpori(etro, retrrro, Xovoetd6g rpqpo rou r0roug u1g roLtrfog Kot oTlvovoroptx4 0601 otp6qer0t rpoq ro eUnpoq rol xdro (Etr. 3-1 roL

3-4).To rorydrporo rrlq etrdooovog nu6trou (Etr. 3-1 6tr.tg

3-4). To on(oOto ro(Xtrlgo, oorpdrg porpfrepo ond ro npdoOto, oXrl-

gor((eror ono rrlv nuetrLrq, ro[trq, entrpoveto rou tepou ooto0 xot

rou rorruyo. To npoo0to ro[Xtrtlto oXqporf(erot ono qv lBtrrt oUU-

Quorl, TO otiruo rou rlBLxou ooro0 ro069 rot rouq rtrddouq rou. To

M€ooc vnouuciloc Ltuc

M€ilov toxtoKo Lpnlt0

Oupo€t6€C v€upo

l€ Don ovavt oC auvO EoLta C

n€pttovto rou 4Jatfu

OupostoDC nspuovto

HBtKn ouLt,uarl

0upo€6tic uLr€vocKo l-to pto r oC a u v6 E a Lt o C

TnC tiBtlC

Erxrivo 3-8. Avoropil oordv rol ouvOeopolv rou rotltitporoq yuvolretog nue,\ou

o0to o(r1 ovrlororXo,rtrlv ouvdtloptrtv rrlq nu6trou.

MsilDv toxtotspacauv6€oLtoC

E n oaaov toxto Ko K u ptoJ|lo

M€vonoc vnouuetoc Lruc

lan0Ka KUpuap(l

. A. Ae[Lo 0q]l rr1q sI0000voq nuetrou, B xot f. tlpoo0to rot on[-

#jdir+:.i

,j?:


EVKopoto onoQuanO5 anav5unou

AoVAvto oKponoAto

npoo?n ove noyovtloKovao

M€taov tanoKo tptll-to

M€ia,v Kat €noootvtoxoitpoc ouv6€ot-toc

KsOonh pnptoiau(o op)ptKoC 0unoKoC

€xst oOotp€0€i)

Oupost6ncuLt€voc

aLtv6€aLro(

OaOu a rl0vavtoc au v6€ a] toc

^0yavopnprKoCau vds o l-toc

HAaLil) ptKoCouv6€ottoc

{-{?Ntt0,)

EnoKov0toCouv6sattoc

Onta0toCrsponoYavlo(auv6€auacOnta1to ov0

n0VavtooKov00

Mataov taxnKatpn Lto Antoercc

tspoKaKKUVtKocouv6soltoc

loxtol[tptKoCouv6€ ol t oc

Mstak)vlOXtOi€ pOC

auv6soLtoc

r

llr,,,r,-,,,I , -," ,.,. . r,!d. r,,. Jh' .', ,

Enoaaovtoxto Kotpril-to

OaOu orloyavtoCouvo€oltoc

npoa0taCtspan0VavtaCauv6€aLtaC

npoa]to Kor(')rl0vavto oKov00

n pooAt oC ts poK oKKU V t Kac

Errrivo 3-8. B-l-.


nloyr0 rorxoU0r0 oxlUori(ovror 0no T0 nuetrrKo rpnU0 rou loyo-vtou K0. T0u .o^r0h0L 00TOU.

To dvtrr o16pro rqg nu6trou (Err. 3-i, 3-4 eoq 3-7). H et-oodog 14g nutAou epqovi(er norxltrq Uoprpotroyio, ro06q 6roqopdgtputrou tputrfq 6rorpoqlq, enqpeo(ouv ro oXrlpo rqg.'EXer oX11.ro

ropbroq oroug ovOpeq xor oe peprreg yuvo[reg. Zrq neptooore-pt,c yuvokeq rc ovotylto 0ur0 etvlt tupurepl ano xe(vo Tav 0v-dptiv pe oloerdq 1 rurtrrrq neprpepero. H e ioo6oq qg nu5trou pt-

rpoiver ono qv npoBotrrl rou oxporrlpiou rou repou oorou. H ne-prpepero rou ovolyporog opi(eror ono qv ovrrrvupq q retrtr1 ypop-

Urt H ypoUUrt ouq oxlUol(eror ono pio Ioll or<potrotpto oTlv e00)

enrqovero rou ),oyovlou ooro0 (roloe16ls VpoUUl). q ono[o ouve-

X[(eror ror novo oro lpLro ooro (1prr1 ror rrevro[o oxpotrorpto). H

retrr11 ypo1r1u1 rdtrog onoretre[ ro ror6repo opLo rou troyovLou Bo-0pou ror Xropi(eL rlv Ueudrl ono qv otr10rv1 n0etro.

To xdrtrl or6pro rqg nudAou (ELr. 3-1 doq 3-3, 3-B roL

3-53). H elodoq rrlg nuetrou epqov[(eL ovtirpotrl nsprqep0r0, K0-

Orirg otpopi(ercr [poq ro n[oo.r ono ro repo ooro rol rov xdxruyo.rpog T0 epnpoq ono qv lprrq ouptpuol Kor oT0 ntroyro ono roroXroro rupr6poro. To enlnedo ourou rou ovo[yporog oXqpori(eryov[o 100-150 Ue ro opr(ovrro enlnebo, irov 1 nuetrog BpLoreroroe ovoroprrrl 06oq. H pe[(o.rv r<or q e],ooorr-rv roXrorrl evropl pero-rpsnovTor oe pel(ov xor etroooov roXroro rplpo pe rov pe((ovo roL

otroooovo toXroiepo ouvdeopo, ovrfororXo, or ono[or errslvovrorperolu rou repou ooroI ror rou rorruyo ono q pio pepro K0r rovtoXlor6v rupropororv (ror roXrortlv orov0rirv) ono 11v otrlq (Err.3-8). 0r ouvDeopor ouroi b(vouv oqv 6(o6o rqg nu5trou nproUoTr-KII UOpQrl l-loporlp[ore rrlv lprrq ropopo olg elrove g 3-1, 3-4rot 3-B xor olpe16ore orr 1 1prr1 yov[o elvor prrpq oroug ovbpegror peyotrrl orLq yLVorKrq.

0r 6roorooerg rou dvro oropiou r4g nuetrou r1 eroo-Dou qg nudtrou unotroy[(ovror ono rov poreuulpo rororqv dropreLo yuvorxotroyLxrlq eleroorlg (Err. 3-6). H npo-o1tonfu9n \ta1erpog rou oropiou noproro qv onoorooqper0{u rqg peooqrog rou dvtrr Xeitroug rqg 4BLrrlg oulrrpu-onq Kor rrlg peoorqroq Tou oKpoTrlp(ou. H eyxapon dn-perplq rou oropliou e[vor 1 Ueyolurepn ror ovrtorolXe(oqv ondorooq perol0 Tov rro onogorpuo;rdvrrlv peroluroug orlpe[tov rorv duo retrrxtilv ypoUUtirv. H Ao{4 6L61tt-rpog noproro qv onoorooq perolu troyovorrevrroI oyr<tir-

Uotoq Kor rrlg ovrl0eqq repotroydvrog dp0ptooqg (Err. 3-1A xor 3-2). H eyxapoLo \Lo7erpoq rou ro0pou (peooo-rovOrrrl onooroorl gero{u rotv LoXror<rirv oxov0trtv) 6ev e(-vot 6uvorov vo perpq0e(, pnope( dptrtg vo unotroyro0eI pre-

ro $q),oqqoq rou el,oooovoq roxroiep00 ouvddopou, xordrrlv yuvorrotroyLx4 e{drooq (ELr. 3-68). To pflr<og ourofrou ouvdtloprou roouror pe ro pLoo nepinou rrlg drop6rpouourrlq.

0r rolrox6g rixuv8eg pnopouv vo onoretreoouv e-pnddro orrl d[o6o rou epppuou roro rov roxero, eov 1onooroorl Uerotu rouq elvor urrporepl ono 9,5 ex. 0 uno-

troyropoq rov dlop6rptov tqg nu6trou gnope( vo yfver rotorrtvoLoyrrd, onulg rpolveror orrlv errovo 3-4. Kotrq erro-vo rou oXqporoq Kor rnq 06019 rou repou oorou pnopeI vo6ooer 11 Unldtplon qg rtriorlg rou repou ooro0, rord rr1

6ropxero yuvoLr<otroytrrlg el6rooqq. 0L roXLor<69 orovOegpnopo0v enfoqg vo qrntroQl0oriv, roro rr1 droprelo rotrnr-rqq eleroorlg xot vo e rlprl0ei q npopotrrl roug ;.16oo orqvetroooovo nuetro. lro vo nepooet ro rlpppuo ono ro ovooropro rqg nu6trou, rrlv etroooovo n0etro, rov rpoXqtro, rovxoLno xot rqv e[odo rqg nuetrou (Err. 3-34), npener vo xo-ver orpogrl oXedov 90o. H yuvawoe64q yuvotxe[a nAeAoq(Err. 3-5A) epqov[(er eupu, orpoyyutrd ovril orogto, eupeioqprul ropopo xor peydtr1 ondoroorl pero[u roXroxtirv 0K0v-0rrlv. Aurog o yuvorre[og r0nog nu6trou e[vor o nro ouvrl-Orop5vog, otrtro ror o ntr6ov eupuXtrlpog ond goreurLrrlg

onoqrlg.H oorctv4 nleAog e[vot ov1exuxr1, oxolto Kor oe ne-

pmrboeq oXETtKo ooBapol rpoupottopo1. Koroypororqg oorSrvrlg nuetrou ougpo(vouv lrovo oe pLoLoug xoL po-

pe[g rpoupologouq (n.X. oe rpoXofo oruxnUoro). H ntro-yr0 l,roipo rorv ovovulrrrrv oordlv e[voL r'] LoXup6tepl. A6veouvrlSoq yro T0uq rltrrrrorpdvoug ovOp6noug orL "6neoe xr

tonooe rr1 trerovrl rou". Iuvq0og ro roroypo dev oqopoorrlv trerovr1, otrtro orov ouXevo rou gqproiou. Ao0evq o1-peio qq nu6trou elvor ro orotrou0o: 1) q Lepotroyovlo po(-po, 2) oL nr6puyeg rou troyovtou ooro[ ror 3) o rtrodogrou qprxo0 oorou. To roroy;.roro qg nu5trou oqv lpoOu-poeLdq neproXl elvor oXerrro ouXvo r<or nopouoro(0uv ou-Xv6g enrntroreg, oov ouvenero rqg orev1g oX6orlg Trlg ne-proXrlg pe qv oupo6oXo ruorq. l-lpoo0ton(oOro oupn(eor1rrlq nudtrou ouppo(ver roro ro "nreorrro oruXqgoro" (n.X.orov evo popu ovlreipevo n6qret novo oqv n0etro). Au-rof rou eldoug ro oruXqpo odqyei oe xaroypa rou xAa\ourou 4BwoA 0orc0.'}tou q nf etrog oupnreore( ono ro ntro-yro, or rorftreq Kor r0 troydvro ooro ougnrd(ovror ro evonovo oro otrtr0, pe nr0ovrl rorotrq[q roroy;ro. Opropevororoyporo rrlg nuetrou oEefiovror orrlv onoporpuvon rtJVoortlv, oov ouv6nero r4g dpdorlg rrrlv LoXuprrlv, pero(unuel,ou r<or onovbutrrr4g oqlqg, ouvdeopolv roL po),roroere(vov nou evroXuouv rrg Lepotroyovreg op0prrloerq (Err.3-8 ror 3-9).

H nr6oq novu oru nodn 4 orq Aexov4 pnopel vonpoxoLeoer ro nopordrtr.r rpo[poro: 1) rdroypo rlBrrdlvrtrodtrlv, 2) nL0ovo rpoUgo rorutrlg xor 3) perorivnon Ke-qotrrlq gr;pLoiou, 6ro peoou rrlg rorutrrlg peoo oqv stroooo-vo nuetro, dnou o r<(vduvoq rprionq rotv evdonueLlr6vontroXvrrrv eivor peyotroq. Ie oropo rdro rtr.rv 17 er6v, 11

rorutr1 gnopeI vo onooer oe rp(o roppolo (ELr. 5-3), 6oorot ro oord ono ro ono(o npo6pXeror (Err. 5-3), 11 vo ono-oXtorofv ro opro qg" To roroyporo qg nudtrou ouXvo enr-ntr6rovror, ono rov rpouporLo;ro nuetrrrdlv ontroXvov (n.X.pnEn qS oupoddXou rforqg).

NYEAOE KAI NEPINEO 295

Ot orivdeopot trterc\i nuLAou xor onov6uArx4gor4A4g

Ta rplporo qg oorervrlg nuetrou ouvdeovror pero(u roug geLoXupoug ouvdSopoug (ELr. 3-8, 3-g ror 3-1g) To troyovLo ooroouvdeerol pe rov 5o oorpuir<o onovduio, dro rou ootpuotroyovLououvdrlopou, evot ro repo ooro ouvd6er0r Us T0 LoXroxo pe rov pe[_(ovo r<or rov etroooovo roXroiepo ouvdeopo. 0r per(ov ror etrooorovroXroiepoI ouvdeopor evrivouv ro roXroro pe ro repo ooro ror no_pe pnodr(ouv qv on[o0ro orporpq rou rort.r orpou rou retre uro[ou.Entoqg, pe rr1 ouyrpornorl TOU on[o0rou rprlporog rou repou oorouono roro, onorpenouv rr1 oupnleoq ono ro oogorrro Bopog rounpoo0tou rplporog rou oorou, orrl 06o1 rov repotroyovrrrtv ouvbe_o1rov. l-lop'otro ouro or ouvbeogor ourol - pei(ov roL etroooovroXLoiepog - enrrpenouv ronorou po0pou xrv4rrrorrlro rou repouoorou, dror o-rore 1 neploXl vo eprpovi(eL oroOeporqro orov (orp_vLxo oorl0ouv geyotreq nleoelg orrl onovdutrrrrl orqlrl (n.X. orovreqrouUs ono urfog novot oro nodro pog).

0 ooguoAoy6vlog oriv6eopoq (ELr. 3-gB ror l-). O roXu_pog ourog, rplyrrtvog ouvdeopog errelveror pero[u rou or<pou r4geyxopong anorpuorlg rou 0S onovdtliou (r<onore Kor rou 04) ratrrlq Aoyovnq onlQuong nplq To niou. H roro poipo rou ouvde_opou npooqueTor oTrlv ntroyro porpo rou repo0 oororj, oXqgol(o_vTog roy nAoyto oorpuottpo o1vdeopo.0r oorpuotroyovtor ouvde_opor e lvot orlpovrrrof, drorL neprop((ouv rr1 orpotpl rou 05 onovdu-trou novtr-r oro repo ooro rol evroXuouv rrg op0pLr<e g onoquoerg rouonovdutrou, epnodr(ovrog 6ror rrlv npoo0to Dtotrro0r1or1 rou 05 no_vor oro repo ooro.

0 pef(ov rolroiep6g orivdeopog (Err. 3-B ror 3_19). 0o0vbeopog ourog erre[veror pero[u repou oorou ror roXrorou rup-rorporog. Egrpovi(er eupeio npoorpuorl oT1 poXLoLo enrqovero rouLepo0 oorou ror rou rorruyo Kor rrlq on(o0rog ovo troyovrog orov_0og. 0r lveg rou q6povror npoq r0 n),oyLo ror roro ror rorotpuo-

Etxtivu 3-9. EyropoLo roprl rotv repo),oy6vulv opOpcloeov onou qorvo-vrot or roXupoI peoooreor tepotroyovrot ouvdeopor. To repd ooro "oLtrl-pe uot' perolu rov ovov0pov oor6v pe rrlv Borl0ero our6v rtrlv e[or-peuro LoXuprilv peoooreorv ouvdeopotv ro0otg roL rorv repotroyov[rrlvouvdeopotv (8tr. err<ovo 3-8).

vror orlv ovo pdorl pofpo rou toXrorou ruprolporog ror orq ouve_Xero erre[vovror oe otrcl<trqpr1 rq peorl gorpo rou.

0 etr6ooov rolroiep6g orivdeopog (Err. 3_6 roL 3_B).Aurog o trenrog rpiyrrtvog ouvdeopog errelverot ono ro n),oyroXertrq rou repoI oorou Kor TOU KOKKUyo oq Tlv roXrorrl orovOo.llpog ro epnpog epXeror oe oXeorl Ue Tov roxroKOrruytro (q ror<_ruyrro) pu. &

0r repotroy6vrol orlvdeopor (Err. 3-1, 3_4, 3_B rot 3_9).To Lepo ooro Bplore ror "orplvrrtprlvo" perolu rov ovtilvuptrtv oororvx0t rporrerol orq 0eoq TOU Ue TOUq roXupoug peoooreoug ror re_potroyovroug ouvDeopoug. 0r ouvdeopoL ouroi ovotruovror go(i perrg Lepotroyovreg op0prrtoetg.

0r orlvdeopor perolu nudtrou ror onovdu),rrrig orrl_trqg Xotroprrlvouv roro q dropr<ero qg ru4or1g, enupeno-vrog 6ror peyotrurepq etreu0epio rrvqoeov pero{u rqg ro_rtirrepqg gorpog rqg onovdutru<r1g orqlrlg Kor Tlq etroooo-vog nuelou. EnLnleov n lprKn o0prpuoq lotropdrver e{or_riog r4g oppovrlq petrolivrl, pe onor6treopo rq orlgovrLxrloriElon rqg onooroorig peto{r1 rov qBLxdrv ooro:v. 0r otrtro_y6g ourdg dreuxo),uvouv rq dio6o rou egBpuou ono rq yev-vqrrrrl odo xoro rov rorero.

Ap0p6oers r4q nufAou0r opOpr,toe Lq 11g nue),ou ne prtroppovouv rLg oorpuoiepeg op_

0priroerg, Tt'lv rspoKoKKUyrrl opOpooq, rLg repotroyovreg op0pdr-otrq Kor rrlv qprrq ou1lpuo1.

Or ooguolepig ap0pfoery

Mero[u rou 5ou oorpuirou rot 1ou repou onovdutrou oXrl;rorf-(ovror duo op0prrtoerg: 1) npog to epnpog perolu rtrrv onovdu),r_rdlv otoporov (oprpLop0ptool) ge nopeppotrrl rou peooonovDu),roudLorou (Err. 3-8) xoL 2) npog ro n[oo-r perolu ro.rv op0prrdrv rouqonotpIoeov (peooonovdutrreg DLop0pdroerg). 0 05/ll peooonovdu-trrog diorog riler oXrlpo oqrlvoq, nou oqe[],eror 0Trlv n0XUreprlnpoo0ro profpo rou. Irrg opOprreq onoq0oerg rov onov6ritrrov (ptr,Etx. 4-27) or op0priloerg oXlporr(ovroL pero[u rolv rorovrerg op_0plrdlv entqoverov rou 05 rol rov 0vovTerq op0prrdrv enrrpove ro.rvrou l1 onovd0trou.

0L opOprreq enrqovereg rou ll orpeqovror npoq ro nloo ror e_otrr, rirore pe ourov rov rpono vo onoqeuyeror q 6rotrLooqo1 rou 05onovd0trou npoq r0 epnpoq. 0 05 onovdutrog ouvroooeror Ue rotroyovro ror ro repo ooro, pe rr1 Borl0ero rolv roXupdrv oorpuotroyo_vurtv ouvdeopov (Err. 3-BB ror t).

Eupey60erq eyxoporeq onoqfoerg rou 05 onov0u-trou onoreLouv ouXvo e0prlgo (Erx" 3-20) ror nr0ovororoevroXliouv, nopd eloo0evi(ouv rrlv oorpuoiepl op0prrlorl. Honovdutrritruo4 e[vor noOotroytrl rorooroorl, 1 ono[o cno-

M€ooarsu tspon1vowal


vror0r ouwlBr0q, mnv Kor6repl t0olpl]il![,u0,rp:0 rnq onoY:OuArxqg a-qlnq, oe nooooro nepmoq 5% rroy,Ieqrtitv :eyq-,',::: ,

\[xrrlv BopeLoo;reptrovti:v. Ie optop6veg qutreg (n.X. Eoxt-

Uoor) n ouXvorqro rrlq e[vor peyotr0repr1. Irrlv onovdutro-truor1 ro npoptrqgo dV4e1rO1 i0e,,{trIr!UF,q: T:Qu::,on010,u,\grq61., 11

ro[ou orqv neproXrl pero[rj ovo xot roro op0ptx6v ono-gu oetrlv. Aprpolep-rlqleqpq €[I9iUgq,,0'u]vbldy.e'r0i.!,1qXt'lgf;,1 r

l

opo rou onovdul,ou oe 6uo roliporLo (ptr. Etx. 4-38). Erp ci-

oov ro duo roprl-rorro 0tt0X0JproTouv: I [000tr0YtKrl roro-mooq tlo0:t0r]U1oub$tiqair rovollg(eto1,.,ungvnu],g. [i004o4. H

uqro;l{n1on,.!ori,'.[g{o0r.,out ,rxp,ggo.irgr6:;1tb,,u1,,:,50u gotlrllkouonovduhou eXei oov onoretreopo rqv etronoorl Trlq npo:oOronio0rog dLoperpou rou ovtrl oropiou qq nuetrou ror

:,1,le1$*iq$v0i0\V'4,0UU'U,npftoa;{Fq,Pt.e0{ti,'ru1o 19,i1 10K9;,;,1, l.1.'lrcl..:liior$0..il.,ii0iruin0ciJ. .0iirdvXofqitihrf dngVnU l ol!o e t o n

onorefei dorrgooro poulvoq roL yiverot ue qrrlloqn0n rtrv

t:.,l:O*av0----1t,$nOE,ll,o€o:I..,t,ltl1l' - --'''.

v.1.,.rogq'yOultrtv H

',',,:ewg$ifi ti.4or$bint!n$iig{$syp{qe.ou.('.4n0r"'tgrlg:,iou05uno,l fintdiql*1llii0$ytt.llltigtiyn$,!,l.logs, tg;tret1npdi,i Tou npd.:,00r!0!,'.r(0,pgoffQ,0 i!:uitr0iqlibnqv$Ioqr;,,(o0.1,{,s,'txtll qq onov-butrrrrlg orrltrr1q novol ono ourov (ptr. Em. 4-39). H enr-

BeBoiooq rnq droyvoronq, rogtirq xot n Uerpnon rnq flp0-ogronro0toq drogerpou rou ovrrr nuetrtrou orop[ou. yiverotpe rr1 porl0ero oxlvoyporpuilv. H onovdutrotruorl Kot n onov-6utrotrro0qoq ovoLuovror enloqg oro rerpotroro rnq poxnq(BI. Keq. 4).

H repoxoxxuymrl 6p0 puo4

H repororruylrl op0ptrrorl evroXueror ono rvri6rl lovdpo rotouvOeopoug roL oXlpor[(eror pero[u rqq roputptlg rou tepo0 oorouror qg poolq rou rorruyo. Avopeoo orrg ouvrooooUeveq oursq e-nrqovereg nopeppotrtreror dvog trenrog rvoXovbprvog peooonovdu-trroq diorog (Err. 3-8A) U Lepoxoxr<uytxo[ ouvdtolLor ovTroTOrxouvorov npoo0ro ror onloOro enrprlrq ouvDeopo rorv unotrornov Ueoo-onovdu),urrv op0ptloeov (Etr. 3-BB, ptr. enrolq Err. 4-30). To 16-p0T0 TOU roxruyo ouvdeovror eniolq pdoo ouvdeopulv pe ro repor6poro (ptr. Etx. 4-218). MeXpr rr1 gdoq 1trrrfo enLrpeneror plo e-trorppLo t<rvr1o1 rou rorruyo oro enlnedo Tlq repoKOKKUyLrlg op-0pooqq npoq r0 nloor roro qv oqodeuol, ev6 olpovrLrl elvoL 1peroronrol rou rorruyo roro q droprero rou rorerou. Ie geprrooropto, o rorruyog rrve[ror etre[Oepo ror 1 op0proorl nou oXlgori-(eL pe ro Lepo ooro e[vor rou runou rqg 6rop0poolg (Williams etal, 1 989). Iro qtrLrrorpevo 0TOU0, T0 0uvT000oUevo ooro Tnq repo-rorruyrxlg opOptoolq ouvl0og ouvoore6vovr0r K0r rl op0pool e-

0r repotroyovreq op0ptrloerq e[vor roXup6g dLop0po-oUcltop-0p6oerg ror oXrlporr(ovror perol0 rorv op0prr6v entqovtttrrv rourepou ror rou troyovrou oorou (Etr. 3-1 6oq 3-4 rot 4-B). 0t enLqo-

vereq ouTsq epqovi(ouv ovrirgotreg npooerpotreq ror eppoOuvoetg,ge onordtreopo ronorou poOpou orrvrlrono[1or1 rov ouvrooooptl-vrrrv 0ororv. 0 rolupoq op0prroq 00troroq, npoorpueror rovro orrgop0prr5g enrqovereg rou repou Kor rou troyovrou oorou. To repoooro "oulpelror" pero[u rtrlv ],oyovrtrlv oorurv ror ro ooro 0uyKp0-ro0vror pero[u roug pe rov preooorr0 Kor rov on[oOLo repo],oyovtoo0vdeopo (Err. 3-B ror 3-9). AuroI elvor oL roXuporepor o0vdeopoLrou ovOptinrvou orirporog (Err. 3-B r0r 30).

Or peo6oreor repotroy6vror oUv6eopor (Etr. 3-B rot3-9). Auror oL oupnoye[q, e(orperLro roXupoI o0vbeopot, rorotrop-povouv ro broorrlpro pero[0 repou rot troyovtou ruprtilporog. Ano-retrouvror ono ppoXeieq, roXup5q Deopideq tv6v, ot ono[eg dtontr6-KovTor Ur beogrdeq rou on[o0rou repotroyovrou ouvbeopou, ouvde-opoq noXuq ror oroOepoq, o ono[og evroXuer neprooorepo Tov Ue-ooorso orivdeopo.

Or onioOror (polroior) repotroy6vrot otivdeopot(Err. 3-8, ptr. enrolq Err. 4-21). 0L ouvdeopor ouroI onore].ouvrorono: 1 ) roXup6g, ppoleLeg, tro[5q deopideg, nou erre[vovror UtTo-lu troyovtou ooro0 rol nptlrou ror deurepou oyrdlporog rrlq ntro-yroq repnq orpotrorplog ror 2) porpeq rororopuqeg deopldeg nouerrelvovrol pero[u rplrou Kor r0T0pT0u oyKoU0r0q rqg ntroytoqreplq orpotrorploq ror rorv onloOrrrrv ],oyovurrv ornv0tilv. 0t ouvde-o1-ror ouro[ brontrerovror Kor Ue rouq pei(oveq roXroLepoug ouvde-ououq.

Or np6o0ror (xortrroxoi) repotroy6vror orivdeopor(Err. 3-8). IXlporr(ovroL ono evo trenro, nLoru orptirlro eyxopourrvrvrlv, pp(orovTor oTrlv npoo0ro ror roro potpo qg repotroyovrogopOptr.rolq ror ro),unrouv rrlv rortrLorl enrqovero qq op0poonq.l-lotru ouXvo, pero ro nevrrlxooro 6ro9 rqg 1trrnog nopoqpelrorpepLr1 1 xor ntrqpqg ooreonolqoq rov ouv6eopurv our6v.

0r ootpuotroyovror o0vdeopor, xoOtirg r<oL or pe[(oveg ror etroo-ooveq roXLoiepoI or-rvdeopor (Err. 3-8), or ono[or dXouv 11d1 nepryp0-tpOel, onore],00v enrrouprro0g ouvddopoug rov repotroyovttr-rv op-0ptrroeov. 0r op0priroerg our6g rotrunrovror ono n[oo ono Trq UUi-reg po(eg Tou rrpovoTrolou xor rou geL(ovog ytrourLolou UuoS (BI.Ew.4-421. To evruntirporo rou Depporog, roro ono ro ono(o evro-n[(ovror ot on[o0reg ovro troyovLeg orovOeg, ovlororXo0v orrl peoo-rrlT0 Ttrv repoLoyovurrv opOptloeov (pI. Err. 2-86).

Ap6oq xor xrv{oerq rtov repotroy6vrov op0prioe-rov. 0r op8prloerg our6g efvor toyupeq dnp1po-olttpnp1p6oeLg,0rovovroro en(nedeq. ALorp6pouv ono rrg runlreg dropOpriroerg ro-ro ro orr dXouv notru nepropropdvl rrvlrrrorrpo. To yeyovog ourorrq ro0roro oro0epdg ror oXer[(eror pre rq treuoupylo roug, 1ono[o ouv[oroTor 0Trl geroqopo rou geyotrurepou pdpoug rou Bo-pouq TOU orirporog oro roXloxo ooro (ptr. Err. 4-3). Enerbl or ou-vroooopeveg op0prreq enupovereg rou repou Kor TOU troyovrouooro0 efvor ovrirpotreg, eqoppo(ouv oorpotrtlq q pto orqv otrtr1 roL

dev e[op0prrlvovror e0rotro. Aurou rou e(6oug 11 6Loro[q etrorrtirverrrlv rool rov ouvdeopurv nou evroXuouv qv op0prrrol H r(v1or'1

rov Lepotroyovurrv op0priloeov neprop[(eror oe evo onotro ytr(-

oTplU0 ror etrotppo orpoqn, pe elorpeol rqv nep[nroroq roro rqvonolo ooreiroL roxupr'l 6uvo1u1 orrlv neproXrl, onog oupBoLver roro


rnv nTd)orl 0n0 uqroq. Iqv neplnroorl ourl 1 duvoprl peroqeperorp6oo 11g onovdutrLrqg orrllqg oro ovto orpo rou repou ooro0, roono[o re[ver vo orpoqe( np0q r0 epnpog. H orporprl ourq ovrrppo-neiror ono rLg otrtrltroouvdeopeveg opOpr169 enupovereg rr1q 0p-Optoolq Kor Touq roXupoug ouvDeopoug nou rnv evroXuouv, r6(oqono roug roXupouq gei(oveg ror el,ooooveg roXroiepoug ouvd6-opoug (Erx. 3-B). Me ourdv rov rpono or duvoperg nou oorouvrorperoqdpovror oro troydvro ooro ror oro roror orpo.

Apr4pieq rov repoAoy6vrrov op0pdroetov (ELr. 3-24).0t opqp(eq or onoleg drovrlpovror orrg opOprrloetg our6g ervorrtrodor rqq ovo yl,ourro[og, rrlg oorpuotroyovrog ror qg ntroyrog re-p4q opqpiog.

Neripooq rorv repoAoy6vtrov op0priloeov (Err. 3-16). To veuplr<o ntrrlygoro rov op0pritoeolv our6v npoepXovrorono ro ovrrl ytrourtO[o veupo, ro repO ntr6y;ro Kor Touq On(oorougrtrodoug rou 1ou xol 2ou repou veupou.

H 4Brx4 oiuquoq

H qprrq ou;rtpuorl pp(oreror oq peorl ypopUrl ror onoreLeidtop0po-oprprdp0poorl perolu rtrrv ovo rtrodtrlv rov drio qBrrulvoordrv (ELx.3-1, 3-2,3-4 ror3-BB). KoOe opOprrrl enLrpovero rotru-nreror ono trenro uotroet6l Xovdpo, evdr pero{0 roug nopeppotrtre-tor eupey60qq rvoXovdprvog dbxoc, (peoorlBxog dbxoq) (ELr. 3-14). 0 0ioxoq ourog ouvl0og efvor noXurepoq oTrq yuvoireg on'o-Tt oT0uq ovdpeg ror nepreXer oXLopoe Lbrl ror),oqro, eniorlg peyo-trurepl orrg yuvolreq, rrlg onolog ro peye0oq ou[overor roro r4vr0qoq. Aur6q ot dnqopeq ruv d1o EAAuv or4v KoTolKeun Tlu pe-oo4BxoA d[oxou ewpenouv ;leyo],urepr1 nvllroqro rorv oor6v

ror oulovouv rr1 droperpo qg nuetrrrrlg roilorqrog dreurotr0vo-vToq rrl d(odo rou eppp0ou roro rov rorero (Err. 3-6). H opOprrqenrqoveto ro0e 4pLro0 ooro0 qdpet ovdrpotreg eooX6g ror npoe[o-Xeg (Err. 3-2), nou olroq erpoppo(ouv onotruro oe ovriororXo gop-tprirgoro r4g ovrlOerqg enrqoveLog, eror drore vo oXrlporr(eror pioor6peq, LoXuprl op0poor1.

0r ouvbeopor, Us T0uq onoioug ouvdrlovror ro qpLxo ooro, ep-rpovi(ouv oqv ovrrr r<or roro po[po rouq noXuvoerg, or ono(eg oXq-gorr(ouv tou ovu rlBLxo olvdeopo Kor roy xaru rlpxo r7 xapopuroolvdeolto Tn; nPnS, ovrlororXo (ELr. 3-8, 3-34 ror 3-55). 0 ovrlrtlprxog o0vdeopog ouvdeer lg dvrrr nrSpuyeg rou riprrou oorou,qepopevog roro prlrog rqg ovtrr enrqoveLog roug. Errerver0r npoqro ntrdyro Udxpr ro lprro quporo. 0 xapapuroq, olvdeopoq r4g 11-

B4g onoretreL dvo noX[ rvdrbeq ro[0, ro ono(o (1 ) ouvdrler ro xorolXe(tr1 rrlg op0prrtorlg, (2) orpoyyutreuer qv rlprrrl ytrtvro ror (3)oXqpori(er ro ovo opLo qq lprrqg ropopoq. 0L drontrerogevsq re-vovleg lveg rou opOou ror],rorou rol rou e[o tro[00 rodloxoupuog, evroXuouv oropo neprooorepo rr;v op0poorl ono egnpog(pL Err. 2-6).

To rorytitporo rng nui[ouTo rorXtlporo rqq nuetrrrqg rortrdrrpog onorel,ouvror ono: 1)

enrnotrrlg pueg, 2) ro ovtilvupo ooro, ro repo ooro ror rov r6rru-y0, ro0drq Kor T0uq ouvodoug roug ouvdeoprouq Kor 3) ev rul Bo0etp[eg, orlLorpopo oyyeio, ve0po, treprpoyyelo ror nepuovoro. lto ne-prypoqrro0g troyouq or4v nuetro drorplvoupre npoo0ro, on(ogro rorntroyro rorXrirpoTo Kor ro 66oqog rrlg nuetrou.

To np6o0to nueNx6 rofyulto

To npooOro ro[Xrrtlro rqg nu6trou olqpori(eror oe roOe ntreupo,ono 1) ro otirpo rou lprrou oorou Kor Touq buo rtrodoug rou, ovoror rorol, or ono[or erre[vovrol [poq T0 ntroyro 6oq ro otir;lo rorrov rtrodo rou LoXrorou oorou ror 2) rov eoor Oupoerd4 UU Kor Trlvnepuovio rou (ELr. 3-1, 3-2, 3-8 roL 3-10). H qgrrrl ouptpuorl ono-reLeI oqpovrtro rpqpo rou npoo0rou nuetrrrou rorXdrporog.

Ta nAfiyro nuehKd rorytitporo

0L eoto 0upoer6eig pUeg rotrunrouv rq peyotrurepl enrqoverorov rorXtrtporov ourdrv (Err.3-7 xor 3-10 eulg 3-12). H ovrirrepr;po(po roug, rovro orqv ovrirvupo ypoUUl, rotrUnrerol ono qv nue-trrr4 nepuovl0. llpog ro 6oo: ro0e 0upoer6oug puog ogrporepo-ntreupo, nopeuovrol ro 0upoer6eg veupo, ro 0upoerdrl oyye(o ro-0drg ror rtrodor rqq eoor troyovrog oprrlp(og. 0 6oo 0upoeLdnq UuSel6pXeror ono rqv nuetro p6oo ono ro etroooov roXLor<o tprlpo xotor lveg rou;leropo[vouv oe revovro, o ono(og roroquerol oro pe(-(ovo rpoXovrrlpo rou pqprolou oorou (Err. 3-B ror 3-12). H 6xrpu-or1, q veupororl roL or ev6pyereg rou 6oo 0upoerdo0g Uuoq Qorvo-vror oTov ll(voro 3-2.


To onfo?to nueilx6 rofyutrta

To ro[Xtrrlro ouro oxnUorr(eror ono to tepo ooro, ro rgtlgororou troyovrou oorou nou ouvddovror Ue ouro ror rtg tepotroyovteqopOptr-roerq Ue T0uq ouvd6o;roug roug. 0r onroer6eig pfeg enev60-ouv lg nLoyreq Uo(peq rou on[o0tou rotXtirgorog (Etr. 3-10 roL 3-13 eog 3-15).0r onroeLdeig p[eg ror6Xouv orlpovrtril 06011 per0-

lu rov ytroulo(ov lrurirv. 0 onroerblg puq e[6pXerot ono rrlv nue-tro ;16oo ono ro pe((ov Loytoxd rp4po (Etx.3-B). H 6xtpuo1, 11 ro-rorpuoq, 11 veuptoorl ror or ev6pyeteq Tov 1-tutilv ourdrv tpo[vovrot

orov ll[voro 3-2. llpoq ro 6otrt rov ontoetdtilv putitv pp[orerot roLepo nAtypa rot 4 6,ou Aoydvto aprnpfu Ue rouq rtrodoug rnq. 0tpueg ourol oXrlpot((ouv Uuirn roirr1, 11 onoio unodeXetoL ro Lepo

ntrdypo (Eu<.3-14 ror 3-16).

Io 56ogoq r4g nuiAou

To nuetrrro 6doqoq oXrlpor((eror xoro rupro troyo ono ro Xur-voerborig oXrlporog brorppoylru rqg nuetrou, ro ono[o onoretrelrorono roug dlo aveAxr7peg rou npuxrol Kor TOUq dlo xoxxuyL-xoAg pAeg (ELr. 3-7, 3-11 ror 3-14 eog 3-lB). To brotppoyl-ro ou-ro onoqpoooer ro xoro nuetrLro oropro (6lo6oq qg nuetrou),err6q ono 6vo rprlpo pero[u rtrrv npooOurrv orpov rov duo ovetr-rrlpov putlv rou npo.rrrou. To Xoo;ro ouro yepi(er ono Xotroptlneprrovlo yupo ono rov npoororl (1 rov rotreo) xor onotppoooe-ror ono TO oupoysvv1rrro rp[yrrrvo ror rqv ovo neprrov[o rou (Etr.3-17, 3-18 ror 3-5BB r<or t). Eniolg, ro Ororppoypo qg nudtrounopeppotrtreror perolu rqg nuetrrrrlq rod,orrlrog rol rou neptveou(pI. Etr. 2-29).

Eoo novovto oprnpto

OaQuoispo or€n€xoc

KOto €ntvoatptooorti0ro Kot An€8o

0uao€t6€c vEUoo

l2 vsupo

Antost6nC LtuC

Eou 00vr Ko Ap€n ovo l, u v6€ apoCrou Hettle)

\ot K 1 a I tol O< ouv6: ol to.

HBoKoKKUVIKoc LIUc

KoKKUVtKoC LruC

MsVonoC VnouttoiaCltuc

Ouotl1Do nou 6tereuno to ouoov€vvnuKo AnboovLto

Poxtlto vsupo Kailoptrl0to tou n[ouc

nEprv€iKh optnpla xor veipoKdta orLtoppoiArKn optnpio Kot v€jpo

Erxtivo 3-10. Avoroprl rtr.rv purirv ov6prrrqq etroooovuq rrurlou, l-loporrlpeiore rov 6otrr 0upoerdl pu, o onolog enevduer ro ntroyro rolXcolro xor e-

ldpXeror p6oto rou etroooovog LoXlorou rprlporog (ptr. eniolq errovo 3-8). IlpeL6ore rov onroerDq pu, o ono(oq enevbuer ro on[o0to nuetrrro roiXtlU0 Kor eldpXeror p6otrl rou pei(ovog roXrorou rplporog. [loporqpe(ore ro lpoxorruyrro pu, r<upro xor LoXup6repo rprlpo rou ovetrrrrlpo ;ruogrou nporrou, nou erqueror ono ro otirpo rou 1Bu<orj oorou.


AoyovtoC l.tuc

An€uAu6ir€va

Av€nKthpoC LtuC Tou npeKTouAve Kat K0t0 n€pttovio

tou ov€nKtriPO LoU nPtKtOU

Kot0 otl-toppoi6tKoovvsio Kot vE upo

Etxtlvo 3-12. 0nio0Lo or]t1 rou 6e(rou ovdrvupou oorou, onou-QorvrTor

1 0dor1 ror or npootpuoerg rou 6otrr 0upoerdo0g puog.

To rvolrutlbeg nuetruo droqpoygo npooqeper orrlprypo oro on),0-

XVo Trlq nu6trou (n.X. oLypoerdeg rotrov ror oneuOuogevo). Moro(eLpe xpepoopevq, oov Xov[ ouirpo ovopeoo oqv lprrr1 0uUQUq Unpo-oro, ror orov rorruyo npoq r0 nioo (Err. 3-1 1 r<or 3-1 8). Iro ntroyroouUQUeror pe noXuvorl rrlg 0upoeL6oug nepuov(og, q ono(o oXq;rol-(u ro rev6vrto ro{o rou oveAxrrlpo rou npuxrol (Err. 3-14). Tooneu0uogevo ror q ouprlOpo (ro069 ror o rotreoq olg yuvoireg) dro-rupo[vouv ro nuetrrro dtorppoylLo, ro0og odeUouv ono rqv nuetronpoq Tlv e{oreprxrl enrqovero rou odrporog (ELr. 3-56).

Or ovetrxrf peg pUeg rou npoKrorj (Err. 3-7, 3-11 ror3-14 eog 3-18). Auro( efvor or Ueyotrurepor Kor [t0 on1ovrLxol

Mnpota ooto

Erxtivo 3-13. 0nio0ro 0qrl r0u 0e\Lou ovrilvup0u 0or0u, 0n0u Q0rvrr0rq 0601 ror ol npooguoerq rou onroeLdoug guoq.

p1eg rou nueAtxoi edoqluq. llloo ono ouroug pp[orovror or ror-ruyrxo( pueg, or onoior oulrpersxouv oTo oXrlporrogo rou nuetrrrouedoqoug. 0 trenrog roL ntrorug ovetrrrlpog rou nporrrou rvolvrrorge rov ovrf0ero rou oXlpori(ovrog 6vov oroqoerdq pu, pero[0 rourlprro0 ooro0 npoq T0 eUnpdq Kor rou rorruyo rpoq T0 niorr.l. E-

rre[veror UeToE[ Tov buo ntroyuov nuetrrxtirv rorXrrrgorov. 0L ovetr-rrrlpeg p0eg rou nporrrou oxnUori(ouv ro peyotrurepo rpqpo rounuetrtrou eDoqoug, ro ono(o Xtrrpr(er rrlv nuetrrr1 xofiorrpo onoTOUq oQrlvoerdo0q oXlgoroc,, eu1uioytoxoAg Bo1pouq. lro nepl-ypoqLroug troyouq, ro0e ovetrrrrlpoq UUq Tou npolrro0 drorpelroroe reooeprq Uoipeq: rov nBoeu0uiro, rov ovetrrrnpo rou npooror1

Eao ?upo€6uC ltu(KOt nSpttovto

At6otlKACa0ntivoc(rou Alcock)

Eie aOtVKTtipoC l.tuC rau np(1)KLotJ ELt9utoxtatKoa [;o0DCC

Erxtivo 3-11. l\4eronLo(o Droropq, onou ruplrrrg onerrovi(ovrot ro ntroyro rorXrilporo qg ovdpLrqg nuetrou. tloporrlperore ol or ev0onuetrrKtq tnFpoveLeq rov ;.rutirv rotrunrovror ono rqv rorXrrrpolrrl nuetrrrrq nepLrovlo rot npootpuovror oro0epo oro ooro, oro 0{rog rqg ovtirvupqq ypopUlq

Aovavto oara

l€DOooto

A/l € ra0 v tpo x0 vt ti pct C

tou l.iltptotou oofou

@u'@'yu o\

ryililrr


\ (llfvoxog 3-2. 0r gueg rcDv nuetrlKov rolXrrtporolv

Muc EKeuon Koroguoq Neupaoq Ev6pyua'Eoo 0upoeL-i1g i xo),unrel ro

pel otrurepo rprlpo rounLol Lou iorXrrtporoq)

AnroeL0rlg (on[o0ro roLXrrtlro)

llueltxrl enrqoveLo troyovLou K0t toxt0-rou oorou' 0upoerdnq uudvoq

lluehxrl enLrpovero Lepou oorou ono ro2o eotg 4o repo rprlpo' ovo XeLlogtrlq pei(ovoq toXLorqg evropr'1q roL

(oroug ovdpeq) ror qBoroleiKo (oTrq yuvorKsq), Tov nF0K0KKUyrKoKor T0 troyovoKorruymo UU (ErK. 3-14 ror 3-35).

0 qpoeu0uixriq UUq (ErK. 3-19 eoq 3-23) erqueror 0n0 r0 rl0r-KO 0oT0 K0r QepeTor npoq T0 nioo, onou evdlveror Ue rov 0vT(0sTOrou, oXlpor((ovroq !to ?r1ALo yupa ono qv 0p0onpoKTrKn ouUBo-Iq. H Oqlro ourrl droqpei r\v opelnpuKru<4 xapnrl. Muireq de-op(deg rou rlpoeuOuirou pudg oXlpori(ouv rognutrrl yupo ono rovnpoororq oroug ovdpeg ror yuprrl ono rr1 peoornTo Tou rotreoforrg yuvoireg, ror xoro),r1youv oro xevrpo T0u neptveou, plo rvo-pu6dq noXuvoq pnpooro ono rov npolrro (Err. 3-35, 3-55 ror 3-60). Aureg or guireg 6eop(deq onoTetrouv rcv aveAxqpo Tlu npl-orurr1 xot ttp\K1\elK7 /Ju, ovTioT0rxo.

0 4poxoxxuyrxrlg pug (Eu<. 3-14, 3-15A, 3-208 3-22, 3-24,3-35 roL 3-60) olrlport(et rqv x1pn po(a rou avilxr4po IJU Tlunpuxrol. Erqueror ono ro qprro ooro, qeperor npoq T0 nlool ror6oor rol rororpuerol orov rorxuyo Kor Tov npoKTororruyrrd ouvde-op,o. 0 npaKToxoxxuyu<dq oAvdeopog oXrlpori(eroL ono rr1 Dro-oro0poo1, roro qv peoq ypopp4, Tov rvov rov duo qporoxruyr-rurv lrutirv ror pp(oreror Ueroqu rou npoKrou Kor rrlq ropuqrlg rou16rxuyo. Koro qv nope[0 T0u npoq T0 n(oo rol eotr.r, o 4pororru-ytroq puq orrg yuvolreg, neprpotrtrer r4v oupr10po, rov rotreo xotrov nprrlrro ror roroqreror oro r6vrpo rou neprveou.

0 troyovoxoxxuyrxdg pug (Err. 3-14 3-19 ror 3-34) onoretreirrlv trenrr1 pro[po rou ovetrrr1po UU TOU [ptJKTo0 ror erqueror de-[ro r<ot oprorepo ono ro rcvlvuo ro{o r4g 1upoetdolg nepnovfuqrot rrlv roXrorq orovOo (Err. 3-14). Ko0e evog ono roug gueg ou_roug qeperor np0q r0 n(oor rol eool ror rorotpueror orov rorxuyoK0r oTov npolKToKOKKUyLro ouvdeopo.

Nedporo4 rov ovetrxr{pov putov rou npoxrod (Eu<. 3-14 3-15A ror 3-61). 0r orlpovrrror ouroi pueg veupdvovror ono ro veU-po rou neprveou, rtrodo rou o16orirou ntreyporog ror ono Tov ne-prveiro rtroDo rou l4 veupou.

Apooq rov ovetrxr{porv ;tuov rou nptoxroU. 0r ovetrrrrlpegpueg rou nporrou po(i ge roug duo rorruytrouq gueg oXrlporL(ouvro drorppoylro qg nu5trou, ro onoio onoretreIro nuetrLro ddorpog. Totvolrutideg drorppoypo orrlpr(er ro nuetrtro ontroXvo r<or ovrrordxerotoe nr6oerg nou ooxo0vror npoq T0 roror ror ouvodeuouv rqv ouiq-o1 qg evdorodrorrlq nLeolg (onotg n.X. roro q prolo ernvoq ror roFlXo) H ono rorvou dpoorl rov ovetrrqpov putirv rou nporrrou eXer

Neupo yLo rov doo 'E[o orpotprl Tou Unpou.oupBoltreLOupoeLd1 (05, i 1 oTn ouyKpoTnon Tnq xeqqlnqxor 12) rou grlptoiou pdoo oqv rorulrl.

[lpoo0ror npotreuo- 'E{o orporprl rou ;u1pou. onoyoyrlvreg rtrodor rotv rou prlpou. ouUpoltret ornll xor 12 veLipirtv ouyKporrlon rnq r<egotrqg rou

Mer(ov rpoXovrrlpoqrou ;rr'lpLolou

-eL(orv rovrolronc orrvf,rorLoq Ulpr.rou Ueo. orrlv <orutrq.

oov onoretreopo qv ovurltoo1 rou nuetrrrou ed0q0uq roL enoprevo.tgqv evloXuoq rnq dpoolq rov npoo0rov xottrlor<rirv lrutrlv, nou odq-yei 0Trl oupn[eo1 rou nepreXopulvou rrlq ror],iog ror rrlg nuetrou. H

evepyero ourq not(eL oqpovrLro potro orq proio ernvorl, oro pr1Xo,

rov epero, qv oupqol Kor oTnv roOr1trooq rou roppou roro rr1 drop-rero evrovtov rrvrloeov rov ovrr; orpolv (n.x. orov oqrtivoul.re poproovrrxe[gevo). To rp1poro rolv ove],rrfpov lrurrtv rou nporrou, roonoio roroquovror oro xevrpo rou neprveou, unoorqpi(ouv rovnpooror4 (ovetrrrrlpog UUq TOU npoororrl, Err. 3-1g). Ilg yuvoixegor polpeg oureg evroXuouv ro on(o0ro roiXogo rou ro],eou (nBoro-treiroq pug Err. 3-23). Koroquovrol oro rolXrrtporo rou npotrrrrouorotrrlvo ror oro revrpo rou neprveou, xol orov ouonotvror (1Boeu0u-rrog pug) ovur!6vouv rov npolrrlro oortrrlvo pe rpopo ovr[Oerq ono e-re[v1 rov ronpovrov, porlOdrvroq eror oqv oqodeuorl. Aurq 11 poiporou ovetrrrrlpo rou nporxrou, ouyr<poreI r4v op0onpolrlrrl ouppotrrlnpoq r0 epnpog (Eu<. 3-20), oulovovrog eror q yovro gero(u oneu_0uogevou r<or npotrnrou orrllrlvo. Me rov rpono ouro onotpeuyerot11 dio6oq rorv ronpovrrtv ono ro oneuOuogevo orov nporlro ootrr1-vo, orov dev unopXer enL0upio q euXepero yro otpodeuoq. H opOo-nporrrr1 yovlo deXeror ro peyotrurepo pepog rou popou( Tov KO-npovtov, onotrtroooovrog eror ono peyotreq nrdoetg rov 6[ro orpL-yrrflpo rou npotrrou (Err. 3-21). Koro rov rorero or ovetrrr4pegpueg rou nporrou oqpi(ouv ro reqotrL rou epppuou, evot o rpoXl-trog rqg g4rpog dLoor6trl,eror yro vo enuperl.re r rr1 dLodo TOU vsoyvou.

Or roxxuyrxoi prieg (Etr. 3-14 ror3-15).IXqpol(ouv le-nro puiro rprytrrvrxo neroLo nou oxoupno orqv onro0ro po[po routroyovororxuyrrou puog, pre rov ono[o ouveXeror. 0r rorxuyrr<oigueg po(r Ue Touq ovetrrrrlpeg rou nptorrou oXrlpori(ouv ro dro-Qp0yU0 14g nudtrou. 0r rorruyrroi pueg onoretrouv ro on(oOro rorlirr<porepo rpqpo rou nueLrrou edorpouq, ro ono[o oXlporr(erorono ro droqpoypo rr1q nuetrou.

fltroyro exguo4 (Err. 3-14 rot 3-15). lluetrLrl enupovero rrlgLoXroxrlg orov0og ror etroootrlv LoXroiepog ouvdeopog.

Meoq exquoq (ELr. 3-10 ror 3-19). l-ltroyro Xertrog rou roxruyorot 15 onovdutrog.

NeUpoo4 (Ex. 3-14 eurq 3-16). Ktro6orrou t4 r<or t5 veupou.Evepyelo. 0r rorruyrxo( gueg evtoXuouv rov ovetrrrrlp0 TOU

nporrrou orrl orqprl4 rov nuetrrrdv on),oXvrrrv. Iuyrporouv en(o1grov rorruyo npoq T0 epnpog ovu{.rovovrog ro nue},rro edorpoq.


Netpo rqg nufAouH nuetrog veuptlveror rup(og ono ro Lepo ror ro roxruyrro

veupo, r<o0tirg ror ono nuetrrro0g r<trodoug rou ourovogou veuprr<00ouor1porog (Err<. 3-16). 0oroi 0v0or0UolKoi rtrodor ono ro ou-pnoO4lro ordtreXoq f1 ro yoyyho rou, ouvodefouv roOe repd veu-p0 Kor T0 rorruyrro veupo. 0 onLoerdrlg ;lug enevduer ro on(o0lorolXtrr;ro rqg nudtrou ror oXqpot((er ro ddorpoq yro ro repo K0r KoK-ruyrro veuplro ntrdy;ro.0 revrprrog rtrodog rou l2 rol l3 veupouovoduovrol pero[u rov npooerpotrdrv rou onroe16ouq UU0q.

To ooguoiep6 orfAeyog

H rorrouoo poipo rou 04 veupou evtbveror pe rov npooOlonporreuovro rtrodo rou 05 veupou yro vo oXlgorLoouv r0 oyrdrdeq,oXotvoerd6g, oorpuoiepo o16treXog (Err. 3-16). Auro nope0erornpoq T0 roro, pnpooro ono ro repo nrepuyro, onou ovooroptitve-ToL pe T0 Lepo nAeypa. KorepXeroL orq ouveXero trolo, ndvo onoqv repotroydvto op0pool ror ero6pXeror or4v nue),0 rorol ono qvnuetrrrq nepuov[o (pL Erx. 3-99). Telog, orpou Xtoorei pe ro ovuyAourrc[o oyyeio, rorotrflyeL orrlv ro(rq nou oXrlporr(er 0 onroer-dlq Uuq, onou ovoorop6veror pe ro ll veupo.

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To peyotro ouro veuprxo ntreypo ppforeror or4v etroooovo nu-etro, oe orev1 oX6o1 pe rrlv npdo0ro enrrpovero rou ontoerdougpuog (Err<. 3-1 6). Io ep6 n),eypo oyr1par[(eru an6 uyv ovolTllru-

on Tlu ll(pulitpol oteLfylug Ue rouq npoo1toug npuTeuovTegxAaiouq ruv l1 euq 14 veApuv. To rupto veuprro oretr6Xq rountreyporog pplorovror errog rrlg roLXt'tgorL14g nepuovLoq qgnueLou rol otrol or rLobor rou e[epXovror ono rrlv nuetro nepvot-vroq p6oo tno rc pe(ov toytoxo rp4pa, txtog ono rov rtrodo yrorov onroerbrlpu (12), ro drolrpofvovro deppolro veupo (12 rorl3)xor ro veOpo yto ro drorppoypo nlq nuetrou. 0r 6uo r<0pror rtrodorrou repo0 ntreyporog elvor ro loXroro ror ro o16oriro veupo.

To rolrox6 verjpo (Err.3-16 ror 3-18, ptr. eniorlg Err.5-73). To ve0po ouro, nou rorovegeTor 0T0 rorto orpo, oXlpori(erorono roug npdoOroug npotreuovreg rtrodoug rov 05 etrrg l3 veu-pov, 0r ono[ol ouyrtrlvouv orrlv npoo0ro polpo rou onroeLdouqpuoq. To roXroro veupo, ro onoio e[vor rc noyArepo veipo rou otit-goroq, efepXeror ono rqv nue),0 ono ro pe[(ov Loytox1 rp4po, nloo ono rov onloerbrl pu ror roro),r1yer orrl ytrourroro Xdrpo. To or1-povrrro ouro veupo ovoLueror oro rerpotroro rorv xoro orporv (ptr.Keq.5).

To or6orixri verlpo (Erx.3-8, 3-16 ror3-18). To veupo ou-ro oXrlporr(eror ono ro repo ntr6ypo, ono drortroddroerg rorv npo-o0rov r),odov rcov 12, l3 ror l4 ve0pov. Iuvode0er rqv eoor orbor'i-xq opqp(o ror el6pXeror ono qv nuetro, pero[u rou onLoer6o0gK0r TOU rorxuytroI puoq. Irq ouveXeLo neprxognrer rov e],oooovoroXLoiepo ouvdeopo ror ero6pXerot oro nep(veo, p,tou rou eAoo-oovog toxtoKli rp4parog, onou xorovtlperor 0T0uq pueg rou ne-prveou, oupnepiloppovogevou rou e{o otpLyxrrlpo rou nporrou rorrorotrrlyeL trtg poXLoro veupo rou neoug 11 qg rtreuopidog. To ot-doriro ve upo rp6peL enroqg oro0rlrLxoug rtrodoug yro ro 6[rrl yevvq-rrro opyovo.

To tivto ytrourroio vedpo (ELr. 3-1 6). To veupo ouro oXrlpori(e-ror ono dLortrodrioeLg rov npooOuov rtrodov rurv 04,05 xor l1

vefpolv. El6pXeror ono rqv nuelo peoo rou pe((ovog roXroroutp1gorog, novol ono rov onroeLdq pu. NeuptirveL duo ono rougy),ouloloug pueg, rov p6oo, ror rov ptrpo ro0trtg ror rov re(vovtoqv ntrorelo nepuov[o pu. To ovtrl y],ourLolo veupo ror or pueqouro[, ovo],uovTor oT0 reqotroto r4g ytrourrorog Xropoq (pI. Kerp. 5ror [(voreg 5-1 xor 5,3).

AAAI rpqpora rou LepoA nAEyporog neptAoppavouv (Err. 3-16): (1) xLrovlo yro rov onloerdrl pu (11 ror t2), (2) rtrorvio yro rodrorppoylro qg nu6trou (13 rorl4), (3)ro ve0po yro TOV Terp0y0rv0Unproio Uu (04, 05 roL ll) ror (4) ro veupo yLo rov 6orrr 0upoerdqpu (05, l1 rot 12).

To 0upotr65g veipo

To veupo ouro dev ovlret oro repo ntrdypo. IXlpori(eror onoro oorpuixo nAtylto oqv roLtr(o (02, 03 ror 04) Kor eroepxeToroqv etroooovo nuetro (Err.3-10 ror 3-16, ptr. eniolg ELr.2-99).llopeuerot oro n),oylo roiXtolro rrlg nuetrou, peoo oro e(onepLro-voixo trtnog, peXpr rov 0upoerdrl nopo, onou onooXi(eror oe npo-o0lo xor on[o0lo rtrodo. ElepXeror ono rqv n[etro prloo ono ro 0u-poedeg rp4po (Ew.3-4 roL 3-10) roL veuptirvet roug tloor p0eg rouUnpou (FL Keq. 5 ror llLvoro 5-2).


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Etxtivo 3-15. A. Anorll ord ilovo, 0v0ToUrlq Tou eDdqouq yuvotKsloq nu6],0u. To neplooorepo nuetrrKo onIoXVo eXouv orpoLpe0er. Ilpreuirore rtgoxdoerq oup060x0u KUorrlq, K0Ie00 Kor orsueuoUdvou. flopoqpelore rov qBororruyrKd, Tov KUpr0 UU T0u nus],rKou drorppoyporog Kor rov ovrl-rrrlpo 1ru rou [poKTou. B. r<oL f. 0petrroro droroprl yuvorKsloq nue],0u. H ruoreorrl],q elvor onordtreopo eq0oe6vrolq rou nue],rrotj e00Q0uq,

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3-).:)Etxtivo 3-16. A. To repo Kor r0 K0KKUyrKo ntreypo. lloporqpeLore rov

Ktrobo Tou 04 nou ovooroUd)veror Ue T0 05 yro v0 oxlUoTioouv T0 o-oQuoiepo oTetr0xoq. llopoqpeiore orL rtrobor 0n0 T0 l1 KOr 12 K0r0vs-[0vT0r oTov 0nrOerdl uu Kor oTr T0 13 KOr 14 veupo vsup6v0uv TOv K0K-

KUyrKo Kor ov€lKTrlpo UU TOU rpoKTou, fiopoqpeiore dTr r0 12, 13 roL14 ve0po ouveroqepouv Ue 6v0v KL06o orov oxnpoTroUo rou ilusLrKouontroXvtrou veup0u. B. To repd ntreypo, Iqpreuirore orr our6 T0 vsuprKOdlrruo bronrpolveroL onrl qv ovo ror roro ytroulolo opTrlpr0,

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Etxrivo 3-17. Merotnroro btoiopq rqq nuetrou, onou rpotverol T0 oK0-qoerd69 dLorppoylro rrlg nue),0u, ro onoio oXrlpori(er ro nueLrKO riOo-rpog. lloporqpelore ort pero[u rou eu0uioXroro[ Bo0pou xor TOU uilo-nepirovoirou Xtrtpou, nopepBotrtreroL p6vo ro droqpoypo qg nuetrou (1po(po nou oXlporr(eror ono rov oveLxrlpo pu rou nporrou).

To xoxruyrxri ntreypo (Err.3-16A). To unoruniitdeg 0ur0 vru-pixo ntreypo oX4por[(eror 0n0 T0uq npoo0roug npureuovreq xAo-doug rou 14 roL 15, ro0drg ror T0u KoKKUyTKOu veupou. Oeperor orrlvnueLrrrl polpo rou rorruyrxori pu6g, rov onoio veuptirver, onogveupdrver eniorlg rgqpo rou oveLrrrlpo guog rou nporrou, xoOrrtgK0i Trlv repororxuyLrq op0ptrlorl. Irrl ouveXero dlorrrpofver rovrorruyrxo ;lu ror roroveprTor 0e prr<pr1 neproXrl rou ddpporog rouroxruyo.

H nueMxry nepnoviaTo nuetrLro ontroXvo nepLpotrtrovror on6 Xolopo ouvderrro roro

nou onoreLef r4v onAoyvtx4 neptov[o rqq nueAou. H nepuovio r1

ono[o enevduer ro roLXrlporo rrlg nuetrrr4g r<ortr6r4roq onore],erTrlv r0rxotUoTrKr1 nepuovro rrlg nu6trou.

H ontroyvlx{ neplrovio rqg nu6trou1 (ErK. 3-7, 3-11,3-17, 3-18 ror 3-24). H nepuovfo ourrl ouvdeer ro nuetrrro on],o-Xvo perolu roug, ro0iirg Kor Ue rrlv roryrrlgortrrl nepuovfo rrlg nue-trou. H ontroXvrrrl nepuov[o epnepreXeL ror treLeg puir6g (veg, oronoieq oupBotrtrouv orqv ev(oXuoq rou nue),rxorj ed0Q0uq. Ilg yu-volreg 1 ontroXvrrrl nuetrrrrl neprrovlo noXuveror orrg ntroyreg gor-psq qq r0r oX4pori(er rlv Lepolnrptx6 olvdeopo Kor roy eyKlp-oto oivdeopo rou ryay1Aou rnq pnrpog. Auroi or ouvdeoprol, nou

1 H neprovfu aw4 ovopa(erat ano roug porcur1peg, evdonueAtx4 neprrovfu.

errelvovrol ono ro ntroyro Xeltrr; rou rpoXltrou rrlq prlrpog eog roonloOro ro[XtrrlLo rqg nu6trou, no[(ouv olpovrrro potro orq orrlpLil11g pqrpog.

H rorlroporrx{ neprrovio 14g nudAou (Err. 3-11, 3-17 3-18 ror 3-24). H nepuovio ourrl enevbuer rqv nueLrrrl rortro-rqro pdXpr ro uQog rov qporoXrortirv rtroDrov. IuveXeror Us r0 ne-prooreo rou troyovrou oorou orqv nepLoXrl xoro ono qv ovrirvupqypoUUn rol errelveror p6Xpr qv ovol enrqovero rou Droqpoyporog11g nudtrou, onou ovoropnTsr llpoq ro nue),rro onloXvo ror ouvrl-Xeror Us qv onLoXvtrl nuetrrrrl neprrovl0. H rorXrrlporLrrl ttsprT0-v[o nou enevd0er ro rurog rqg xoLtrlog K0r Tlv nuetrrr<f1 ror],or1roeivor ouveXqg ror, onoq ovoqep0lre, ouvonreror oro0epo pe roooro roro ono qv ovdrvupul ypogUl. Xrrlpi(eror ono ro rorXoporr-ro nepuovoro pe elotnepuovoiro trfnog. H rorXroporrrl nuetrrrrlnepuov[0, errog ono ro ol enevdueL rrlv nue],rrr1 roiloqro, ne pr-xLefer ror ro oyyeroro oretreXq qq neproXflq. tlpog ro navu r7 rot-yupaux1 nueALxq neptov[o ouvEyeru pe rryv eyrapon nepro-vlo (pI. Erx.3-11) ror ouvonreroL oro0epo pe ro neptooreo rrlgon(o0rog enupoverog rou oritporog rou lpLxou ooro[.

H rorXrrtporrrq nuetrLrl nepuov[o ro],unrer qv evdonue],rrr1polpo rou 5oo 0upoerdoug, rou onroerdoug. rou rorruyrrou, rouoqLyrrrlpo rqg ouprl0pog rol rou oveLxrlpo lLuog tou nporrou (Err.3-8, 3-1 1,3-17 r<ot 3-18). H neprrov[o nou ro],unre r rov eoo 0upo-eLdrl pu (0upoe64q ntprcovio) onorstrei r4v noXureprl po(po qqrotxtrrporLrrlg nuetrLxrlq nepuovlog. H 0upoerorlq nepuovlo xop((e-Tot npoq ro novo ono rr1 .loyovoAoirLxi neprcovfu (Btr. eniolq Err.2-B2rtt2-102) pe qv npoorpuorl Tnq 0T0 neprooreo, rortrt ono r4vovrrrvupl yp0UUIl (Err. 3-1 1 ).'Ontrrg ovotpdporlre nporlyoupevog, orovetrrrrlpeg pueg rou npotrrou ouvonrovror pe g[o noXuvorl rrlg 0u-poerdoug nepuov(oq, yvoorq ug revovuo 16{o rou oveAxr4papuog rou npuxroA, q ono[o exrelveror pero{u rou otrtporog rou 1pr-rou oorour ror rqg toXrorrlg orovOog (Err. 3-1 4 ror 3-1 8). l-lovo onoro revovlo ro{o r1 nepLrovio e[vor noXro xor oreperl, evdr 11 poLpo.T1q nou ppLoreror roro ono ro ro(o elvor trenrq. Aurrl 11 r<orol por-po enevduer ro ntroyro ro(Xtolro rcu eu1uioytoxo1 B60pou Kor oxl-porr(er ro eoo rolXtolro tou oLdotixol ouA7vo (rou Alcock) (ELr. 3-11 ror 3-17). H nepuovio rou drorppoygoToq rrlq nuetrou ro),unrerror rrg duo enrqovereg rov oveirqpo.rv purilv rou npotrrou Kor 0uU-perdXer 0r0 oxlUoTroUo rou nuetrLrou edoqoug. Iuventirg ougpere-Xer orrl oqprll rotv nueLrrrrtv ontroXvrov (ELr. 3-1 1 ror 3-17). H ne-prrovlo q onolo rotrunret qv ovtrt enrqoveto rotv lrutrtv ourrrtv, ono-retrei r4u ovu nepLrovfu rou ne,puEou (ovo nepLrovio rou ovetrxrrl-p0 guoq rou npolrrou). Irrg yuvo(reg q neprrovlo ouq npooqueroloqv onioOro enupovero rou otirporog rou rlptrou ooro0, orov nu0-p6vo rrlq oupodoXou ruoqg, orov rotreo Kor or0 oneu0uopevo.Irouq ovdpeq, 1 ovrrt nepuovio rou neplveou npooqueror orovnpooroq ror oro oneu0uoprevo (Err. 3-17 eoq 3-19).

H ovu neptovfu tou ruepLveou (ovo nepLrovro rou nue),rrou6rorppoyporog) noXuveror ow[ororXo np0q Tov nu0gevo Tr]q 0upo-doXou ruorqg ror oXrlpor[(er duo oXorvoerde[g rorvieg, or ono[egonoreLouv orrg yuvo[reg rouq 1poxuorxoAq ouvdEoltoug (Etr. 3-34), evtrr oroug ovdpeg rouq rlBonpoorouxoig ouvdEopouq (Ex.

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Elxtivo 3-18. Avoropfl Usroiltoloq dtoropqg ovbptKrlq rus],0u oKpr0oq Unp00r0 0n0 r0 onsueuoUevo. Ervor uro orfrl rng npo0eroq U0Lpoq 0n0nioo, InUstdloTs ort 0 U6o0q 0[Q0].0KUoTtKoq ouv0touog (unillerppo T0u 0upoXOU), KoO6q K0r I oupo00X0g Kuorl, BproKov{or orov unoreprro-v0iK0 itnodl toTo. EqtTooTe Tov ovelKTrlp0 UU T0u npoKTotj r<ot r4v nsprTOV[o nou Tov Ko],unrer Kor noq 0uT0 nopsUpqtr],ovror pero(u npgKUoTr-K00 X6p0u Kot tu0uioxtoKou Bo0pou (Btr. entolq etKdvo 3-1 7). tloporrlpelore on ro npooOro eleu0spo Xeiln rou oveIKT1p0 Tou npt,lKTorj 0nrx0uvUeroqu Touq neplnou 1 er.

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3-19). 0L o0vdeopor 0ur0i Pp(oKovTor sKoTepoeev rnq UeolqYp0uurlq Kot 1KrvnTonjtjav Tjv nuepevT Tnq 0up0d0x0u KajTnqnIvu 0T0 nPKd 0oT0.0r lporuorrroi orlvdeopor ouUquovT0r sri-orlq Kor Us ro To[Xo]Uo Tou Ko],eor.

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XoUo Tou eueuioxroKou poOpou (ELr. 3-1 1 , 3-17 rot 3-1 B). H rororneprrov[o T0u nus],rKou drorppoyporoq ouveXerol pe rqv neprrovtoTrlq 60trt enrQoveroq qg roro Uoipoq Tou 6orrl 0upoetdo0q guogKor Us rrlv nepuovlo qg rorul srrQoveroq rou 6lo orpryrqpo rounporrou.


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To onro0oqBrx6 (npoxuorrx6) 6r6orqpo (Erx. 3-17,3-18 3-33, 3-34, 3-35 ror 3-37). EivoL o Xdrpoq pero[u r1g rorXul-porrxrlg nue trrxr1g ne puovfog ror rrlg npoo0rog enrrpoverog Tlq ou-p0doXOU ruorrlg. l-'leprdXer e{orne ptrovoixo trrnog, Xotropo ouvderr-xo roro, orlrorpopo oyye[o ror veupo. To llnog ror o Xotropog ouv-Derrxog rorog enupenouv q drorool qg oupodoXou r0oqq orovourrl ntrqpo0ei.

Aprr1pfeg r4S nuf\ouTeooeprg oprqpLeq eroepXovrol orrlv etroooovo nuetro: pio po-

vllpls (n peol repl oprrlpio) ror3 (euyr1 (oreotrt ioyovreg, oror-lroppoidrreq ror or oo0qxrreg oprqpLeq).

H 6ou Aay5vto dprnpfd

To geyotro ouro oyyeroxo or6treXoq onoreie( rov 6vov onoroug dtio rel,rroug rtrodoug rrlg rorvrlg troyovrog oprrlproq (Err. 3-24 rirog 3-28. BI. enioqg ELx. 2-95). H eoo troyovro opqpio nop6-Xel tov rfpro oyro olporog oro nuetrrro onloXvo, ev6 orpororver e-n[o1g ro ooro rol roug gueg rqg nuetrou, roOdrg ror q ytrourroroX6po rou roro orpou" H eotrr troyovro oprlpro ertpueror oTo ur!oq

1'lt t . ,L'), .lP "o. t, i-to

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rou 05-11 peooonovd0),Lou d[or<ou, onou ror Xro(eroL Us rov oupl-11po. XopL(eroL ono rqv repo),oyovro op0pool pe rqv eoo troyovroqtrepo xor ro oorpuoiepo oretreXog (Err. 3-16A). 0eperor flpoq T0nioar ror r0o K0L eroepXeroL orlv e),oooovo nue),0, onou Bpfore-ror onroOoneprrovolro, npoq T0 eoor rqg d[o troyovrog Qtrepoq roLrou 0upoerDoug veupou (Etr. 3-24). Korotr1yer oro ovo Xertrog roupeL(ovog roXrorou rpqporog, onou onooXi(eror oe npoo0ro ror oni-o0ro oretreXog. 0t rtrodoL rou npooOrou oretreXoug elvor oqvnleroQqtpro roug ontroXvLror (n X. yro Tlv oupodoXo r0orr1, rooneu0uopevo rol ro opyovo ovonopoyoyrlg) 0r 6uo rotXoporrroIr),odor rou, xorovepovror oro y),ouro K0r 0r0v pr1po. 0r rtrodoL rrlgeoo troyovrog oprlproq nou nsprypoqovTor 0Tl ouveXelo. ovoypo-qovTor Ue rq oerpo nou ouvrlOtrrg erquovror.

H oprpoArx{ oprqpio (ELr. 3-24). To oyyero ouro nope rie -

T0r npoq ro epnpog ror roro, pero[u rqg oupodoXou r0oqg roLrou ntroytou nuetrlrou roLXrrrporog. lVleronlnrer orrg oua t<uouxEqapr4pbq, or onoleg onooX((ovror oe notruoprOpoug r],oDoug nouxorove povror oqv ovro enrrpove ro rrlg oupodoXou KU0qq.

l'1prv rrlv yevvrloq or olrrpotrrrec opqpieq UsroQepouvoipo npog tov nioxofvro yro vo o{uyovroOer xor ndtrr (Moore,'1988). Mero qv yewloq, ro neprqeprro rouq r;ulporo orpo-tpouv, peroninTouv oe rvclderg rotv(eg xor onorel,ouv rouq


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H 0upoer6{g oprrlpio (Etr. 3-24, ptr. en(o1q Etx. 5-29). H

nporltreuol qq opqpiog ourrlg notr[trtret. Iuvl0tog erquerot xovrooqv erquol qg oprpotrrrrlg opqpioq, onore XLo(erot Us rov oupl'l-rt1po. Iq ouveXero nopeferot npoq r0 epnpoq rot rorot, novot orrl0upoeLdrl nepuov[0, oro ntroyto nuetrtro ro[Xopo rot rpeperot pero-

l0 rou OupoeLdoug veupou roL rt1q rptrdpog. Korontv e[6pXetot onorrlv nuetro pdoo ono ro OupoeLdrl nopo rot roroveperot oroug pueg

rou p1po0. H evdonuetrrrq rqg po(po diver puiroug rtrodouq, rpoqLrortrobo yro ro troyovto oord rot 6vov lptrd rtrobo. 0 1pxoq xLadoqerqUeror etroXroro nptv rlv 6(o6o ono rrlv nuetro rrlq 0upoetbouq

oprrlpiog. 0 nBrrdq rtrodoq nopeferot rpoq T0 ovto, novto oTnv nue-trrrr1 enLtpovero rou l,oyovtou ooroU rot ovooropttlverot pte rov ovr(-0ero rou, roOdrg xor ue rlptxo rtrodo qq rorto enLyoorptoq oprlpi

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HPoKaKKUVIKOC I.IUCErxrivo 3-20. A. 0 qBoeu0uirdg puq, rp1po rou o-vetrrr1po lruog rou npolrrou, o onolog oXlpori(etpio "01tret0" yuptrl ond rov nporrtro otrltrtlvo. B. 0

lBor<uonroq ror o opOoruolroq pug, 0t onolot u-noorrlpr(ouv rnv oupodoxo ruorrl.

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og,l onolo e[vor rtrodog iqg e[o troyovtog opqptog (pI. ELr. 2-7).H e[onuetrrrrl rorovolul rrlg 0upoerdo0q opr1proq neptypoqerot ororeqotroro rov roro orpulv (Keq. 5 ).

H xdro ruonx{ oprqpio (Erx. 3-24A roL B, ptr. enionqErr.2-19). H opqpio ouq onovroror povo oroug ovdpeq. llopeu-eror novo orov nuOgrlvo rqg oupoddXou r0oqg rot otpor6vet rtgonepporo6oXoug ruorerg, rov npoororrl Kot Trlv npooOto-rorol e-nrqovero rqq ruorrlg. AfueL xAa6o yto r0 lneppouxo nopo, xa06qKot rnv npoorauxrl oprnpia.

H xotreix{ oprqpio (Etr. 3-241- eorg 3-27). Ayyeio otzti,\o-yo qg roro ruorrulg opqpiog rou ovdpo. llopeuerot rpoq r0 e-pnpog ror orq ouvdXero xoro plrog rou roLeou, onou btortrodt(e-ror xor dlver notruopr0poug xtroOouq yLo rrlv npoo0to rot onlo0to e-nrqovero rou rol,eo0, rrlv roro ror n(out entqoveto rrlg oupodoXourfoqg ror rrlv nuetrLrq Uo(po rnq ouptl0pog. H rotreirt1 oprnpio,notrtr5g rpopdg drntrr1 f1 rot rptntrt1, ouvl0tr.tg onoretre[ rtrodo qqplrpro[oq optr1pioq, 0v Kor 0t 0ptopeveq neptnr6oetg exqferotove[oprrlro ono rrlv dorrl troyovLo oprnpio.


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Elxtivo 3-21' 0Betrtoto rourl, K0T0 rnv usol ypouun, Tlq KoTdTspnq uoipoq TOU opeou Kor Tou npoKT6u. rro A, e{erdor' r.v ruusysgrl, rK.uor.,eio otpLyrrrlpo rou rlpoKT0u, 0 0rl0[0q oxrlu0TL(tt uLo nIOTrO rotvlo oTtg drjo ntreupeg Tou npoKTrKou otrltr4vo. rro B, nopoqpe[oTe Touq rpoKTr-roIg oru]'oug rot orlpetroore ort onore],otjv ro0ereg nrux6g rou ptrevvoyovou ror orr roro ro xordrrepo oxpo roug evdrvovror pero(u roug pe 1pr-oetrlvoetoe[g nruxeg rou ptrevvoyovou, rtg nporrtreg BotrptDeq 0t gtr<peg rod,oqreg (goupeg) novo ono rLq BotrBrdeg ovopo(ovror nporr.ror rotr-not (rpfnreg) To rrevtoetoeg roro orpo T0u oiluortouou ouro0, oxrlporL(er qv r],tvrro o4povru<r1 *.ru,or,o'r1 ypolLprl (orgoppoLbrr<o 6orrutrro).

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Etxoua 3-22' Avoropl rou e{o orptyrrlpo uu TOu npoKT00. Aprorrpu r rirLrro,\r1g Kor Tulu0 rlq ev To pooet ortf3odog T0u gQryKTrlp0 rx.uv 0v0-onoo0eI rot I unoretp6vl ortBooo - onoretroupevrl onrl xotropo ouv0ertr<o roro, puireg iveg rou ove],xrr1po lruog rou nporrrou xor rrlv e{, entpl-rr1 puit<4 orLBodo rou nporrtrou otl),r1vo - exeL rpqOei, nporetpevou vo onorol,uqoei 11 rloo rurtrorepls'uuiKrl orrgo0o rou nporrrtrou o'JInv0, rlono[o noxuveror yro v0 Oxrlu0T[oer rov oxo00ro eoor orpLyr<r4po pu rou nporrou.

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Erxdvo 3-23. Avoroun nsprvsou yuv0tK0q. I-loporqperore rov oQryKTrlp0 UU qq 0uprlepOq,nou sKQIeT0t oII0 TOv roro r].odo T0u lBtKOu 0oTou. 0tlveg rou QdpgvTql npgq r0 eoco rot 0propdveq Xr0(0vT0r Us ovT(esTdq T0uq, UeToqu llq ouplepoq Kot TOU oroplou T0u K0Ie00 Kot KoToQUovrot oT0

T0tX6U0T0 TOU Ko1r6u (errgvo 3-58t) Iloporqpe(ore r0 onUovrtKo KItvtKo, K6vTp0 rou ilsptv60u, nou 0v0po(erot nsptveiKd 06U0.

H pqrproio oprnpio (ELr. 3-24t eog 3-27). H opqpfo ou-

rn Ouvle(liq eKQ0eTor oq 0uT0v0uo 0YYe[0 0il0 Tl']v doo troyovLo

OpTIlpi0, nop'oTt dev onortrelerOt v0 eKqueT0t Kot 0II0 Tnv 0UQ0I[-Kl'l 0prnpr0. tlope0eror oTO ntroYro rolxouo TIlq nuetr0u, uIIpOoTo0il0 Trlv 6oo troydvLo, Q6peT0t ttpoq r0 KoTo Kot ercepxeTot oTn

Baoq rou nAoTElq ouvd1,oltou rnq prypoq. O0ovet orrlv ntroyto

U0[p0 TOU 0otrou rou Kotrs0u Kot n0peueTot npoq T0 ntroYLo XeitrlTlq unrpoq. H pr\rptoio Iprnpfu n\pe1eTat pnpj1To Ku navu onoTlv lupnTnpo K0vT0 o[nv nLoYn Ul[po TOU 0tiiou. O0ovovToq 0TO

urfoq rou Tp0xltrOu, n ulTpt0io opTnpio dtotpe(rot 0e evo ueY0tru-Tep0 ovo Ktrodo, n0u otgordtvet ro ool,to rot rov nu0ptlvo qq pt1-

Tpoq, Kor 6vo prrporepo rotreiro rtrobo, nou otpor6vet Tov rpoxl-tro ror rov rotreo. H plrptolo oprrlpro oKotroueel etrtroeLdtl nopeto

roro Unroq rou ntroyrou Xeitroug qg gflrpoq Kot KoToIlYet U6 Tov

ooenKrKo rrlg rtrodo, oqv oro01t<Lxrl oprqpto, Ue rlv 0ro[0 0v00To-gtiveror pero[u rov nero],rrlv rou ntroreog ouvdtlo;tou.


yro X€itrogirou tpolqtrou (ELr<. 3-25). 0 oupnrnpq,q rrv0u-ve0er enio4q Vo rptrr0ei xord rqv onotrivooq rov oo0rlxr-rdrv oprrpr6vl(L.X, foro rr1 droprero ooOqrekropng) ro.Otilq dtreq uur{ig ot 6opr6g Bpioxovjsr notrf rovr6 n,U{g ornvotrtrri oro oqgeb dnou 6toox((ouv rrlv ovtirvugl ypoUpn.(Err.3-28).

H p6oq orpoppoi6lr{ opr4pio (ELr. 3-24 ror 3-50). H

urrpil ourrl opqpio nopeuerol dintro ono ro oneu0uopevo. A[ver<trodoug yro Tov npooroq Kor rrq onspporoboXoug r0orerg orougovdpeg Kor yro rov roLeo orrg yuvoireg.

H 6oo or6orixri opr4pio (Err. 3-8, 3-11, 3-j6 errrq 3-18x0r 3-24). To oyyeio ouro, peyotrurepo oTouq ovdpeg nopo olg yu-votreg, nopeusTor npoq ro ntroyto ror roro, pnpooro ono rov onro-erdl pu xor ro tepo ntreypo. ElepXeror ono rrlv nuetro perolu rouontoeLdoAq Kot Tlu xoxxuyLxou 1,tudq, USoo ono qv roror po(po roultti(ovoq rcynxoi Tpttparog. H eotrl orborirl oprrlpro neprxopnret11v toXtorl orov0o I rov etroooovo roXroiepo ouvbeopo ror ero6u-0r oTOV eu0uioXroro Bo0po peoo rou etroooovog roXrorou rpqpo-rog. H Sorrl ordorirrl oprrlpio po(i ge ng eoo orDoLireg tptrepeq rorxtrodouq rou ordolirou veupou, nopeuovror prloo orov orboLiro oo-trr-1vo (rou Alcock), oro nloyro ro(Xrrtgo rou eu0uioXrorou Bo0pou.tlpLv ono i1v rlprxrl ouptpuoq q 6oo_r ordorirrl oprnpro onooXr(erororoug re),lrouq qg xtrodouq: Tlv rv ro poOe r rol rr1 poXro(o opr4-o[o rou neouq 4 rqq rAe-ropbog (Eu<. 3-40, 3-59 ror 3-71 ).

H xdro ytrourroio opr4pio (Err. 3-16 xor 3-24). To oy-ye[o ouro nopeueror [poq ro nioot gero{u rtrlv rep6v veuporv (ou-vr10og rou l2 ror l3) ror e[epXeror ono qv nuetro gdoo ono rrlv ro-rolTepl po(po rou pei(ovog toyLoxoA rp1porcq rortrl ono Tov 0nr0-eLbq pu. Argor6ver roug pueg ror ro deppo rou ytrourou ror rrlg on!o0rog enrqoveroq rou prlpori. 0r ryeq rAaloL tou onfultou oreAe-Xlug Tnq eou Aoylvrug oprrlpiog (ovo ytrourLoro, Loyovoorpuirq rorntroyto repq) onoretrouv, roro rupLo troyo, puirouq rtroboug.

H 6vo ytrourroio oprqpio (Err. 3-16 r<oL3-24). Meyotrooyye[o nou erqfetor ono ro onioOro oretreXog rrlg 6otrt troyovrog0pqprog, qeperor npoq T0 nfoo ror nopeueror pero[u rou 0oQU0-repou oretreXouq K0r rou npoo0Lou npo-rreIovrog rtrobou rou iouLepou veupou. E[epXeror ono rqv nuetro pdoo ono qv ovto gorpotou pe(ovoq Loytoxol rpqpotog, novo ono rov onloerdrl UU K0r 0r-porover roug y),ourLo(ouq pueq.

H troyovooguir{ oprqpio (Err. 3-16 ror 3-248 roL t).ErpueroL ono ro onlo0lo or6treXog rrlg 6otrl troyovrog oprrlpiog rornopeueror npoq T0 novo ror ntroyro npog rr1 troyovro neprrovlo.0dperor roronrv pnpooro ono qv repotroyovro opOptooq ror n(otrlono ro pe((ovo r}oirn pru, onou napepBaAAnat pera{A rou \upo-eLdolq veipou Kot Tlu ootpuo[epol orileyouq.Iqv troyovro ne-pLrov(o 1 Loyovooorpuir<r1 oprqpro onooXr(eror oe. 1) Aayovto xAo-do,2) oorpuiro ricido nou orpor6ver rov pei(ovo rfoiTn Kor rov Tr-rpoyovo oorpuixo 1ru.

Or nAdyreg rep6g oprrlpieg (Etr. 3-16 ror 3-24B ror t-).To oyye(o ouro, ouvrlOoq ovo ror roro oe roOe nleupo, erquo-vror ono ro onioOro or6tre1og rrlg eotrr trayovrog oprqpiog. IuXvo

eKQUovTor pe xolvo or5treXog. Orlpovror npoq rlv peoq ypopprl rornopeuovror npoq r0 roror pnpooro on6 roug npoo0roug rtrodouqrov repov veupotv. A[vouv onovdutrrro0g rtrodoug or onotoL eroep-Xovror, pe oo.r rov npoo0rtrrv repdrv rp4portrrv, oro onovdutrrro oo-r-trr1vo r<or orporovouv rq p4vryyeq, neprBotrtrovroq ro vorrrolo pue-Lo xot rrg pL(e g rrarz rcpdv veApuv. Ktrodor rotv oyye(ov ourtlv, e-[epxovroL ono rov vorrofo ootrqvo Ueoo Tov onro0lov Lepdrv rprl-porolv ror K0T0vrUOVTor oroug ilop0Kerp6voug rou repou ooroupueg ror ro bepgo qg neproXrlg.

H p6oq rcp4 opr4pfa

H ptrpl UOVI'Iplq ourrl oprrlp(o e rquerol ouvrl0og ono qv on[-o0ro enrqovelo rrlg rortrrorrlq ooprqg, nprv ono ro drXoolro Tnq, 0vxor dev onor),sierol exquoq ono qv npoo0ro enttpoveLo TIS (gI.Err.2-95). To prrpo ouro oyye[o nopeueror epnpog ono ro odrporou retreuro[ou, 1 rotv d0o re],eurofov oorpuirutv onov6utrov, ro re-po ooro Kol Tov xoxruyo ror roro),qyer oe pro oerpo ovoorogdr-oeolv. llplv qv eloodo Tlq orqv etroooovo nuetro, pepLreq QOp6q1 peoq Lepq opqpro drver deiro xor oprorepo rrTv 54 oorpuir4 ap-rqpia (g\ Erx. 2-39) 'Onog rorepXeror pnpooro ono ro repd ooro,I U60l Lepq oprqpio biver grrpoug rorXtrrgorrroug rtrodouq, orono[or ovooropdrvovror pe rrg ntroyreg repe q aprrlpLeg, Aiver eni-orlg lrLr<poug ontroXvrroug rtrodouq yro qv npoo0ro enrqovero TOU

op0ou. 0r oprqpieq 0uTrq 0v00TOprilvovrol pe rrg ovto ror peoegoLgoppoidrrdg opqpieg.

H Ueon reprl oprlpto onoretre[ rc oupalo oxpo qqepBpuilx7q payn[aq oopr4g, ro ono(o oupprrvdrveror perorrlv e[oqovrol rqg oupog rou epppuou (Moore, lggB).

H 6vu crtlroppoi\tKi dprnpfq

H opqpio ourrl noptoro v1 ouvtyen Tnq Koru peoevrepLaqoprr1piog (Err. 3-50, Btr. en(or1q Err. 2-81). Xro(etot Ue r0 0prore-po rorvo troyovro oyye(o ror rp6peror peoo oro ;reoooLypoerd6g,orrlv e),oooovo nuetro. Iro ugog rou 3ou repo0 onovDu),ou onooXf-(eror oe duo rtrodouq, or ono[or nopeIovror erorepoOev Tou onru-0uopevou gdXprrov eoo orpryrqpo rou nporrou (Err. 3-21). H o-vrrl orpoppoibrrq opqpio ovooroptirverot pe r<tro6oug rqg pdoqg or_

lroppoidu<r1g oprqpioq rtro6o qg doo troyovrog, K0r Us qv roro.r0rlLoppoidrrl opqpio, xtrobo rqg 6otrr ordorirrlg oprrlp(og.

H uo9ryxrxry opr4pfo

H ooOqxrrl opqpio ertpueror ono rrlv rorLrorq ooprrl rorotono q veqpLr4 opqpio, ov r<or oprero LfltroTepo ono rrlv roro ge-oevrepro (Err. 3-25, 3-26 xot 3-28 BI. eniorlg Err. 2-95). Ko0trrgroreu0fveror ttpoq r0 rorot, qeperor opdorrtg roror ono ro neprro-v0r0 Kor nopeueror eltnp6q oru6 rov oupqrr1pa, oro onfo0to roltrro-ro roiXrrtlLo. Ko0tirg eroepXsror 0Tlv etroooovo nuetro Xro(eror perqv revrpLr1 golpo rov e[o troyovurtv oyyerov. Irq ouveXero rpe-

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Ea0 novovto oDtttPto

E,0 novovlo oDTttPto

ooquor)aVovto opTnpio

Avl) IKorl I

AuDoFtOttC 0PtttPta

Ev to A00€t n€Ptonoll€vt1rl1vavtl oDUtpt0

KIT(D € n tvo ot Dto 0 pt t t D io

fnauucilscoNnPiEC

Kote KUouKn oPulPt1

1.0 lJ.r'9',4. Ot tq 0tltt t t (At 1lA1.1.1 1,ta\ atlCO.]ALwA|ra\ ALtvo, Jt-l -

Av(1) K L t or t K € C o Dt n qts C

M € an o t Lt oppoi,t Kn o Prt1 Ptct

npoororrKoq Knd6oC Tnq Kdta KUouKnq oprnpioq

Errovo 3-24. A. Avoropq dLo rou n\oyLou r0rxrdl,r0l0q 0vbptKlq IusI0u. tloporqpe(ore T0v 0upr]Trlp0 K0t TOv OnspuoTtKO n0p0, 0t 0n0[0t n0ps00-

vrq. {iqo 0r0 T0 reprT0v0r0 KqL xrq(ovTor us T0 6qo troyovLo 0yy0r0, Tlv 0uQohKl opl'lpi0 Kor r0 eup0stdl 0YYt[0, rT0 rop0oKe00ou0 ouTO, r] 0u-

p6srdnq qprlpiq spQqvr(sr qouv1eq SKQUq 0n0 Trlv KoTo entyoorpt0 opTrlpio. B. Ot troyovteq opTrlpitq Kot ot Ktrddol TOuq oe ovdpo. f. AoYovLeq

0puprsq KOr 0r K\000t touq 0t YUV0[K0.

"rr"ri:::"::i:,:)

NYEAOE. KAI NEPINEO 313

Kotvt) rloVovto opT n pto

0upot tdtlC oDTDpto

Eo(D rl1vovto optDpto

Eae novovto oNnpto

OaOu onovovto otJT ti p to

K 0t0

Mntptoto 0ptnpto

f 4,6o',no ,sr1toLEoe obaiKn oprtlpto

nno uputpto

I r,tor,n,,,) optnptsc

vto tsptl

Av(')

Fv to PoAst n€prcnoLt€vtlnovovto opuipi0

Kor(D s n tVoortJto o prn pto

n no V t aC o LtQo aloK u o't t K 0CouvOEol-toC (o n oQpo xeE too

oLtAontKh optnpn)AVo KUoTIK€C QDTI]DIEC

OupaAoxoc KUouj

nAdytct 64rn

MEon otl.toppoi6tKtiopuipio

Kon€iKti opttlpio

Erxtivo 3-24. f

ptT0r npoq Tl,l ueol yp0uun Kor nopeljeTor ueo0 oTov KpeuooT7pol1vdeo1l Tnq ulenKng yro v0 KoTolrlleL orrlv ovor nloyro gorpoTou nl0T60q ouvdrioUou rnq UrlTp0q Kor v0 0rU0T6oer Tnv (lloerlKnKOr TOv oOyoyo. H rrro0lrrrl oplr|pio 0v0oT0u6vrT0r ue rn un-Tpro(o opTrlpto (Err. 3-26B).

AAeBtxrT nopoxSreuon rng nut\ouH nuetrog ilopoxsTsueTor rupitrrg 0n0 rrq eou Aoyoveq pAt-

feq ror roug rtro6oug roug (Etx. 3-24A, pI. eniolg Err. 2-105), ovxor ronorou poOpou onoyoyrl rou o(gorog enue),e(ror ror grloo rrlgovtrl orpoppoidrrrlg, qq peorlg reprlg K0r Trlq oo04rKr1q qlepog.Mrrprl nooor4ro olporog onri rqv nue],0 roreuOuveror enroqg oroeou EAeprco onovduAtxo nAeyporo (BL Err. 4-53).

H 6ou Aoy6vro EA6BI

H qlepo our4 oupBotrtrer Ue Tnv dlo troyovro rptr6po roL oxnU0-u(etr4v xotvrl Aoy6vn qleBa, r, ono(o ev6veror Us Trlv ovriOer1Tnq yro v0 oXrlpor[oouv r1v ovu xoiAr1 EAepo oro ut]log rou 05onovdutrou (ptr. Err. 2-82,2-83 ror 2-105). H eoo troyovro rptrrlBopproretoL nloor ror rorot ono rqv eoo troydvro opr4pio (Err. 3-16r0r 3-24), ror or rtrodor rrlg e[voL nopolrotor Ue T0uq rtrodoug rqg

opqp(og ourqq, pe eloipeorl v1u oltgoALxr1 rpAepa,1onoi0 ouvn-0trrg onoqpoooeror Kor oXrl;rori(er ro oryoyy1Ao olvdtolto (p\.Ex.2-67). To oyyero ouro, ro ono(o peprr6g rpop6g dXer ovorrrooutro, rorotrqyer orrlv nutroio rptrdpo (ptr. Err. 2-83). H Aoyovoogu-ix4 rpAepo ouvrl0og erBotrtrer oqv rorv4 troyovro rptrepo (pI. Err. 2-105). 0r ovto ylouloleq Qlepsq, or ouvobdg ptrepeq rorv ovrr_r

yLourro[rov opqpuirv (Err. 3-24), e(vor or peyoAArepoL xAaloL qqeou Aoy1vnq rpAepog, pe elo(peo1 14 droprero rr;g rur1o1g, ono-re or pqrpro[eq Qlepeg ro0forowor geyotrurepeg.

0r qlepeg rrlg nu6trou o1q;rol(ouv nueALxo rpAepu<o nAeypo-ro (Err. 3-29). To ovooropoupevo ouro rptreprrd dirruo e(vor orlpo-vrtro oqv xtrrvrrrl npolrl. To rptrepLxo ouro nldyporo, (orpoppoibL-ro, ruorrro, npoorolro, prpproio ror rotreiro) evtirvovror Kor rK-Botrtrouv rup(og orqv eoo: troyovro qtrdpo, ov ror peprro erpotrtrouv96oo qg ovto orpoppoidrrrlg qtreBog orqv roro peoevr6pro qtr6po(pI. ELr. 2-83).

To nueArxd onAdyvo

To nue),rro ontroXvo efvor ro opyovo ro ono[o dev e[vor duvo-rov vo onoporpuvOouv onri r4v nuetro, nopd povo pero ono erro-Ul rouq (n.X ro opOo). Atrtro nuetrrro opyovo e{vot 17 oupoloyoqxAorrT rura yevvquxa opyavo Kor Tov duo rputrtrrv.


Pi(o tou t Ea€vt€piou

T€ntKoC €nsaC

AKpouipto tou t€poj ooLoi

M€o€vt€pi6to

Etf,€otufntKi nruxti

,Ko n n Kos t6ti C o n 0Qu otl

Qo0tiKtj

MirpoQovovoc a€ ovlonoon

nnoL0c ouv6€ol-toCulc utltpoc

Ouotlrnooc

Opeo

KuouKo rpivL)vo

HBtKo ooto

To 6pyovo rou ouponor4rrxot ouor4trtarog

To ouponor4rrxd oforqpo (BI. Err. 2-84,2-87 ror 2-BB) ono-retre[tot ono: (1) drio onerrpurro opyovo, roug veqpoUg ro ono(onopoyouv to oupo, roL (2) duo oupqqp4 nou rore uOuvouv ro ou-pa oTnv oupodoxo xlorr1, ph de[opevrl yro Trlv npoooprvl onoOr1-Keuo1 Tov o0prov, geXpr rqv onopotrl roug ono rov opyovLopo, ge-ou rnq oupq1pog.0L veqpoi pp[orovroL orlv rortr(o (BI. Keq. 2)rot neprypdtpovror oT0 ovrlororXo xeqotroro.

OL oup4rqpeg (Err. 3-244 eoq 3-28, PL en(o1g Err. 2-82rot 2-87). H evdonuetrrrrl po(po rorv ouprlrqpov, or ono[or noproro-vouv lrutlderg orrrtrqveq pqrouq 25 ex., neprypoqeror oro Keq. 2

go(( pe rouq veqpoug. Ko06q or oupqrrlpeq eyrorotre(nouv qvrod,lo ror eLo6pXovror orqv eloooovo nuetro, Xro(ovror pe rrlvovrrlvuprl YpOuun pnpooro ono qv 6rquol rolv dltrl troyovulv op-rqpuirv. H evdonuetrrrrl ;roipo rorv oupqrqpov nope0eror onro0o-nepLrovoir<0, oro nl,oyro ro(Xorlro rrlg nuetrou, npoq T0 nloor ror ro-

Ave unaVOotptonn€V Lto

Apt ot € p ti K otv i n ovovtoQn€Po Kor oTnpto

OupnTnpo C

Koun Lt€asvr€p0ovv€io Kot v€Apo

QpanKtKo oyyEioKOt V€U?O

Piao tou otvLtost6o0Cp€aoKanou oxiporaC A

E€to i ctvovto ct pt n pt ct

Eao novjvto opttltJto

Kps po ati po C a0 vOs ot-t oCtna eo)hKnC

OuptluipoC

Mnqnoio optritJio

KorI) t ntvo otpt o o pu t pto

,Wavv0noc oivosoLtoCtnq ptirpog

Kflo6oC uiC t tntpoKodsiKnCoprnpioC yto uiv oup060xaKUOttl

To, Kor pnpooro ono rrg Sotrr troyovreg oprlp(eq. IuveX((ouv rrlvnope(o roug Udxpr 1, 5 er., novor ono lg roXroxeg drov0eg. Kd0eouplrnpoq oro oqpe(o ouro ovoxognTer rpoq ro epnpog ror 6orrt,novol ono rov ovelxrrlpo UU TOU npoKTou, onou 6pXeror oe orevrlox6ol Ue ro nepuovoro.

Irov ovdpo, ro povo dpyovo ro onolo nopeppotrtrsror perolfouplqpo rot neprrovolou elvol o oneppouxlq, ndpoq.0 ouplr1-poq Bpioxeror npoq r0 elot rou nopou ror ero6pXeror oTlv 0up0-doxo ruorl ono qv on(oOro enrqovero rrlq, oro opro pero[0 rouorirporoq ror rou nu0pevo rrlg xuoqg, orprptirg novol ono rn onW-paro\oyo x}orq (Etx.3-24A,3-29 ror 3-30).

Iq yuvoixo, o ouplrrlpog nopeferor flpoq r0 rorol, novo orontroyro rofXopo rqg etroqoovog nuetrou (Err. 3-25 doq 3-28), onouorpopr(er ond nlou.r rov of|xtro poOpo. Ko0drq rorepo[ver o ouplrrl-pog, nopeueror npoq T0 6oor qg plrpro(oq opqp(oq, p6XpL ro uQog

rqg LoXrorr1q orovOog, onou 1 prlrprolo optlp(o nepvo novol ono rovoupnrnpo. Irq ouveXeLo o ouplrrlpog rpdperor rovro oqv ntroyro lroi-

Etxtivo 3-25. llpoo0ro 0rirr.l 0v0r0plq yuv0rKaL0v r0L0 ysvvlrKov 0py0vov, n onor0 K0r0 KUpro Loyo beLlveL rqv r\Lvrro 0lUovrrKl nopsr0 rnq nur-trrrr1g porpog Tou ouplrrlpo.

NYEAOZ KAI NEPNEO 315

Kp € t-toot ti po C oiv6 s opaCttl: 0OAiKnC

eoV0V0C

ttpoyvinoc ouv6€otroCLtlC LtitAoC

Mntptoto opttil)to

,rpovvAnoc ouvdsapoCtnc pnfpoc

Kp€Ltoottip0ca0v6€oLnC

tttC 0o?hK[]C

QoenKtKtictpUtplo

Qo0nKtKoC Kno6oCI-ruTproioc opttlproc

MnTptoio opulpio

KonEiKtl oprtlDict

r0 rou eoôu Tou Kotreou, KUp(oq ornv 0proTepn ntreup0 Kor sroepxr_:0r ono rnv on(oero ovtrt yovio rrlg oupodoXou ruoqq peoo o'our4v.

Apr4pieg xol rptrepeg rou ouprlrfpov (Eu<. 3-24 ror 3-25, ptr.an(oqg Err. 2-93). H nuetrrr4 po(po rou ouprlrqpo orpor6veror ono1v elo ror eoo.r loydvro oprqpro, r<o0drg ror ono lg ruolr6g op-

Mtltptoi(t oputpio Cu-''r-'- -'-

nuOLt€v1C tnC LrntpoC

QoV0yoC

Tp0xnnoC

Kot nornro tau rpoxtirlou

TpoxnrloCiEv6oKontlKti t toipo)

KorlEoC

rqpreg. Irrg yuvoireg, or oprrlpleg n0u nro ouvrl0ropevo oLporcil-v0uv rrlv nuetrrrrl po[po rtr_rv ouprlrqptrtv onore],ouv rtrodouq rurvgqrproLurv opqprdrv. Irouq ovdpeg, ovotroyor rtrobor npoepXovroLono rLg rortl) ruolreg oprrlpreg. 0t cptrepeg oroiou0ouv Trq opTl-pieg nou nepryporplrov ror eXouv ovrlororlo ovriporo.

Qoen KtKtioprnoio

Qcr/o'/ ca

MsaoaatrlntVytoQoAnKn

41!.Jo0oAnKto,r)o'/yunaCaJ t,6saltoC

"': ia l l0tpt o

Elxtlvo 3-26' A' Auo opeLroieg rop6g rou nlordoq ouv0eopou pe orono r1v rorooer{r1 rou geoevreprou rrlg prppog. To peoevrepLo T0u o0yoy0.1,ileooootrnlYYLo) ruL rqc, ooe(<qq (geoooto0(rto\ e(vat en(cqc, epqarrrl. B. t\p6osru s\\ \$\ lurrorxelol eo$ )r,wlr\Krb\ 0p]qvrDv urru qno rlv 0-coipeorl rou ntroreog ouvoeopou Tplpo rou rotxtirporog prlrpog roL rotreou rlxer orporpe0ei. l-loporqpeLore ng ovooroptiroetg pero(u qg 6o0r1rr-<t"19 xot r4g plrptoiog oprrlpiog xoOdrg roL pero[u rou rotreirou rtrobou rqg prlrproiog oprrlpiog rot rqg ro],eirfg opqp(og. '0],eg ourdg 0r 0v0or0-.rrrloeLg yfvovror pero(0 rotv nero],rrtv rou n],or6og ouvdeopou qg plrpog.


K Ds tto ot n poc auvdsaLtoctnc Lno1n^l)a

QoV(1)VoC

, ,,,'in, auv6.ot.to.TtlCt-ilifpoc ry

Qciv(,)Voq

Mntpt0t0 ofttlTt? =*;-

KotnnKo oLol-ttouov0vou

nnotucauv6soLtactr)c l.ilttpoc

MnTptoto oputpto

AupnulpoC

Kon€ iKtioputpto

0p0o

Av€nKTupoC l.tuCtou no0Ktou

Kor'ls t^ n 0eutatorlai:. .

aupntnpoc 11...(tt€ nt0o)

KuouKo tptVevo

n€otrovtonou aulPtl€!

Lov Konso

tt€tn€oc nou 't€pxEtot

onoutv aupn0P0 '# *t

MtKpo xEtnoc ot6oiou Konsac

Msvono xstrlac 0t5atou

Erxdvo 3-27. tlpoo0to oQl qq Urllp0q (01 Iov 0lllilil', ljr! irl r'[1 trl L]rlril 'rl r 1rr1f11,11. rL Lrrrr t(I0( 0ii0 T0 KUOITKO I0ty(rlv0, sXOuv 0Q0tpe0e[.

nop0KXUartKaC Aa0poC

Aupt)rnpoC

QoeDKtKo ovvsto

Kos Lt ctoLti pct c a uvds oLt ocLt)C 0a0nKnC

QOVOVOC

n n ot i C ou vds a poc Lt ti T po C

I 6 t oc au v6€ ol-toc (n o0h Ktlc

,tpovvinoc ouva€oLtoculc 1-lDrpoc

Eu0ul lnrptKaK ann0 Lto

G'r,rir;t rr.uo.,rt'r rI t,,,,,;,rc["Y' '1"'

l,4titpo,tpaWUnoCauv6€opaCulc l-ilttpoc

F Kuot€o|.il)tptKaKonn0lrct

EVKopoto KUouKn ntuxtiKe[0 sntV0aTDto oVVFlo

Enurpo€tODc 0noQuon Loun s p tt ovo t oLt (

l-1 F 0 vol Kto ot ol-l to )Oup06o\a( KUoLtl

n r)aty i ol o I tfo (] o K Lt ot t K o c ou v6s al laciL /i tr )lli/ rr j {(). /11, t ) l t1l1(1.i t K n t1 D t nJ)lJ )

Erxdvo 3-28. Ano{q ono n0v0J rujv nurItKLdv 0pyLtvov !uvurKri\ iluprurrlpeLota lrl UIllp0, 0XIlU0t0q 0X^0Otou. Il 0llol0, onoq ouvn0oq, Bpiorerotoe 6KKsvTprl geon. e06 KNver 0prorep0, InUer6ore orL ro oo016rr<o oyyeto Xt0(0vT0t pe ro eqo \oyovto 0YYe(0 n0tr0 Kovrd orov ouplTrlp0.

Op9o


AuptlrnpoC

I

I

,nspl,tottKoC nopac ,Totilo tau oupDrtipcl

M€aaoupnutptKh nruxti

llpoorottxoc rorlnoc 1En€pltouô no|,tDto )

oUp060xou KLtoLnC

Erxrjvo 3-30. 0nro0ro oQf rlq 0upo0oXOUK0orlq, rou onspUoTLKou nopou, rlqonspu0T000xou KUoTrlq Kor T0u npooT0tl.H oproreprl ottspUoTOboXOq (u0Tl K0r rlO[rpuoTrKr] trr1xu0og rou 0plOrsp00 onsp-ponrou nopou rlxouv ropeI KOr dr0v0txO0[.

n€ottavoto

KuauKo tpivovo

Eoo otolilo ulc oupi]poa

Oupn0poto oKponaT,io

Yt-t€vo'nC t-toipo LnC oupti?poc

,DpoVVddtiC Ltoipo rnC oupri0octC

Etxtivo 3-29' To eootreptxo Trlq ov0ptKnq oupodoxou Kuorlq Kor rng npooroTrKlq ouprlOpog. To npoo0ro Turluo qq K[oTr]g, TOU np6gTqTrl Kor Tlqoupl0pog otpotpd0r|<ov. AroLou0loe ropl rou onloOtou rotxtitporog qg ruorrlg roro prlxog T0u ovo xeLtroug rou de[rou ouprlrlpo K1l Tlq peog-ouprlrqpLrtlg nruXrlg H nruXrl ourl ouvddet roug oupr[rlpeg rot onoretre[ ro ovtr-r opro rou ruorrrou rpryrrlvou. l-lopor4perore ro pLrpo e(oyropooro nloo, ovo rot eool oropto rqg ouprl0pog, ro ono(o erpooov oull0ei onore],et rrlv rrovldo qg xuoqq. H pu<pr1 ourrl npooerpotrrl dlptoupyei-ror ono ro peoo troBo rou npoororl.

OupnutDoa ,n€pltottKoC nopoc n€pttovoto

.:Irr!

f}efr,td

tnspLrottKta nhKUeoC

EKanspLtououKoCnapoc

tn€pLroro6oxo<KUALI]

llpoorotnc

YltEve6t)c ouen0D0Op 0 o^ u ot t

^ n n s Dttov t tt


nDoorouKtl oupti0po

Erxrivo 3-31. A. Kev11, oupodoXoq xuorq evqtrtrou, oe oUonooqro ol q oupo0oXoq r0oq Bp(orerot oqv roLtr[0,

KotnroKn ooprtl

M€ooC aLrQonoKUouKoca u v 6 € o t-t o C ( u n o n € t Lt t-t oLou oupoxou)

OpAontKn optr)pio

oup06oxoC KUortl

H0rKti ouLtOuot)

OupuApcl

B. Kevrl ruorrl norOrou. |oporrlpeiore ro orporroetbds oxt1go rnq oT0 oXlgo B t<ot

A! or€roLr€vn ou p060xoc KU ot tl

Miaoc ol,tQonoKUouKaCo0vOtoLtoc

nnotuc ouv6€oLroc

Qo0tiKtl

MtitDo

Elxrivu 3-32. A. kiroo nou 0eilveL iqv Xp1or1 r0u KUOTr00K0nr0u Ue orono rov etreyXo rou eoorepLrou qg oupoOoXou ruorqg ovdpo (I1e0t0-oqre ono qv ro D.M. Hutchinson. Avodqprooreferot roronrv oderog ono: Laurenson RD: An lntroduction to Clinical Anatomy by Dissection of theHuman Body. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1968) B. Eyroporo onerrovrorl uneplXoypoqrlporoq nu6trou yuyoirog. f. AroypolLlLo rou unepqXoyporpf-porog nu6trou rou oXlporog B. (llpoorpopo Dr. A,M. Arenson, Enlroupou Ko0lVlq Arlvo],oy(oq, lloventor4plou rou Toronto. Toronto, Ontario,Canada).

--\

Qa0u.noKn

NYEAOZ KAI NEPNEO 319

n€ArovoiKti Kornoulr1

Op?oC KotnnKoC LtuC

BonDoonpoVVe6nC t tuC,QtVKrhpoC uuC mC oupti7poC Kor

n€prv€iKti Lr€uBaovn

YnopoYvast6nc xdpoc

lstitKo vnltotto.!

OntoeonBtKoC xdpoC

HprKn oiLreuon

Onto0onBrKo ntnoc1 6on p oorot t KoC oAv6E oLroC

Ev L0 poe€t poxroioQn€po tou n€ouC

npooLoutCEvOaAontBtKoC EoepoC

. , - :cC anpovvd'ouC odt.totoctuC OUPtl]PoC

OuptieponooAn

Bctrlovoc tou n€auC,Koeo€t6nc Bo00oc

0pxtC

E U J U K U JL r : r':r.r,-::rt/a

ap0a

Eu0uKuottKn nsAt(cviJ

K1

Av€nKtitJoC LtuC Tau npoKtou

HAoEU0ulKoc

npoKt t K ot or u not ouv€voj Lr€vot ar aôhn o^po Iouc ono r rc npoKTth€c0on BiA€c

Fv ro poAit t sntnorlnsl Motl):\ tauI F{d oQtvKTnpoYnabspttorto ) tou n1,,:^rou

'Eoe aQtVK-uipoC tau npoKroi

Yn06€plt1iloE nrnontiC

Ev r(D goqsr

f ,o,o,r,o,

f €€Lu o|tvûtpo Tou npLdKTou

r.-l_l) nopooopftKot

@ ror. rr€a€vr€ptot

13 Kotvoi noyovrot

ffi ,o, noYovtot

il rr,, floyovtot

ffi ,r,rora,i, BoupbvtKai

@l ,u., plest poupo)vtKoi

ffi rrpo,

WA nopoopo,xot

Erxrivo 3-33' A' opetrtoio T0un, K0r0 {r}v ue0l yp0uurl 0voprKrq nuslou. tlopoiqpe(ore rlv npoor0rrKn oupngpo n ono,o *rr,u, nri rrlnLrpLrsl.l lJr-0o rou npoor0q B' AeuQtKn n0poxdTeuorl rov oupnrrlpov, Tlq oupoooxou KUoTrlq, T0u npooroTrl, T0u ottspuoTrKou nopou Kqr rrlg 0upn0p0q.

,,,,,,,,,]))))))))ililltttl't'


Oi oFov6ut'lJ,t1

QoVoVoC

QoAnKn

EKe n n Ko€ tO ti C 0n oQu otl

KorI € n tvo at oto oot t 1 pio :"r .]

n noVtoC o lJOo n oKU orIKoca0v6€ aLt oC @ n oQPo x0 €t acl

oLtoontKi opulpt0)[-ô-.r,no.,rrn, o u v o : a I n c

I r,tc,uognn,tc

l:i or u \ au v6. o t toc I lnf p 0 c

f t p o VV u 11 o c o u v 6 s o L t o C

LiliTtJ0C

Mt,tpo

Kuat€ol,illfptKoKannoLto

oup060xoc K0arnHptKn a0LtQuon

TpoxnnoC

K1

Eu0ul-tnTptKt) nruxt1Kot Kannel.to

npufiaKoKKUVtKocauvdsal taC

Av€rlKLtlpoc l.tuC tounp0 Ktou

NtKUAoc tou opqau

npdittKoC odtlnvoc

Erxtivo 3-34. A. 0Petrtotoropl K0r0 rrl us0f Ypgu-ul. YUVorKs[oq nusloutloporqpeiore TO onIoetorulu0 rou rpoxlltrou ro o-noio BpioKsroL tunpog o-n0 ro su0uflrprKo Ko\nor-

Uo, B. AsUQrKl.l ilopoxtrtu-0n rulv 0uplrnp(')v rlq0upo00x0u KUOrlq KOt Tlqou pt 000q

tJ ilopooopuKat

@ rorro rso€vrspnt

Onroeon0tK0C xepacKot ninoc

OuPn0Po

KoLroptToc auv6toLtocLttC tlAttC

MtKpoc xsinoc

M€Vo11o xstnoC

A Kon€oC

il ro,uo, novovtot

ffi ro,, novovrot

il Eg,, rlovovtot

ffi pr,ron,i, pouBt,tvtxoi

ffi Eu.,, r;oo€t AouAovtKai

ffi r.po,

il nnrnnro,*o, l


12 v€upa

l3 vsupo

KoKKUVtK0C l-tuc

tnnoxvtKo v€up0 u)CNU€NOU

KnoAat Wo to opqoN€upo Vt] tovovsnKuipo IJU tau np(l)Krou

K1

HDaKaKKUVtKoC LtuC

H6atuAuiKaa ]tucfv l,,J pod. I ..1 . F,nottt.- rtatlJ \LOU €€o AQIVKTIIIJO TOU NPOKIAU

YnoA€Dl tott0

En tnoalt)C MatpsC tou €€(,) oQtVKutpo(AII NDQKLAU

BanAocnpoVVdAnC tuCt0l.t0 Iau nsptv€ou

BH 6on Oaor or I K oc ouv6s at rcc

Aeptpoyyefo rtov oupqr{ptov (ELx. 4-338 roL 4-34B). H treprpog:;q droxereueTor oT0uq ooprLroug, rorvoug troyovLoug, 6oo ror

:lo troyovroug leptpodeveg.Nefpcro4 rarv oup4r{ptov (Err. 4-36 xot 4-47, ptr. enroqq Erx.

:-64). To veIpo nou drovepovror orov ouprlrlpo npo6pXovror

Erxrivo 3-35. A. Mdol oBetrroro ropii, ovdpLrlg nu6lou. To op0o,o npotrrLrrlg oo.tr4vog r<or o BotrBog rou n6oug eXouv orporpe0eiyro v0 onorotrurp0ouv o elo otpryr<rrlpog rou nporrou rot o ovetr_rrlpog lLug rou nporrou. Iqper6ore ol o 4Bororruyrxoq pug e_

1eL dtoXtrtpro0er, yeyovog onopourpo nporerp6vou vo otporpeOei onporrrroq oortrrlvog, orov onolo o pug ervor roro dvo Uspoq npo_or<oLtrqpdvog (ptr. enronq errovo 2-14). B. Atoypop;ro T0u nrpLro_volou, ro onolo rotrunreL ro opyovo qg ovdpLxrlg nud),0u, oBetrtoLoropq. llopoqpelore rqv nopelo rou nepuovolou: 1. ond ro npo_o0ro roriroro rorXo1ro,2. novo ono rqv qBrrrl ouptpuor1,3. orqvovo enlrpovero rrlg oupodoXou KioTrlg, 4. 2 ex. npog T0 K0T0l oTlvonlo0ro enrqovero qg oupodoXou xrjoqq, 5. oro ovrrt XerLoq rotvonepp0ro0oXrov ),ry<uOrov, 6. npog ro nlool yro vo op(oeL ro euOu_ruorLro rotrnopo, 7. vo r<otruqer ro op0o, 8. npog T0 nr00l yro v0peroneoer oro oryuoerdeq usodK0I0.

ono nopore[pevo ourovolro nl6yporo (verpprro, eoo onepporrxot1 too0lrrro xor roro unoyoorpro), ro ono(o rpdpouv oro0lrrreq(veg rou novou. Kevrpopotreg rveg ono rov ouplrqpo eroduouvoro vorrolo puetro bto rtov onlo0frr-rv pr(drv rotv 0 j l, O j 2 roL OiVeUptr.tV.

a l io0auBtKoCxopoc

aupa6oxaCKUAUI

np0KLtKoCotarltivoq


0r ouplrnpeq eivot btorotol rvoputirdeLg otltrqveg, ot

ono[or Oreupuvov{ot 0t nepinttoorl ondrppo[nq rouq (ELx.

3-27). 0€ero onorppoll toug npoxol,e(rot ono 0upnrnpl-xorig ti8oug. Av rot 1 6(obog gLxpdrv triOtr:v ouvtl0oq npo-rotret rlnio q xoL ro06trou ndvo, 6vrovog n6vog nporotrel-ror ono peyotrouq tr(0ouq. To oupnrtirpoto Kot rl Bopuqrdrouq eloprc0vrot on6 qv evrontol, ro e(doq xoL to p6ye-

0og rtov trL0ov, otrtro rot on6 qv enLqdveto rouq, ov dqtro-

dr; e(vot oUotrn n ovtrlpotrrl. 0 novog nou nporotre(rot ono

tri0o ovotp6peroL olq roLLr6q. 0 rotrtroq nporolelrot ond

rov unspttoptorotrrtopd rou tltqporoq tou ouprlrflpo nouppioxetot ndvo ond rnv ondqpo|rl' Iuvrl0olq o roLtx6g ou-

vodeueror r1 orotrou0e(tot ono rlntorepo rot nto ouvexrl n6-v0, rou otpeitrerot orqv dtdroorl rou ouprlrrlpo Kot Trlq ve-

rppLrrlq nudtrou. 0t oupqtrlptxo( tr(Oor e[vot nt0ovov v0 np0-ro),rloouv fiInpn n dtotreinouoo dLoronl Tnq ponq rtlv o0-pcov. H onoqpolrl pnopei vo otpopo oe onotodqnore orlpe[o

rou ouprlqpo (Err. 3-24A, 3-27 ror 3-28), oltro nto ouXvo

evron[(erot (1) oro oqpeio nou o ouprlulpog XLo(erot pe

rnv r1€ol troY6vto opqp(o Kot Trlv ovtilvuprl ypopprl, rot (2)

orqv ruortxtl ltoipo rou, 6nou o ouprlrrlpog nopeferot tro-

lo, 96oo oro ro(Xtrt1.to rrlq oupoboxou ruoqg. H nopouo(o

oupqqptxtrlv triourv pnope( vo entpepoLtrtoei pte orrtvoypo-rpio roLtr(og n Ue ev6orptrepto nuetroypotpio (pI. Etx 2-89).

0upqrqptxd ouyrp(poro 11 tri0ot eivot duvotov v0 0n0-porpuvOoriv pe Tpetq rponoug: Xepoupytro, pe evdooxont-

169 oupotroytrrlq UeOobouq n trrOorptrilio. Xetpoupytx6g enep-

Booetq Yto u1v otpoipeoq triOtlv bev erretro0vrot ouXvo, ro-Otirq oL otrtreq Ouo p60o6or onorelouv peOodouq ertroyrlg'

Irqv evdooronrrfl oupotroy(o, T0 KuoTeooKonto eLo6pXerot

orqv oupo0oXo rriorrl peoo ond qv ouprlOpo (ELx. 3-32). To

xuoreooronto eivot e[ontrLog6vo ge rptr:tetvrl nr1yr1, onrtroouoqpo roL norxfio e[optflporo (n.X. yLo o0IInQn li0tlv).'Evo dtrtro opyovo, T0 oupnTnpooKonto, eivot buvorov vo et-

ooX0ei priool Tou KuortooKoniou t<ot vo npoo0l0e[ orov 0u-

pnrnp0, on'dnou Ue q Bon0ero rou otpotpo0vroL ot tr(00t. Me-

yotrurepoL tri0ot duvorov v0 KoToKep[oTto0ouv pte rn 0on0et0unepflXolv, nou npo6pXovrot ono nqyr1 nou etooyerot p6ool

Tou ouprlTrlpooxoniou. H trtOorprrf(o Xpqorponote[ rpouorLrdxuporo yro Tov KoToKepU0rtop6 rolv tr(0trtv.

H oupo661og xrior4 (Etr. 3-1 8,3-24 r<ot 3-27 eotq 3-35).

Elvor ro[],0 purirbeq opyovo, oro ono(o onoOrlreuovrot T0 0up0.

Zrouq evr1Amouq, n xevrl ruorrl ppiorerot pdoo oqv eLoooovo n0-etro, nfoor rot tr(yo novot ono ro rlptro ooro. Xtlpt(erot ono ro rlpt-

ro ooro pe rov onto0o4prxri 16po (Err. 3-35B). lro nadto rl ou-poboXog r[or1 gprorerot oro rfrog rqg rottrtoq, oropo rot orov e[-

vor oOero (Etr. 3-31B). H ruorrl rorepXerot oqv e),oooovo nuetro,

nepinou oro 6o 6roq rrlg r1trLrioq, otrtro dev nofpvet qv optoTtKrl

rnq 06on erei, nopo ltovo pero qv erprlBeto. '0rov e[vot odeto q ru-orn, oTOV ev1trLro, pp(oreror e€'otrortrnpou peoo oqv etroooovo

nuetro, oro nuetrtxo edoQoq n(otl ono qv qBtrrl o0ptpuoq Ko0titg

yep((eL, pteroront(erot orrl pei(ovo nue\0, evtrl orov ntr1po0et ro-ro ro geyotrurepo U6poq rrlg pnopei v0 ovspxerot ptlXpt rot ro en[-

nebo rou optpotrou.

H oupodoXoq ruorq e[voL rottro opyovo, ge toXupo lLuiro ro[Xto-

U0, Tfq onoiog 4 ltarootpotqra efuot yapoxrr1ptorLx4. To oXt'lUo,

ro prdyeOoq, q 0eo1 rot ot oXeoeLg r1q, noLrftrouv ovotroyo pe rrlv

nooorqro rov o0ptrtv nou nepteXet Kot rlv 1trtrfo rou oropou" 0ptrevvoydvog rrlg ruorqq ouvdeerot Xotropo pe ro puixo ro[Xtl1-to,

pe e[oipeorl pio rptyovLrrl neptoxrl orov nu0ptlvo Tlq, r0 KUlTIKl

rpiyavo (Etr. 3-25, 3-27 rot 3-29). 0 ptrevvoyovog rrlq revlq r0-oqq epqovi(et notruopt0peq nruX6g, errog ono rrlv nepLoXq rou

ruorrxou rpLydrvou, onou e['oLrroq rrlq oroOeprlg ouvdeotlg rou pe

rov unorelpevo putro Xtr6vo, o ptrevvoyovog elvot novro tre[og'

llioo ono ro eoo oropto rrlq oupn0poq nopoqpe[rot Utxpo e[o-yKoUo, 4 xtov(6a rrlq xior4q, nou nopoyerot ono ro p6oo troBo rou

npoororrl.Iqv yuvoixo ro neplrovoto ovoroplnret ono rqv ovtl entqoveto

rrlg ruorqq, rovro oro onto0Lo Xeitroq, npoq T0 npooOto rolXtrlltoqq Urlrpoq, oro opto otirgoroq-rpoXntrou Urtrpoq (Etr. 3-34, 3-45).

To ruorcop4tprco xoAnupa rou neptrovo(ou e rtefvetot perol0 qqxuoqg rot qg grlrpoq. To rotrnopo ouro elvot revo, pe e€otpeolrrlv ne p[nroorl nou 11 prlrpo 6Xet onlo0to r],[or1, onore efvot duvo-

rov vo nepteXeL ronoto evrepLxrl 6trtt<0.

Irov tivbpo, ro neptrovoto ovoropnret ono rrlv ruoq rot qd-

peror novt,r ono r1v ovol entqoveto rov onspu0Ttrtilv nopolv roL

onepporodoXov r0oreotv (Etr. 3-1 8,3-24,3-30 xot 3-35). H r0orr1

eprpovi(er oXertrl etreu0epio rtvloeov, ro0rirq ppiorerot Ue00

orov eloneptrovolxo trtntirdq toro, errog ono rov ouxsvo Tlq, 0

onolog ouyrpore[rot oro0epo ono roug lponpoorotxouq ouvde-

ogoug (Err.3-19). Ko0drq 1 rrtorq ntrrlpouroL, e0xoLo enertelverotnpoq T0 novot ;t6oo orov e[otneptrovoiro trrndrbrl Loro rou npo-o0rou rottrtorou rotXdrporog (Etx. 3-18 rot 3-33 eolg 3-35). H pe-

ror(v1oq ourrl rrlg ruoqg ovu{-rdrvet ro neptrovoto, onoU0Kpuvo-

vrog ro ono rrlv eyropoto neptrovlo rou rottrloxo0 rotXtilporog.H nraparLxr1 xevrl oupodoXog rriorrl 6xet oxt'lUo rpiyovrlg nu-

popiboq (Etr. 3-31A), ev6 or4 drcpxeto rnq (atlq q r0oq nepLe-

xer novro ronoto nooorlro ouptrtv KOt 0xst oxrtuo, triyo q notru

orporprro. '0rov elvot YeUorn n r<uorr] nepteXeL neplnou 500 r.er.o0pov. H nroportxrl revf nupopoetdrlq r0or1 nopouoto(et reooe-prg enrrpoveLeg (ELx. 3-31A), p[a ovu entEaven, d1o ntoyrcq-xa-rar, ot onoleg oTpcQovTot npoq T0 rorol, 6lo roL epnpoq, xot p[a

oniolto entEoven.0L ntroyLeq-roro entqoveteg epxowot oe oX6-

on Us rrl neptrov[o nou xotrfnret roug ovetrrrrlpeq Uueq rou np0J-

xrou (Erx. 3-17).H on[oOto-rorot enttpoveto ovoqeperot urg nuOgeuog rqg xA-

or4q: Irqv yuvoko o nuOpevoq epXerot oe orevq oxeorl Ue ro npo-o0ro roiXtr-rpo rou ro),eou, orov ovdpo dpXerot oe oXdorl Ue TO 0p-

00. To npooOto orpo, yvtloro u\ xoputpi rnq xioqq (Etr' 3-31A)

orp6qerot rpoq r0 eUnpoq, rpoq r0 ovtl Xeitroq qq rlptrrlq o[Utpu-

o1q (Etr.3-18 roL 3-34). H rortirreprl Uoipo rnq ruorqq, onou o

nu0gdvog roL ot ntroyteg rortrl enttpoveteg ouvtlXovrot, ovopo(erot

auylvaq qg xlorrlq.Iroug ovDpeg, oro olpefo ouro o outrog rrlq

I|YEAOZ KAI NEPINEO 323

KU0rrlc eKpotrtrer ornv npooToTrKrl Uoip0 Tnq ouprlepuq (Err. 3-29roL 3-31A). Irouq ovdpeq o ouXevog qg ruorrlg oroupno novoorov npoororl (Err. 3-33). Ano rqv KOpuQl'l qg ruorrlq opli(eL q

ueorl oprpotroruorrrrl nruXrl rou neprrovo[ou, 11 onoro qeperor npogro novo og rov ogrpotro. To unoOego r4q nruXqg ouqg, onoretreLo p6oog oprpol,oruolrog ouvbeopog (Err. 3-18 ror 3-28), uno-trerppo rou oupoXou rou epppuou (lVoore, 19BB).

H xofrq 14g oupodrilou xriorqg (Err. 3-17, 3-18, 3-24,2-27 ,3-29. 3-30, 3-33 ror 3-34). To oXrl;ro qq ruorqg unoyopeueror onorrg dopdq nou 6pXovror oe orevrl oXeoq pe ourrlv. 0trdrtrr1po ro op-y0vo neprpotrtreror ono Xotropo ouvdelro roro, qv xuoux7 nept-rovfu, 1t6oo or4v onolo ewoni(eror ro xuottxo EAeprc6 nAEylto. H

xolrr1 rqg ruor4g oXqport(eror de(Lo roL opLorepo ono ro rlprroooro ror roug eoo 0upoerde[g Uueq Uo(L Ue rouq ovetrrrrlpeg ;rueqrou nporrrou ror n(our ono ro opOo. Zr4 yuvaka, o nu0pevog u1gruoqq Xtrrpr(eror ono ro opOo pe rov rpoXltro rrlg prlrpog Kor rlvov6repl po[po rou xotreou. 0 ouX6vog rrlg pp(or<eror novo oqvnuetrrr4 nepuovio ror neprBotrtrer qv ;lrrpou Unxouq ouprl0po.Zrov avdpo, o nu0pdvog qg ruor',1q Xorpi(eror ono ro opOo pe rr1

trqru0o Tou orcpUoTrKou nopou Kor Trq onepporoboXoug r<uorelg.0 ouX6voq qg ouv6Xeror pe rov npoororrl.

Korooxeu{ r4g oupodrilou xriorqg (Err. 3-27 eog 3-31). Toro[Xtolro qg oupodoXou ruorrlg ouvlororor el'otrortrr1pou onotreteg puireq (veg, nou onoretrouv rcv e{uor4pa gu rrlq ruor4q. 0rrpeLg olpodeg rou qepovror oe norritreg roreu0uvoelg. Avoyvtopr-(ovror eoo ror dlrr.r enrprl<qq ororBodo roOtlg rot pro peol rurtro-rep1q. Kovro orov ouXevo rrlg r0orrlq or puir<6g oureq beop(degoXqpor((ouv rov orouoro eoo orpryrrrlpo. Meptre g puireg deop(-beg rp6povrot orlvoerDdrg ror evroXuouv ro ovorylro rcu elu 0T0-pbu rqq oup41pag.0r puir6g [veg oqv neproXq rou ouXevo ororavdpa ouvtyovTor Ur T0 rvoguodeg orpatpo rou npooroq, tuds orrlyuvo[xa pe lg puirdg lveg rou rorXritporog rrlg oup4Opog.

0 BAevvoydvoq rryg x1or7q enevdueror ono peroporrro enrOr1-trto, ro ono(o e;rqov((er oqpovrrrrl rrovoqro droroorlg. Ta oupr1rq-pxa oropn raL ro eou orlprl Tqg oup7lpoq eivor rono0eqpevoorLg yovleg rou ruorrro0 rprytrlvou (Err.3-27 ror 3-2g).0r ouprl-rlpeg nopeuovror tro(o, peoo oro roiXopo rr;q oupodoXou xuorrlgpe roreuOuvon npoq ro roro roL eoo, yeyovog nou epnobi(er rrlvnohvdpop4orl rolv ouprrlv npoq Tov oupqrflpo. H ou[r1or1 rrlg nie-orlq 0T0 eoorreprro qg ruorqg, nporotref oupnrurol rotv rorXtopo-Tolv Tov oupqrrlprov, epnod((ovrog eroL ro oupo vo notrrvdpop4-oouv npoq rov ouplrflpo ror vo nporo),eoouv ptropr1 rorv veqpdrv.To prrpo, oXrogoetbrj, oropro rov ouprlrlporv ouv0rlovror pe p[o)tewl peoooupqr4px4 nruy7 (Etx.3-29) rl onoio otpopi(er rpoq T0novtrl ro xuorrxo rp(ytovo.

Aprqpruxrj nopolrj 14q oupobrilou xrjorqg (Err. 3-24 ror 3-25). 0r rupreg opr4p(eg, or ono[eg Drovepovror orrlv ruoq ono-tetro0v rtrodoug rov eotrt troydvrrrtv oprqprtov. 0L avu xuorrxEqapqpieq, rtrodol rrrtv oprpolrrtitv oprrlprrrrv, op6euouv ro npo-o0ro-ovrrr rp4po qg r<uorqg. Iroug ovdpeg, ot xaru xuorLxeq, op-rnpbq, xLodol rotv rloo Loyovulv opqprov rorovdpovror orovnu0pevo rqq ruorqg. Ing yuvolreg ot p4rpoxoAeixEq oprnpbq

i- - -:/',upoVV66nc oupi0po

BonovoC tou n€ouc

Erxtivs 3-36. Korovoprl rotv veupu.rv rou oupoysvvlrrKou 0u0TlU0T0grou ovOpo, oupnepd,opBovop€vou rou otpryxrrlpo rrlg oup10pog. OL

6roreroppsveg yp0UUeq unoolpolvouv revrpopol,eg lveg. l-lopooupno-01nreg lveg qdpovrot pe ro nuetrrro ontroXvrro veupo (12, l3 xoL 14) rorelvor r<rvqlr6g yro rrlv ruorrl (ELr. 3-35). 0epouv en(o1g rol oro0rll-req rveg yro rqv r0orr1. 0r oupnoOqrrreg iveq rou ovo unoyoorpiountreyporog (l'lpoiepo veupo.rororrepo Ooporrro 01,02 r<or 03) eivorrrvlrrr6q yto evo ouveXdg puir<6 orpdrpo nou oXrlporr(eL ro puiro ror-XoUo rnq r0oqg, rov rplytrtvo UU Kor rov pu rqg ouprl0poiog or<potro-rprog. Eniolg veupdlvouv r0 UU Tnq enrdrbuptdog, rov onepporrro no-p0, Trq onepUorodoXoug ruorerq Kor TOV npooTuq. To ordorixo veupoelvor rrvrlrrro yLo ro orpryrr[p0 UU Trlq ouprl0pog r<or olo0qlxo yro rrlBoi,ovo rou ndoug r<oL q o4poyydrdq oupr1Opo.

ovrrro0torouv rrg roro ruonr6g opqp(eg rol or6),vouv prrpofgrtrodoug oro nioto-xoro igr;po qg r0oqg. 0r Oupoetde(g xor rorotytroulo(eg opr4p(eg nop6Xouv eniorlg pLr<poug rtrodouq yr0 Trlvr u orr1.

0treprxrj nopo;1ereuo4 rrlg oupodriyou xUor4g (Erx. 3-24, 3-25ror 3-29). 0r qtrepeg qg xuorrlg ovnororXouv oTrq opTlpreq Korerpotrtrouv ong 6orrt troytlvreg rptrdpeq. Irov dv6po, ro rcuottxoEAepxo nAEylto, ro ono[o ovooropdlveror Ur T0 np00T0rrro ntrdy-

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U0. ntptK\eist Tfv P0ol Tlq KUOTIq K0t T0u rpooroq' rtg ontpU0-

rodoxouq xuororq, TOUq onepUortroug nopoug Kot rlv rordlreplpoipo rov oup1rlpo.rv. To xuortro tptreBLro ntrdygo expotrtreL ouvtl-

00:q Usoo rov roro.l ruorrrdv qtrepdrv ortg eoo-t troyovteg qtrepe q'

otrtro pnopeL vo erpotrtret Ueoo rov tepdrv tptrepdlv oro onovduLtxo

rptrepLro ntreyporo (8tr Err.4-53).Irr1v yuvoixo, ro ruortro q)'epL'

xo ntrdy;ro nepLBotr\et ro evdonuetrtro rprlpo rqg oupflOpoq r0t rov

ouXevo rrlq morrlq. AeXerot orpo ono qv poXro[o tptrdpo rlg rtret-

ropLdoq rot ovooropltirvsTot U0 ro rotretro qtrepLro ntr6YU0'

Aeprprxr{ nopolereuo4 rqq oupodr5lou xforqg (Etr' 3-33B r0L

3-348). AeUQoYYeio ono rrlv ovdlre pr1 potpo qq r0oqq roreu0u-

v0vT0t npoq rouq 5Eo troyovtouq \epqoD6veq, evdr ro trepqoyyefo

ono qv rortirreprl poipo rrlq xoreu00vovrot rpoq r0uq doo troyo-

vLoug treptpoddveg. Meptro trepqoyyeto rqq neptoXrlq r0u 0uxtvo,

erpotrtrouv orouq Lepo0q 11 xotvo0q troyovtoug trepqoddveq'

Neripoo4 rqq oupodrilou xriorqg (Etr' 3-35 3-36 rot 3-47) 0t

nopooupnoOqrtreg fveg Yto rrlv r0oq npo6pXovrot ono ro nue'lt-

xo on[oyvtxo uedpo. Efvot rtvrlrtro (euodurrrro) Yt0 rov e [otorr1popu otrtro ovooroLrtro Yt0 Tov 6out otptyrrlpo. 'EroL, orov oureq ol

rveq 6teyeLpovrot ono qv DLorool, l ruorrl ouonorot, o eoo 0Qt-

yrrqpog Xotroptirvet ror ro oupo pdouv npoq rqv ouplOpo 0t

oupnogrlrtreg iveq yto rrlv r0orr1 npoepXovrot ono ro 011 012'

O1 xot 02 veupo. 0t iveg our6q e(vot ntOovororo ovooro\rtreq yto

qv ruorrl. To veupo nou dtovepovrot oTlv r0oq oXlpor[(ouv ro

KtlortKl veupLxo nAEypa, ro ono[o onoretrelrot rol ono oupno0l-lrdg rot ono nopooupnoOrlrtreg iveg. To nleypo ouro onoretre[ouvexen rou rora unoyoorpiou n)t'yltoroq (Eu. 3-47, BA. tniorlqErr. 2-64) ALo0rlrLreg tve g ono rqv rrjorq e fvol on],oXvtrdg xoL pe-

ToQepouv rqv o(o01or1 rou novou (n.1. troytrl unepbtorootlloqroq).

'0nore 1 ruorq 6teupLlverot, ptetoron((erot novol ono

rrlv n0etro, ptdoo oro e[toneptrovoit<o trinoq. Ie eroeorl;ro-ou6vn btoroon, q ruoq ov6pXeroL oro eninedo Tou 0Uq0-

trou. Irrlv neplnroorl ourq, ovoolxtilvtTot r0 rotXtrlportronepttovoto rou npooOtou xottrtoxoti toLXtlporog, novo onornv lgLrn ou;rquoq rord peptrd erotooro, 6rot tilore q ou-poboloq r0oq ppioretot orptpdrq n[oo ono ro rottrtoxd

ro(Xtrlgo, Xtop(g rrlv nopeUpotrrl rou neptrovolou. Iuvendg,n oupoboxoq r0orr1 oq 86orl ouq e(vot buvorov v0 nopo-r<avrr10ei (uneprlptrrl ruoreootop(o) 11 vo npoonetroo0e(

Xerpoupytr6, n6vo ono rqv qptxtl otiUtpu0n, Ue rn XpnotUo-noirlorl epyotreiorv, Xopiq rov x[vduvo rptilor]q rou ftept-

rovoiou q etoodou orrlv neptrovoixrl xoLtrdrqro. Netpptxo[

tri0oL, €6vo otirporo oxdpo rot;rtrpou pey60oug 6yrot eivotDuvordv vo otloLpe0ofv ono rqv xrior4 pe qv unepqpLxq e-

Iotneptrovoixq npoon6troon. El'oLrioq rnq ovtitepnq06or1q nou rototropBovet n unepntrnpnq oupodoxoq ruorn,

n pnqn qS e[vot neptooorepo nL0ovrl oe neplnrooq rpou-portopou qq xot6reprlq poipoq rou npooOtou xotltorourorxtrlporog t1 roroyporulv qg nu6trou. H pn€n qq ruoqg6uvorov vo nporotr6oer 6Loppon oIptov orov e[trlnepLrovo-ix6 Xtirpo ll ordUo Kot oTrlv nepttovoirtl rofiorrlro. H pntn

rnq ovritepnq Uoipoq rnq r6oqg ouXvo ouvenoYerot ptl€rt

Kot Tou neptrovoiou, pe onordtreopo dtoppotl otiptuv orrlv

nepLrovoirq roLLdrqro. PnEn qq onio0tog enLqovetoq rrlg

ruoqg 6Xet oov onoretreopo rr1 6io6o ouptlv e[oneptro-voiro npog ro neP[veo.

To eoolreptxd rnq ouprl0poq rot ro tplo ordptd rou,

pnoporiv vo etreyX0oriv ue T0 Ku0Te0ox6nto, ro ono[o et-

o6pxerot orrlv r[orq p6oo ono rlv oupnOpo, ro0drg xot pe

norritreg onetrovtortr6g ge0odoug, r.X' l-lt unf plxouq

(ELx. 3-32). H ruorrl pnopei oropo vo etrey1Oei orrtvotroyt-ro, orpoit nptiro ro0errlptooTe( xot yeg(oet ge ortoypotptxd

ulrxo (ptr. Erx. 2-89). H ruoreoypotplo eivot oe 06011 vo

onorotrur.fet 6Lopporl ouptov, ov noporrlpl0ei 6[odog tou

orLoypotprroU utrtrof orrlv neptrovoirrl xoildqro fl tov ont-

o0onepuovoixri XdlPo.To veontrooporo qg ruorqq ovonr0ooovrot oT0 Ko-

trunrtro rqg ent0r1trto rot ouvrlOog eivoL entgovetoro xot

notrtrontro. Ie npoxtoprlU6veg roroorooetg, elvot Ouvorov

vo dLrl0rloouv Kot Tnv puirrl orotpodo' 0 oupotroyog etrey-

Xe L qv ruoq Yto Trlv nopouoio oYxtiv Ug ro rusreoorontop6oo ono ro onoio npoYUoTonots[rot rot n in$n ptot]ttitv'

IuXvn reroLot dyrot pnopouv vo orpotpeOouv pe etOtro op-

y0v0, T0 ono(o eLooyetot oTnv ruorn 6LoupnOptro' 0t dyroL

otporpouvror Ue rn Bon0eto rltrerrptxori peuporog uqrnlns

ouXvorqrog. [to neptooorepeg trenropdpsteq Yto Tn X6t-poupYrxn ovTtgercr.tnto4 rotv veontrooptdro-rv rrlg xdorrlg rolrrg etDtxdg leOddouq p\. Farrow (1989).

H ovdprxri oupriOpo (Etr. 3-31 3-33, 3-35, 3-38 roL 3-

67). H ovdptrfl ouprlOpo eivot evoq Uorp0q putroq ototrtlvoq (ge

plxog 15 dorq 20 er.), ono tov ono(o e[dpXovrot T0 oup0 nou ou-yrevrptilvovrot orrlv oupoboXo ruor1, nepv6vrog ono rc e{u oto-lt0 Tlu, orrlv roputprl rrlg potrovou TOU neouq. Ano qv ouptl0po

nepva ento4g wotro oneppa. To onSppo nepLeXet ro onepgoro(o-opro ror ro errptpo TIDV tntKOUptKtilv yevvqrtx6v odevov (n.X. rou

npoororrl). tto neptypotptro0q troYouq dnxp[voupe or1v oup41parpeLg poQeg, Tlv np0oToTtKr1, rqv ugevalOrl K0t Trl oqpoyytitDrl. H

uUevcirdrlq ror 1 orlpoyydrblq Uo(po rqq ouptl0poq pp[orovrot oro

nep(veo rot neptypotpovTot 0t otrtro xopporto ourou rou reqo-trorou.

H npoorortx{ oupri0po (Etr 3-29, 3-31 xoL 3-33A). H nptirlourrl poipo Uq oupll0poq, glroug nepinou 3 er., opxt(e t tno to e-

0a lTlltto rnq oupi1poq, orrlv ropuqq rou ruortrou rptytilvouArepXerot ono rov npoororq, droypotpovrog gto onotr1 ropnutrrl pe

ro rupro np0q T0 epnpog. Korotrrlyet orrlv upevdrdl potpo, 6Lorpu-

ndlvroq qv ovt-r.r neptrov[o T0u 0upoYevvrlrrxou dtotppoyporoq (Etr.

3-11 t<ot 3-17) 0 outroq 11q npoorortrtlq ouprl0poq epqov[(erot

dteupupdvoq roro rq p6or1 potpo TOU K0t pp[orerot oe o0onoor1, e-

r<roq ono rr1 rpooq roro qv ono[o nepvo0v p6oo ono ourov o0po t1

onrlppo. H npoorortrq poipo rrlq oup1Opoq onoretref ro eup1repo

Kat T0 neprc06repo \nrorc TpnPo Tnq oupi1paq' ov xoL pp(ore-

ror ueoo orov ouunoYrl npooroq. To onfoOto rofXtr-tpo Tlq npooTo-

i",r'ffilli-

NYEAOE KAI NEPINEO 325

TrKllq 0upl0p0q eUQovi(er rdr0[Tep0 XopoKTlproTrKo (Err. 3-29). Tonro olpovrrro ono ouro t(uottl oup41paio axpoAorp(o, nou 0n0Tr-treL enrplxl orpotrotp[o roro rq peoq ypolLprl ror epqov[(eL erore-por0ev rrg nopaAoptdLeg o/Aaxry, onou erBotrtrouv or neprooore-poL ono roug prrpoug extpoplrLroug nopoug rou npoororrl (Err. 3-37) Meptroi ono roug exEop4uxouq nopouq rou npooror4 er$olt-),ouv roro prlrog rotv 6uo ntreuptrtv qg orpotrorp[og. Irrl p6or1 poL-

po ourlq rqg orpotrorprog epqov[(eror noXuvol, ro onepparLxo Ao-rprdro, oqv ropugl rou onolou nopoqpelror oXropoerdeg oropro,ro ono[o odqyei oe pro prrpq unole rpgorrrrl ruqtr1 rortroqT0 Un-xoug neplnou 5 er., nou ovopo(eroL npoorarLx6g rdAnoq (Err. 3-33 ror 3-37). ErorepotOev rou oropfou ourou pp(orovror or erBo-tr59 raru oneppauxdv nopav. To oropro rov onrpUorrKrlv noptovsfvor rooo lLLr<po, tiore duoxotro tpo[vovror. tlopotro ouro, elvoL du-vorov vo roOeqproorouv dropeoou qq ouprlOpoq.

0 npoorarLx1q, r6Anog onorel,eI unotrerppolrq doprl(6qtr., 6ev 6Xer treuoupy(o). Arpopo unotrergpo rou pnrpo-xoAe[xo1 nopou oro oppev epppuo (Moore 19BB). Ko0togeivor ovotroyrl 6opr1 qg plTpoq Kor rou rotreori orq yuvo(-ro, 11 no),ordreprl Aolvrxq ovogoo(o rou rlrov "vagina mas-culina" q "uterus masculinus" (ovdpLxriq rotrnog r; ovdprrrlUrlTpo). Ie oouvrl8erg neplnrtioerg geootputrou, orpoppoyeiovo 1rr1vo.

H yuvorxeio oupri0po (Err.3-23 3-27,3-34,3-64 roL3-70). H yuvoLxeto oupq0po onore),eI ppoXrj puiro ootrrlvo (Unrouqnep[nou 4 er.), o ono[og enevdrieror ono ptrevvoyovo. H ovdrreprlpoipo qq ovrrororXei Ue Tlv np00T0rru1 ouprl0po ev6 1 rortirre-pq po(po rnq U€ qv upevdrdrl oupq0po rou ovbpo. H yuvorre[o ou-

pn0p0 nope0eTor ilpoq ro roro ror epnpoq ono rqv oupoi:, : . --orr1, evd qdperor nloor ror orq ouveXero roro ono rrlv rTptxl ;_*-quoq" Io e{u or1pto rqq oupr11paq ppioreror orov npodopo rouro),eou. H ouprl0po Bp(oreroL pnpooro ono rov rotreo. To on[o0rorofXrrrlro rqg ouvonrsror rooo orepeo pe rov xo],e0, tiore dlver qvevrunororl ol e[vor orprlvogevl geoo o'ourov. H ouprl0po po(i perov ro),eo drepXovror dLoptloou rou 6rorppoypoTOq Tlq nueLou, rououpoyevvlTrKo0 drogpoyporoq Kor Trlq nepLveir<qg UeUppovlq. Tororor orpo rqg neprpotrtreror ono rov otpryrrrlpo r1g ouprl0poq(Err 3-23 roL 3-58) rou onolou Ueprxdq puireg 6eopi6eq neprpotr-Louv xor rov rotreo. 0L oup41potor odereg elvor nepLooorepororrlv ovorrepq ;roLpo rqg oup10poq. Mio opodo odevov oe ro0entreupo qq,0r rop00up4?potoL odeueg, e[vor ovotroyor rou npo-ororrl. Or oddveg ourol eppovl(ouv rotvo erqoplrlro nopo, o ono[-oq er$otrtret (evog oe ro0e ntreupo) rovro oro e[o oropro Trlq ou-pnepoq To rorco 11-rLou qq ouprlOpoq Bploreror p6oo oro nep[veo.0g er rourou, ro elot oropro qg oupq0poq nepLyporperor po(igero neptveo oe ouro ro reqo),oro.

Aprqpieg xor qAepeg r4g yuvorxelog ouprjOpog (Err.3-24t,3-268 rot 3-2r-) H oprlproxq nopoXq npoepXeror ono rrg eou adoL-txfq xot rrc, xoAtixeg aprqpieq.0r qtreBeq ouvodeuouv Trq oprn-plec xor eXouv ovotroyo ovopoTo.

Ne f pororl rqg yuvorrefog ouprj0pog (Err. 3-16 r<oL 3-47). Toveupo qq yuvorrelog ouprl0poq npoepXovror ono ro aLdotix6nAeypo. 0L nepLooorepor revrpopoLoL rtroDor nope0ovrol ge roon),oXvrro nue\rxo veupo.

Aepqrx{ nopo;lereuoq 14g yuvorxeiog ouprj8pog (ELr. 3-348).O peyotrurepoq oprOpog rorv treprpoyyerov rqg oupq0poq rorotr1-ysr 0TOUq repodg roL eou Aoyovtouq AepEadEveq. Meptro treprpoy-ye(o erBotrtrouv oTOUq pouptovLrouq treUqod6veq.

tn€pLtottKtlnu KU0aC

fn s pLroro6o xoCKuoill

Eu0uKU ouKt )

nspttovioErxrivu 3-37. ALoroprl qg o-nioOrog golpog rou npoororrl.I-loporlperore rov de(ro r<oL

opr0rsp0 eronepporrorrnon6po, or onoior oXlgorl(ovroLoro olpelo onou o nopoq rotvonepporoDdXrrrv r<uorst,tv e-vovtl0r us I0v onspu0rrK0nopo. lloporrlpelore rov uno-Letpportro npoororrro xotrnopero(f rorv Ouo eroneppol-orrrtlv ndpotv.

On to0oti ptKoCx{0poc

npoatouKoC KorlnoCYtr€vuOuCoupti0po\vsn^tnpoa ltua tou npdhtou


'Eou yevv7nxd 6pyovo rou 6v6po

Ta eou yevv7rLxo opyova rou ovbpo onoretro0vrot orto TOUq

oneppnrLroug nopoug, rLg onepporodoXoug ruoretg Kot TOUq tK-oilepUoTIoTrKOug nopouq. To eEo yevvqrtro opYovo onoretrouvrotono ro neoq, rouq opXetq rot ro ooXeo. To neog neplypotperot oronep[veo xol or opXerg ror ro ooXeo oro reqotroto qg rofiLog (ptr

Keq. 2).O onepponx6g n6pog (Etr. 3-18,3-24, 3-30, 3-31 eoq

3-39). 0 onepportrog nopoq, erzag ouAivog Ue LIXUpo ltuixo ro[-

Xa;po, onoretreI ouveXeto rou nopou rrig ent6tbupidoq, evog etrt-

roe16o0g nopou nou oXrlpori(et rrlv enLdLdup[60. 0 onepportrognopoq op1((eL ono qv oupo rrlq entdtbupidog rot xorotrtlyel oroveKlftep1ortlTxo n6po, o onofoq oXlpor((erot ono q ouvevoloqTOU ottepUoTrKou nopou Ue TOV nopo Trlq onepUorodoXou ruoqg.0 onepporrroq nopoq, pqroug nepinou 45 er., nope[eroL plSoo

0To onepUoTrro rovo, nepvo p6oo ono ro BouBuvtxo nopo rotorpou XLooreI Ue ro e(ur troyovto oyyeto, eLoepXerot orqv etroooo-vo nuetro. EDd nopeuerot eloneptrovotro, oro ntroyto nuetrtroro[Xo1ro, orprptirq rorto ono T0 TOtXoUoTtKo ndrotro TOU neplro-vo(ou, npog ro eoo rotv oyyefov roL veupov. Koro rqv nope[o rouourl de r napepBaLAerot aAAo avarcpx6 popQutto pera{u aurolKat Tou neprovo[ou (Err. 3-1 8). 0 onepportroq nopog Xto(erot pe

rov ouprlrqpo, r<ovro oqv n[oo-ntroyto ytrtv[o rrlg oupodoXouruorrlg ror qdperor pero{u rou 0upnr1p0 K0t r0u reptrovo[ou, pte-

Xpr Tov nu0pevo rrlg xuorrlq. 0eperot opXtro novut ono rtg onep-poro6oXoug r0oretg rot rorontv npoq T0 rorot, npog T0 too r0uouprlrlpo K0r Tov onepporodoXov ruoreov. KoOtlg nope0erot nf-oo ono 11v oupo6oXo ruoq, dreupuvtTor K0t oXlpori(et Tn onep-parx7 A4xu1o. Ir1 ouveXero oreveuet rot oupBotrtrovToq Ue Tov

outro rrlq onepporodoXou xuoreolg oXqport(et TOV eKonepUoTtoTt-ro nopo.

Apr4pieg xor rptripeg Tou onepp0TrKoU ndpou (Etr. 3-24A roL

B, ptr. eniolq Err.2-19,2-93 xor 2-105). H apr4pnTlu lneppo-rLxoA nopou 6Xer notru prxpo peye0og Kor Qepsror oqv entqovetorou. E(vor r<troDog qg ovol (1 qg roior) xuorrrlg opqp[og rot xo-rotr1yer oe ovoorogo.ron Us rnv opytxq aptqpio nlout qno rovopXr. 0r gleBeg ouvodeuouv lq oprlp(eq ror 6Xouv ovotroyo ovo-

uoT0.NeUpooq r0u onepU0TrKoU ndpou (Err. 3-244 t<ot B rot 3-36).

To veupo yro Tov onepUorrro nopo npodpXovror ono ro xorto uno-yf orpro ntreypo. 0 nopog epqovi(er nl,ouoLo veupoorl pte ourclvo-peg veupLr6g [veg, rol nou dreuxotr0ver qv roXe[o ouonoorl rouroro qv eronepporroq.

Aepqrxli nopolereuoq rou onepU0TrKoU ndpou (Etr. 3-338).To trepqoyyero TOU oneppoTrKou nopou, ontrrg t<ot ere(vo rou npo-oroq ror rov onepU0r0doXtrlv ruoreov, erBotrtrouv oroug i{o ,io-yovtoug AepEadeveg.

,, H,,o:reip0lon,:,oTbuq,,,dv|gg.qriyiverurr,,qUV:fr0o!,Uer rnv',:

anoAwuo4 Tou ofttpUonKlu nlpou. H Xerpoupytrrl ourrl e-

ndppcoll ouviororot oo,onotrivool :q et(Toun,,ro u onsp U0Tt-

rot nopoui,(Fafrow; l9b9,,,iFiealy.andHodge rc90), !-(otq., .

qv ene;rBoo4, exretro0vror prrpdq ropdq or4v ovo poiporo u o-0Xe0U;:r0l:d 6 o fi 6p,o !

: qV:r0n[(0vr0t Kot n€'p rO ev 0vt0 I otduo o4peto. Iq ouveXeLo r0 TU1Uo pero[u rov nepLbeoe-

ov sKT€UVrTor. l-lopo ro yeyovoq ol q nopoyoyn onepUo-roq @nepporoyevaoq), ouiexi(erar, .ro;.ondp11o our6 6ivpnopei ntreov vo tp0ooer oTov tKonepgortorrro ndpo rorrqv ouprl0po Kor (0T0 ouv6nero, ro uypo rqg eronepporL-oqg nou,flp,o6p,xerat;an:rj !$:qrg:ppo,T$gx.rj.0q,,fli,6r8lsi;,10!;1;,1.1;npoororrl Kor T0uq BotrFoupnOpotouq uDeveq 6ev nepteXet

onep goro(odpro:,,Td,:n0poy6pevs;' 0trldi,uli lqnop0trhd1ieu0ii,:::; r l

onepporo(oripra;, eKQu i(ovrsi,orrtv'.enffuU,iOq roL oUv- .

eyyuq U0ip0 .0, onrplror,rou ntipou. H onotrivtrtorl rouonepUoTIKou nopou pnopet vo btop0o0eL pe wriorpoqrl e-ntppaor1 enrTuxoq, oe nooooro pdXpt rot 70%, eQ'doovntrq p o u vrar o p rolt6V€q n p oiino Q eoe tg, (ltliris :x6ro tov,,r3,O, r,,,,,,

erdv rot trryorepo ono 7 Xpovto ono rrlv rpolYoup€vn t-neppooq) (Farrow, 1989). Koro qv eneppooq ourrl, 11

ono io yivero r pe'tq: Boq O,erdl,Ut{B 0o Ko..n,(qu' . o t .: dK.pe( i,ilrijq11i,.,tonepUorrrdlv n6pov enovevtilvovtot. To onepporo(o0pt0epqovr(ovroL oro onrlpgo ouvrlOorq 3 pe 4 g4veg pero qven6;rpooq.

0ronepporo66lor xforetg (Etr. 3-18, 3-29, 3-30 3-33ror 3-37 eoq 3-39).0t ruoretq oureg, eXouv trenro rotXtrtlto, oXtl-

Uo oxtrodLo0 roL prlroq neplnou 5 er. Irrlv npoyportroqro npore t-ror yro orotrrlveq Unxouq 10 6orq 15 er., or ono(or neptetr(ooovrotyro v0 oxrlUoT[oouv prlo dogl pe popqq xuoqq, 1 onolo evronl(e-ror pero[u rou nu0pevo rqg oupodoXou ruoqq Kot TOU oneuOu-opevou. 0L onepporodoXor ruorerq elvor rono0erlUdveq trolo no-vor ono rov npoororrl ror nopo ro ovolro roug der ano14xe}ouvoneppa. llopoyouv dvo noXuppeuoro, otrrotrtt<o uypo, ro ono[oovol-lryvueror Ue r0 onepUoro(oropro roro q d[odo rov re'treuro[orvono rov sKoltepUoTroTrro nopo ror qv oupr1Opo. Auro ro errptpo,ro ono(o onod[6eror orov or r[orerq ouonclvror roro rq dtopretorou opyoolrou, onoreLeI rov rupro oyro rou ondpporog. H onep-goro6oXog r<uorr1 ror 1 onepporLrq trqru0og epqovr(ouv nopogotodoUn, 6Xouv trenro rorXtirlror0 Kor 0r ptrevvoyovoL roug nolpvouv rrq

Uopqn Uetrrrlpu0poq. H ovo enrqovero Tov onepUolodoXov ru-oretov, ro),unreror ono nepuovoro, pploreror nloo ono T0ug 0upl-rqpeq, oro olpe[o onou ouroI Xrrrpi(ovror ono ro op0o Ue ro eu)u-xuoux6 x6Anupo (ELr. 3-33A). To roro orpo rorv onepporodoXtovruoreov dpXeror oe oX6or1 pe ro oneuOuogevo, ono ro ono[o Xo-pi(eroL pe r1u eu)unpoorouKn neproula (Err. 3-30 roL 3-33). 0outroq rr1q ro0e onepporodoXou ruorqg ouvevdrveTot Ut rov outro

rou o0ororXou onepporrrou nopou, yro vo oXlgor[oer rov tKoilep-porrorrxd ndpo (Err 3-29) nou e rpotrtret oro onlo0to rolXtr.tpo rqgnpoororrrrlq oupq0pog rovro oro oropto rou npoorortrou roLnou.

Apr4pieg xor qtrepeg Tov onepp0T0drilrov trqxd0trlv (Etr. 3-24A,3-30 ror 3-50). 0L oprlpieq rpoepxovTot ono qv rorot ruort-11 ror p6oq oLgoppoiDtrq opqpio. 0L qtre pe q ouvodeuouv rtq 0p-qpieg r<or eXouv ovotroyo ovoUoTo,


NeUpoo4 Tov onrpp0T0d6yrrrv trqxU0ov (Err. 3-24, 3-35 roL3-36). To rotXtilporo rov onspporodoXrrrv tr1ruOorv nepr6Xouvntreypo veuprr6v rvriv ror peprro oupnoOrlirro yoyyho. 0r ilp0-yoyytrtoreg oupnoOlrrreg iveq, npodpXovror ono ru ovu ootputxoveupo ru 0r nopooupno0qrrreg lveg ono rc nueArco onAoyvxave0po.

Aepqrx{ nupo;lereuoq rov ofiepU0T06ri;1tov xforeov (Err. 3-338). Tl trepqo ono lg onepgorodoXouq r0orerg unodeXovror or

troyovror xor rupltrrg ot Eou )ayovtot )epEodeveq,.0l exonepporrorrxoi n6por (Err. 3-29, 3-30,3-33 rot 3-

37). KoOe Svoq ono rouq nopoug ourouq onoretre[ 6vo ],enro ou.r-

trr1vo, o ono[og oXqporl(eror ono q ouvevoorl qg o0oroLXrlgonepporodoXou ruorlg K0r T0u onepgolroI nopou. 'EXeL prlroqnepfnou 2,5 er. ror evron[(eror xovro orov nu0prevo rqg oupodo-

Xou ruorqg. llope[ovrol notru rovro o evoq orov otrtr0, r<o0drq tpe-povror npoq ro epnpog xor roro dropeoou rrlg on[oOrog lLorpogrou npoororrl, rovro orq p6o1 ypogpl xor roro prlrog rov nLeu-p6v rou npoororrrou r<oLnou. 0L duo trenroroprrrlpldvor eKonspU0-ttottroI nopor drooXr(ouv ro peyotrurepo rplpo rou npooroq rorouyrtrivovrog, erpotrtrouv pe oXrogoeLbrl ovofyproro oro onlo0rorolXrrrlro Tlg npooTolKlg ouprl0pog, e xore poOev rou oroplou rounpoororrro0 rotrnou. To oneppo eroL nepvo p6oo orlv upev6drlxol roronrv oq olpoyytirdq porpo rqg ouprlOpoq.

0 npoo16111q (Erx.3-17 eorg 3-20,3-29 etog 3-31,3-33 ror3-37 rllg 3-39)" Aurog e[vor o peyotrriTspoq errrKoupLroq oD5voqTou ytvvlTrKou ouorlgorog rou ovdpo. 0 npooroqq onore),e[rorono odevLro ror rvoputrldeg rp1po. 'EXer ro pdye0og roorovou rorneprpdtrtrer rnv rrpooToTrKi Uoipo rqg ouprj0poq. Enevd0eror onotrenrr1 roQo, 1 ono[o ouvfororol ono nurvo ouvderrro rcrc, rov [-dto yndvo (oln0nq roQo) ror neprrtreferor p6oo oe gro 1otropr1,oretrq ro{;0, 11 ono[o npodpXeror ono rrlv nuetrLrrl neprrovfo, r4rKIao rcu npoororrl (ueudls roQo). H releuro[o ouvexeror npogro roro pre rrlv ovto nepuovlo rou oupoyevvrlrLrou brorppoyporog.llpog ro n(oo, 11 rogo rou npooroq onoretref rpqpo rqg eu1unpo-otattxr1q neptovfug, 11 ono[o Xrr.rpi(eL rrlv oupodoXo ruorrl, rLq

onepporo6oXouq ruorerg Kor Tov npooroq ono ro opOo. Io npo-orortxd EAeBrc1 nltylto Bpioreror pero(u rou [dtou Xtrotvo ror qqrotljog rou npooroq.

0 npoororqg eptpovi(er Bdo4, xoputp7 xot reooepLg cntgovercg(npoo0ro, on[o0ro ror duo ntroyteq-rortrl) . H Boon rou npoorarq (1

ruorrrrl rou enrpoveLo) epXeror oe orevl oxdol Ue rov ouXevo rqgoupodoXou r<0oqq (Err. 3-31A, 3-33A, 3-38 rot 3-39). H rpooT0-lu1 ouprlOpo drorpuno q p6o1 po(po rrlg Booqq rou rp00T0q,rovro orrlv npooOro enrtpovero rcu. H ropurp4 rou npoorurr1 pplOKeTOl npoq rO rortl rot epXerot oe oXeol ge qv ovtrt neptrovfor0u 0upoysvvlrrrou drotppoyporog. H ropurprl 0KouUnorr oTov oQr-yrnlpo 1ru rqq ouprl0pog ror neprpotrtreror ono ro 6orr.r Xeltrq rotvovetrrr1purv gutiv rou npotrrou (Eu<. 3-1 1, 3-17 ror 3-33).

H onfu1n eruEovua rou npooror7 e[vor rplyrrrvrr<i1 r<or ono-ntroruopevq ono epnpoq npoq T0 nioot. Irpeqeror rpoq ro nlourxor etroqpo npoq T0 roro npoq ro oupoyevvnlro brorppoylro.Aroupno orq tr1ruOo rou op0ou Kor oq rK ro0rou e[vor 11 enrqo-

vero, 1 ono[o rlltr0q0T0r roro q dorrutrrrrl elerool (ELx. 3-33 xoL

3-39). Iuvrl0og 1 onioOro enlqovero 6rorpelror Ue Uio oBo0rl ou-loro roro r1 p6o1 ypoUpl oe d1o nAoyLoug AoBoAq. EneLdq opo.lg

or ntroyror ouro[ troBoI ouXvo ouveXovror, ovocpepovror po(i onoroug r),lvxoug og on[o0roq tropog. Iqv ovrrt polpo qg on[o0togenrqoverog, noporrlpeiror Uio ogoOrtq outroro, onou or eKonepU0-rtortrol nopot etod0ouv orov npoororq. Aurrl 1 outroxo unooql-ro[-ver TOV 01Uovrrro rtrrvrro pEoo AoB6, ro grrpo rpqpo rou npooro-rq perol0 Tov eKontpgorrorLr6v nopov ror r1q oupllOpoq. 0 Ue-ooq troBoq pploreror nloo ono rqv xtov[6o rr1q oupod1you xAorr1gror pploreroL oe enoprl npoq T0 novo pe rqv ror6reprl po[po rouruorrrou rpryrirvou (ELr. 3-29). 0 npoorauxoq xoAnoq evronl(erorpeoo oq po(o rou p6oou troBou (Err. 3-37).

H npoo?ta enrpoven rou npoorar4 e(voL ruprrl ror erre[verorono q Bootl eog qv xopuqq. 0 ntroyrcq-xaru enLEovercg rounpoorur4 ouvtXOVTor eUnpoq pe rqv ruprrl npoo0ro enrqovero rorenrro0ovror orrlv nepuov[o nou neprBotrtret roug ove],rrqpeg pueqrou nporrrof (ELr. 3-1 1). 0 exEop4ttxo[ nopot ruv npooranxdvadtvuv (20 eoq 30) erpotrtrouv on'eu0e[og oug napoAogidrcq oA-Aoreq, exorEpu0ev r4q oup40poioq oxpoAorplog, oro on(o0ro ro(-

X0lU0 Tqq npoororLxqg oup10poq (Err. 3-29 ror 2-37). Touro oulr-poiver, drorr 1 geyotr1 po(o rou o6evrrou rorou rou npooroq ou-yrevrptirveror nloor xol oro ntroyLo rrlq npooTorrKlq ouprt0poq. Ionpoorotxo ExxpLlto, evo trenroppeuoro yotrorroerb6q uypo, ono-potrtreror peoo oqv npoororrrrl poLpo 11g ouprtOpog pe rq o0ono-o1 rolv Lelov purr6v Lvrirv rou npooroq, To npoororrro uypo ono-re),e( nep[nou rc 20% rou oyrou TOU oileppoToq.

Apr4pieg rou npoortirrl (Err. 3-24A ror B). 0r oprqpieg efvorxtrodor ruprrrrg rqg rrira xuorLx4g Kor Trlq peo4q oLpoppoi\x4qopr1pioq, rtrddtrrv qq 5oo troyovrog opqp(og.

0lipeq rou npoorfr4 (Err. 3-24A roL 3-29, ptr. eniolq Erx. 4-53). 0r tpleBeg rou npoororq oXqpori(ouv rc npoorauxd rpAeBxo6[xruo, nou neprpotrtrer rq poorl ror rrg ntreupeg rou npoororq. Au-ro ro ntrdypo pproreror pero(u rou [drou Xu6vo ror rqg rorl.rog rounpooroq, erpotrtrer orrq soo AoyovLeq EAEpeq, enrrorvr.ove I opurtg

Kor Ue To xuorLxo rpAeBxo nAeypo, roOtrtg ror ge ru onovduAtxoEAeBLxa nAeyparo.

Aepqrx{ nopol6reuo4 rou npoordrq (Err. 3-33B). To trepqoy-yeio xorotrflyouv on'eu0elog oroug eoo Aoydvtoug xot Lepo1q Aep-

Eodeveq. lVie prro lepqoyyeio ono rrlv on(oOro enrqovero nopeuo-vror po(i Ue treUQoyye(o 14g oupoDoXou ruorqg oroug i{at iayo-vLouq AepEodEveq.

NeUpoon rou npoordrq (Err. 3-24A, 3-36 ror 3-478).0l nopo-oupnoOlrtreg lveg npoepXovror ono ronueLxo onAaywxo veApa(12, 13 ror 14). 0L oupnoOrlrrreq rveg npoepXovror onoruxotu uno-yoorpn nAtyparo.

0 npoordrrlg nopouoLd(er rdroirepo rtrrvLrrl evDrorp6-pov, orpoti q rotror1Or1g odevrrrl unepntroo(o rou onoretrelpio notru ouvq0Lop6vq roroorooq oroug rltrrrroilrevoug ov-6peq. Enerbn 6e q npoorotrxrl lroipo rqq oupq0pog dr6pXe-ror geoo ono ourdv (Erx. 3-33), oL noOqoerg rou npoororrl


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Erxtivo 3-38. Kordrrepo TUqUoTo

T0JV Ovopr(oJV YSVVIilKoV 0pY0-VOV.

elvor 6uv0r0v v0 np0Koleoouv npoptrlU0r0 orrlv Kevoorlrnq KUoTnq. 0 npoororlg e[ero(erut 0[Te us borrutrtrrl e-

[r1roor1 ono r0 0pe0 (ELx. 3-39), e[Te Us To KuoTeooKonto(Etr. 3-32A). 0L no0rloerg rou npooToTrl npoKotro[v otrtro-re otrtrou BooUo0 0n0qp0En Tou ouxev0 rrlq oup060X0u KU-

orlq. 0 np0or0Tnq dxer prxpo u6Yee0q K0T0 rrl Yevvnon,otrtro xoro Tnv eqnpeio Uey0tr6vet YpnYopo. Iroug nepto-00Tep0uq ovdpeg pero ro 500 6roq qq 1trtrtog, o npooto-rqg npoodeurrro uneptp6tperot. 'Onoq 6Xet ovotp6peL o

Ellis (1983) "e[vor evo orlpodr yrlporoq, dntog ro yrpt(oUotrtrro".

H xotroq8qg uneprpoq[o rou npootorrl (Etr. 3-1B)npoopotrtrer oe peyotro nooooro toug qtrtxLtrtpdvoug ov-dpeg ror onoretrel ouvrl0q oLr[o onoqpo[nq rnq ouprl0p0q,

1 ono(o odrlysi oe vurrouplo (ovdyxq ouprloqg xord rqOroprero rqq vunoq), buooupio (duoXdpero ro/r1 novo ro-ro rqv oup4o1) xor dnetlrl npoq oupqon ({orpvtrrl entOugioxdvoorlq irlq ruorqg). Iuvrl0orq, une00uvog yto rrlv ond-Qpoqrl rnq oupn0poq e[vor o p6oog lopdq. H gtrpoI poO-

poI uneprpoq(o Xopiq oupnOptrn onoqpo[1 dqgtoupyeL pL-

xpo 6noppo, qv rrov[60 r4q ruoqg, oqv roputprl Tou KU-

olxoI rprytirvou. '0oo peyotrurepl npoonoOeto roropotrtreL6vo oropo, rooo ro oidqpo rou npootorrl, evepy6vrog oovpotrpido, onoqpoooer rt1v ouprl0po.

H peprrrl n nlnpnq Xetpoupytrq oqoipeoq rou npo-oroq ovogo(eror [pooToTtKtogr1. Xdptq orn orevn ox6ot1

rou npoororq Ue rr1v npooTonrq oupr10po, n onoqpo[n rnqretreuroiog e(voL duvotov vo opOe[ ge q porlgeto evog eL-

drxou evdooxonrxou epyotreiou (ntrerrporoUoq), to ono(o

erooyeror oqv oupt1Opo. H Xetpoupytrtl ourtl en6ppootl

ovopo(eror drouprl0prxtl npooroTtKToUt1. Ie oopoporepeqroroorooerg, orpoLpe[rot otrortrrlpoq o npoororrlg, ot er-oneppoTroTrKoI nopor xot 1 retrLr1 pto[po rou onepgorLxotjnopou, pe onor6treopo, o1ulg, qv oduvop(o eronepport-onq. Mio reXvtrrl nou egoppo(eror pe orono rq Dtorqprlorlrorv ve0ptrlv Kur rorv oyyeiolv rou n6oug, ro ono[o tpepovrotoro ntroyro rou npoororrl, 6XeL ou[r1oet orlpovrtro rnv nt-0ovoqro enovorrrlorlg qg oe[ouotrrrrlq treLroupyiog perorr;v en6pBoorl, evdr 6XeL Betrtuioet roL rtg nt0ovdTnrsq rnqtpuorotroyuflg treuoupylog qg 16oqg orov 5treyXo rqq ou-pnonq (Farrow, 19Bg).

0 xopxivog rou npoordr4 onoretrei ouvn0rl dyxo rotvrll,rrrolp6vr.,lv ovd ptirv. Neonldoporo oveu p foxovrot ;itxpo -

oronrrd nepinou oe nooooro 30% rotv ovdptilv rltrLriog o-vo rov 75 errilv. 0r neproodrepoL 6ev ovltroprBdvovror qvnopouolo roug. 0 roprivog rou npooroq pe0iororor pe

rrlv orporLrf (aryoroyevr]q \Loonopa) xor tq tregqtrrl o6d(AepEoyevr1q dLaonopa). H ovoroprxq Booq rov peroord-orov oTn onovdutrLrrl orr1trr1 roL rrlv ndetro ppioretot ortgovooroprloerg rov Xtrrp(g polprdeg tptrep6v rou rp00T0Tt-rou ntr6yporog ond q Uro Kor rov onovduAtxtiv rpAepxdtv

nAeyparuv ono qv oIIn (FL Erx. 4-53), Ldro(repo tou 6otoonovdutrrxou ntr6yporoq. 0r r[preq ovooropdloerg nopoTr]-pouvror perolf rov nuetrLrtr:v Kur rov rotvtov troyovttrtvqlepdrv pe qv ovtouoo ootpuirq qtrepo. 'EXet nporoOei onooprog6voug ol 11 npoono0ero rord qv oupqoq nL0ovov vo

npoxotre[ ow(orpoqrl nope[o rou o[gotog, nou nopoXere0-rT0r oro npoorortxo rpAeBLxl nAeypo, to onoio p6et ntr5ov

;16oo ttrrv oorpuixtitv qleB6v oro onovdutrtro qtreptro ntr6y-

uoT0.

NYEAOZ KAI NEPINEO

Ano rov npoorur4 ro veon)oolnuxa x1rropa ilvatduvafiv va petaEep)o1v 1te ro Aepgoyyeio rqq nueAouorouq Aeprpodirueg yrjpor ono qv eoo troyovro Kor rrlv K0r-

vrl troyovto oprrlpro Kor rnv ooprrl (ELr. 3-338). Kopxrvrror0rropo 0n0 Tov npooroq pnopouv snronq v0 UsToQep-Oouv ge lg nuetrrr6g qlepeg orrlv xoro; xoitrr1 qtrepo, q de-

[ro ropdro, roug nveupovcq, Trlv opLorepq ropbro ror onoexe[ oe otro ro odrgo (aqJoroyevnq lLaonopo). levrxo roveonLooporo rou npoororq sxouv Trlv rool vo 6ivouv prero-

ordoerg oro oord, nopo oe otrlo opyovo, onou ouvr;Ooqnporotro0v ooreoptroolreg nopo ooreotrulx6q ptropeq.

To yeyovrig drL q onro0ro enrrpovero rou npoororl6pXerar oe enapfl pe ro op0o roveL erpLrrrl Tnv qrntroqnon

rou (Err. 3-39). Koro q dorrutrxq e[eroq rou npooror4,ro p6vo nou nopeppdtrtreror pero[u rou Oeixrq rou e[erc-orrl ror rou npootorrl eivor ro roiXtirlro rou opOou ror roeuOuruolxd drorppoypo. H tlqlorprloq rou npoororq p6oorou op0o0, d(veL nlqpoqop(eq yro ro pdyeOog ror rqv uqrlrou.0 tpuorotroyrrdg npoordrrlg eivsr etroorrxdg ror"rpouorulrog", evdr ov npooptrq0ei on6 xoror10l e[epyqoro i

yiveror ortrrlpoq ror o(drdng. H npoorolrLdo iqtreypovrlrou npoororrl) XopoxrnpL(eror ono broyxogdvo, euoLo0q-ro. "(eoro' npoororrl. Ie oprogeveg xoroorooerq (n.X. oeooOeverq U€ unorfro yovoppoLoq). exretrelror gotro[r1 rounp0or0Trl, pe orono Tn Inrln npo0T0TIK0u uypou yro gLrpo-oronrrrl ror porqprotroyrril e[rlroor1. H geoq rou npooro-rr1 eloproror ono rqv ntrr;poqro qq oupo66Xou x0orr1g,0rov elvot yegoq, q ruoq peroron[(er rov odevo npoq r0roror ro0rortilvrog 6ror rnv qrntrdgnq Tou nro euxotrr1. 'E-

vog onerpoq e{erooqg elvor duvor6v vo droyvtiroeruneprpoqio rou npoororq, ere[ nou on],tr:q r1r1trorpo euro-tro tlvov rpuorotroyrro oddvo, nou exer ropeKTorrore( onopro yepdr4 ruorrl.

0t BotrBoupq0poior o66veg (Etr. 3-18 ror 3-33, ptr. enr-orlg Err. 2-21).0t d0o ouroi ruprvonoI oddveg, pey60ouq pnr(e-trtou (o6eveg rou Cowper, Kotne[pror od6veq), pplorovror oro ntro-yto rot n[oo ono qv ugev6dq ouprlOpo novto ono rov potrpo roun6oug rorpr6oo olg puireq rveg rou orpLyrrflpo rqg oupr10poq.0roXertxo enrgqrerg exEop4rLro( nopot ruv poABoup41po[uv ode-vuv (2,5 rltog 3 ex.) drorpuno0v rqv roro nepLrov(o T0u 0upoyev-vqttro0 drorppoyporoq (neprveirrl pepppovl) po(r pe rrlv ouprl0poror orq ouveXeLo, rpun6vrog ro potrpo rou oqpoyytrtdoug orirgorog14g ouprl0poq (BoiBoS rou n6oug), erpotrtrouv pe prrpooronrrooropro oro eyyuq tUnUo qq olpoyydrdoug po(poq rrlg ouprl0poq.0L potrpoupl0pofor o66veq otportitvovru ono lg oprrlp[eg roupolpou rou n6oug.

'Eou yew1rrxd 6pyovo r4S yuvofKog

To yevvr1nxo 6pyava drorplvovror oe 5[o ror eoo (Ex. 3-344rot 3-40). To e[trl yevvqrrro opyovo nepLyporpovroL pe ro nepfveo.

To eo.l yevvqrLro opyovo 11g yuvoirog neprtroppovouv rov xotreo(1 rolno), q pqrpo, roug rooyrrlyorjq Kor Trq oo0r1reg.

0 xotre6g (Err.3-15 3-34,3-41,3-43 rot 3-45). 0 rotreoq rt

rotrnog, ro opyovo qg ouvouolog yLo rq yuvoko, elvor rlvog rvo-putirdlq ootrfivoq, prlrouq 7 5oq 9 er. IXqporL(er rqv roro po[poqq yevvqlrrqq odou. Errelveror ono rov rpoXltro rqg prlipog p6-

Xpr Tov npddogo rou rotreou (i1 oXLogl pero[u rotv prrpdrv Xertr6-olv rou ordoiou). Iqv ovoroprrl 0eor1 o rotreog rp5peroL npoq r0epnpoq ror roro. To npooOro ror on[o0ro rorXrolLo rou quorotroyt-ro ovrrnoporlOevror, errog ono ro ovtr-r orpo rou, onou o rpoXltrogttlg plrpoq etodue r oqv rortrorqro rou rotreou, To on[o0ro ro(Xrrt-go e[vor nep(nou 1 er., porpurepo rou npoo0rou ror pp[orerol oeenoqtl ge ro t,{u oropto rnq prlTpog.0 rotrnog ilpoq T0 novo enl-rorvroveI pe rrlv roilorrlro rou rpoXrltrou, evdl npoq r0 roro efvorovorrrog ror oXlpori(er rov npodolto rou xoAeo1. To oropro rouxotreou nepLypotperor Uo(r Ue ro nep[veo.

0 rotrnog pploreroL nloor ono rrlv oupoDoXo ruorq ror pnpo-oro ono ro op0o, evti qeperor pero[u rotv eoo Xeileov rotv ovetr-rrrlporv purov rou npolxro0 (Err. 3-1 5, 3-34 roL 3-45). Arorpuno rooupoyevvlrLro 6rotppoylro po([ pe rov ocpryrrqpo pu qq oup[0pog,rou onolou or onloOLeg gurx6g Deoprdeg roroq0ovrol oro rolXoporou rotreou (Err 3-23) 0 rpoXltroq r1q plrpoq npooerpotrtreL

nsptLovoto

OupttutpoC

Oupo6oxoCKU Oft l

En€pt t0t06oxaC

Eu0uKUaftKa6nOaovLto

nopotnnovtaC noEoC

npoatoul

npeKuKoCa0dnvoC

Erxrivo 3-39. t!qtrotp1or1 rou npoor0Tl xoro rr1 0orru),rxq e(erooq onoro op0o. lVlero{u rou Dorrutrou rou eleroorrl roL rqg onfo0roq enLrpo-

vtroq Tou npoororrl nopepBoLtreror ;rdvo ro on[o0Lo rol1opo rouopOou ror ro op0oruolro dtorppoylro (Ile0roorqxe ono rrlv x0 D.M.Hutchinson. AvoDqgooreueror Ue Tlv o0elo rou: Laurenson RD. ,4n

lntrlductiln to Clinical Anatlmy by Dissection of the Human Body.Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1968)

KUAUI,nspLtot.tKoC -

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Kctto Kornn Qntqo

MEilIv AoirnC puc

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ttoovvinoc a0vOsouoculc lJtltpoc

MtltDtoio oornoio

HBtKa ooro

tK€nt1 rtiCKnsttapt6oc

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0onoc tou Kof,€ouKon€oc

Erxdvo 3-41. lVerornroio 0toropq rrlq Ulrp0q, Toiv ooYoYov Kot T0u K0-

treou, onou tpo[vovrot ro rptlporo qq Urtrpoq rot q oX6o1 rou rpoxntroupe ro ovtrl oxpo rou rotreo[.

QoAnKtK!t oprtlpio

ttvLto€t6€c Korlov

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nnotuC ouv6€oLroCtnc Lrnfpocnu0LtEVoC u1CLilitpoCfrcowinoco0v6€aLroc tncptitpoC

KuarrKo tpivTvaoupoAoxou KUoulC

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np06oLroC

oqv dvrrl po(po rou npoo0Lou rorXtirgorog rou rol,eou, droXtrrpr(o-vToq T0 rorXtirporo Tou, Ue onorel,eopro n Urlrpo vo oXrlgor[(er ne-p(nou op04 yrrrvio pe rov o[ovo rou rotreou 0e quorotroyrKr1 roro-orooq. H yov[o ourrl ouloveror orov 1 oupodoXog ruoq yepi(errot ovut!tirvet rov nu0gdvo qq prlrpog (Erx. 3-40 roL 3-41). H np6-oQuorl Tou rotreou yupo ono rov rpoXqtro rnq Unrpoq oxlUor((eLrov 0titro rou xotreoU. Arorpfvoupe npoo0ro, on(o0ro ror duo ntrd-yroug 0otrouq. 0 on(oOrog 0otrog rou roleof elvoro nro Bo011g r<or

dpXeror oe oXeoq perc u1uprlrpLxo r1Anupa (Err. 3-34, 3-43 ror3-45).

Iyeoerq rou xotreof (Etx. 3-25, 3-34 xor 3-45). To np6o0rorolXtrllro SpXeroL oe oXeol pe rov rpoXltro rqg pqrpog, rov nu0pri-vo rrlq oupob6Xou r<[orqq, rqv retrrrq po(po rolv ouprlrtlpov rot rrlvoupr1Opo. To ovrrr 6pro rou roLeou, n0u ovloTorxe[ oro 1 6o9 2 er.rou on[o0rou rorxtirporog rou flou rotrunrouv ro on[o0to tpflpo rourpoXtltrou qq pqtpoq, rotrunrerot ouvq0otq ono neptr6voto. Iuve-n6g, oe dtopnep6q rpouUo ourof rou rptlporoq rou rotreou e(vot

nrOovrl 1 enerrooq rrlg rptreypovtlg orrlv reptrovoirtl rottrorqro.Kdrur ono ro onio0ro ro[Xtrt;to rou rpoXrltrou, ltovo o Xotropoq ouv-

f oov,uvoc

looor*

Kon€iK€c ctoLt)Dr€(

:1f:ii:il!1: l::: .:

Erxrivo 3-40. Avoropl qq Koro xortrroq xor rqq nuetrou yro v0 Qovouv, r<uploq. ro yevvlrrro 0py0v0 Trlq yuvorKoq. Tprlpo rorv 00rov Kor rl rp0-o0ro polpo rqg oupoboXou ruorqq 6Xouv ocporpe0ei. Iq de(Lo ntreupo, o ooyttyog, tt trlo0ttrl, o n],oruq ouvOeopog r<ot ro nepudvoro nou ro],u-nreL ro n\oyro roiXopo rlq nuetrou eXouv otpoLpe0e[.


Serrxog iorog rou onroOorotreiro0 dtorppoylroroq nopeUBotrtrerorlero[u rou on[o0rou rorlrirgorog rou ro],e00 Kor T0u op0orj. Ervor

rilopevoq eqrrrrl 1 dorrutrrrrl, ono ro op0o, el6rooq rou ro),eo[.0 rotrnog epXeror oe oX6or1 ttpoq r0 rorto pe ro x6vrpo rou nepr-veou. To orevo ntroyro rorXtirl-roro rou rotreou oqv neproXrl rourcoXqtrou (ntroyror Ootror), dpXovror oe oXdoq ge rov ntroru ouvde-0p0 Trlg UlTpoq, exei onou epnepreXovror or oupnr1peq Kor r0 Url-.pro[o oyye[o (ELr. 3-25 etrlg 3-28). To ntrdyro Xeitr4 npog ro xotto,spxovTor oe oXeoq Ue Touq ovetrrqpeg pueg rou nptrlrrou, touguer(oveq oddveg K0r rpuq 9oIBo0S rou npodogou (Err. 3-15A, 3-60 xor 3-71). H o0onooq rov ovetrrrlptrlv lrutirv rou nporrrou (r1-

ooxorruyrrl poipo) etrorrtlver rq drdperpo rou oulou rou rotreou,<o0rrrg ougntrlord(er ro ntroyro rorXtirlr0T0 Tou.

0r ogryxr{peg rou xotreof (Erx. 3-15A, 3-23, 3-60 ror 3-64).Tperq gueq eivor oe 06oq vo ouprnrdoouv rov rotreo ror vo bpooouvoov otpLyrrrlpeg: (1) o n|oxoAeix1q luq, n npoo0Lo go(po rouovetrrrqpo rou nporrou, (2) ro oupoyevv4uxo \nrppaypo rot (3)o poApoo4payy664q puq.

Aqtaruorl rou xoAeol (Err. 3-241- eorq 3-27).H plrporotreirrloprqpro onoretreI ouvrl0og rtrodo qq glrpro(og oprqp(oq, otrtropnope[ vo npo6pXeror xor ono qv e ooi troyovro opqpio. Ot dlo pr1-

rpoxoAeixEq opqpieg ovooropuirvovroL pero[u roug, ro06g roL pe

rov rpoXrltrrxo rtrddo qq pqrpro(oq opr4piog. H eou oLdotlx4 ap-rr7pfu xot rotreixo( rtrodor r4q peoqg atpoppoildw1g oprr1pfuq qo-po0oro0v enfor1g rov rotreo. To retreurolo ourd oyyeio e[voL rtro-dor qg 6oo troyovrog opqp(og.

Otreprxrj nopo;16reuc4 rou xotreof (Err. 3-25). 0r tptrepeq rourotreou oXrlgori(ouv ro xoAei.xo rpAefuxo ntrtypa, roro plroq rorvntroyurlv rorXtrlporov rou, pSoo oro ptrevvoyovo. Erpotrtrouv orrlveou Aoy1vn qAeBa ru enrxorvrrrvouv pe ro ruorlro, prlrpro[o roL

orlroppoidrrd QtreFrro nl6yporo.Aepgrx{ nopol6reuoq rou xotreof (Err. 3-42). ALorp(voupe

rperg opobeg rotreirtirv trepqoyye[orv: (1) ere(vo qq ovtireprlg poi-poq Tou, ro onolo ouvobeuouv rr1 pqrpro[o opr4p(o ror erpotrtrouvoroug eoa xot E(u Aoyovrcuq AepEadeveq, (2) ere(vo qg p6oqgpo(pog,ro ono[o ouvodeuouv rn UrlTpoKotreirq opqpio ror erBotr-trouv oroug eou Aay1vtoug iegpadeveq ror (3) ere[vo rou npo6o-

Uou, T0 onoio erpotrtrouv, oulv ntreLoqqq(o rouq, orouq enmoAr1q

BouBuvxolq Aeprpadeveq. Meprro treUqoyyeio rou npodogou, er-Bdtrtrouv oroug repodq Ku rluq xotvolg Aay1wouq Aeptpod6veg.

NeUpalo4 rou xotreod (Erx. 3-47). To ve0po rou rotreou npo6p-

Xovror on6 rc p1rpoxoAelxo nAEypo, ro onolo Bp(oreror oq pdorl

rou nl,oreog ouvbeopou, eror6po0ev rou uneprotreirou rpqporoqrou rpoXrltrou. 0t rordrrepor rtrodor rou ntreyporog rorovdprovrororov rpoXrltro Kor rlv ov6repq po[po rou rotreo0. To veupo, roonolo drov6povr0r oTov rotreo, npodpXovror ono rc xoru unoya-0ryrc nAtypa ror ro nue,lrra onAaywxo velpa.

)

Ii

trIl-;1

ffintffiEIt

,::r;r:)

Kotvoi noV0vtot'Eoo novovtot

E€e noyovtot

EnrnonltC PouBoJVtKoi

Ev to Bo0€t PauPovtKor

l€pot

nopoop0tKot

Erxrivo 3-42. Aeptprrq no-poxereuo4 qq ulrpoqrou roLeou, rotv rooyrrrytrrvrot rov too01r<rilv.


n0p0uoi0 ruu toxtoKdv aKovedv, or 0n0[€q rtp0p0Îouvnpog r0 n[oo Kor eoto xor ono roug etrooooveg roXLoiepoug

ouvd6opoug (ELr. 3-1, 3-68 ror 3-B). To eooreprrd rou rotr-nou, ro0org ror ro ev6oxotrnLxo rprllro rou rpoXrltrou rnq Ul-rpog, pnopo0v vo etreyX0ouv pe rq poqOero xoAnodnorc-ieo (ELr<. 3-43). 0 rpoXqtroq enrntr6ov qrntroQoTot ge boxru-trLrq el6rool luior-o rou xotreou q rou opOou. 0r notrpol rorvgqrproirrrv opqprtirv ylvovror oto8rlroi oro ntroyro rorXtirpororou rpoXrltrou (Err.3-41). Io xoAnooxonto (ro ono(o tp6peL

peye8uvlro qoro), eivur ro opyovo, nou erodyeror orov K0-

treo yro rqv ntrr1p6orepr1 e{5rooq rou rotrnou rot rou rpoXrl-lou. Aoyo riov ovorogrxtirv oX6oetov rou, 11 erooyoyq op-yovou orov rdlno pe roreu0uvorl xor'euOeiov npog ro n(-oto, eveXeL rov x[v6uvo rpouporropou rou onlo0rou rotXtit-porog rou ror 6[o6o rou opyovou, pSotrr rnq euOupqrpLrqgnruXflg, ornv nrprrovoirrl roLtrorqro (Err. 3-34 xoL 3-43). To

onor6Leogo prnopef vo ttvot neprcov{ndo. T6rotou efdoug

BIdFn eXeL ouppel oe ondnerpeg dxrptoorlg pe q Bon0etootXlrrlprirv ovrLrerp6vrrrv, onog xopqlroeg xonetrtr;v Kor Kps-poorpeq. 'Eua AanapooxonLo 4 rcpuoveoox6nto, efvot du-vordv vo eLooX0e[ ornv neprTovoir4 xoildqto, ptloo rouon[oOrou rorXcilgorog rou evdoxotrnrrou tpflporog rou rpo-Xr1trou, pe orono rov dtreyXo rov oo0rlr6v 11 rov trroyoryrirv(n.X. enr urorf(oq ootrnryyrxrlg xuqoqq). H 6rodLr<oo[o ourrlovopo(eroL onfu9n xoAnorop4.

0orurropo e(vor duvorov vo trr1qOouv ond dreyepgd-veg aro0qreq yn yovtpona[r107 in vitro, pre dLoro],nrrr1 no-poxevrqorl oo0utror(ou, roror ono un€pnxoypoqrro etreyXo(Dellenbach et al., 198Ba). H Betrov1 noporevrrloqg erooye-tor ond ro onls0ro roiXtrrlro rou rpoXrltrou oro eu1up4rpwoxbAnupa, rovro orrlv aro0qrq (ELr. 3-43 ror 3-45). Me rqpoqOeLo uneprlXov, eivoL 6uvordv vo evronloOoriv ro 6ptprooro0utrorto (Err. 3-328) ror ro odpro r0uq v0 trnq0ouv yroin vitro yovrlronoiqorl. Me rov [6ro rpono, onepporo(ooproeivoL duvorov vo erooX0ouv oro eu8uplrprxo xotrnopo,on'onou 0o nopotrqg0o0v ond rov uroyoyo, ouylpovorq pe

Tn Inqrn rou o.rop(ou ono rrlv oo0r'y<r1. H telvrxrl ourrl ovo-Uq(etut ev5oneprovo|xn yovL7onoinon (Dellenback et al.,1 98Bb).

0t XeLpoupytrfg enegBooerq orov xotrno ouvrlOoignp0yp0T0r0r00vror g6ou rou nepLv6ou (Eu<. 3-23 xor 3-70). 0r eneppooerg ourrlg elvor yevrxo drop0onr6g, oe ne-pLnr6oerg no0otroyrrrlq Xotroprooqq rov rorXtrrportlv r0urotrnou, xon nou eivor onopporo qg e[oo06vror1g rou dro-rppdVUoroq rrlg nu6trou troyo rurloeoq. H xoroorooq ourqelvor duvordv vo odrlyfioer oe npopotrrl rqg oupodrlXou xu-oTnq oT0 npooOro ro[1topo rou xd],nou (ruoreorqtrq, Err. 3-151-) q npopotrq rou op0ou oro onio0ro rolXtrllro tou ro],-nou (op1oxqAfl.

H pqrpo (Err. 3-25 doq 3-28, 3-34 ror 3-40 eorg 3-a6). H Ul-Tpo Uroq p1 eyruou yuvokoq onore),eI rortro putrrbeg opyovo pe

noXro rorXrillroro ror oXlpo oXtrodrou, nou Bp[oreroL pero[u rrlqoupodoXou ruorlg ror rou op0ou. 'EXer plroq 7 eorq B er., ntrorog5 5og 7 er. ror noXog 2 eoq 3 ex. H tpuorotroyrrfl pflrpo qeperornpoq T0 novo ror epnpog novtrl ono rqv oupoboxo r0orr1. IrrlDropxeLo rrlq xuloqg, ro p6ye0og rrlg ou{overoL roro notr0 yro voqAofevfloer ro epBpuo. H prlrpa onorel.e[ru ono duo xipn rpr1-poro (Err. 3-41 xor 3-44). (1) ro oo1ro, nou onoretref ro 6loyro-Uevo drjo ovor rpuqpopro qg pqrpoq xoL(2)rov rpf14tro, ro rororru),rvdprrou oXr1porog rpLrrl;ropLo. Mro e troqporg ore vorepq po[po,o ro0ptig, onore),eI ro opro perolu rou orilporog ror rou rpoXrltrou(Err 3-41 ). 0 nu1pevoq r4g prlrpog elvor ro onoorpoyyu],rrtpdvo o-vo rplgo rou orirporog, ro onofo Bpfoxeror novot ono q ypopplnou evover rrg erooboug rorv rooytrryrirv. 0t nepLoXeg our6g rouotirporoq 11q glrpog onou erodpXovTor or ooyoyoI ovol-ro(ovrorxeporo. Enerdrl o rpoXltroq rqq plrpog npopotrtrer npog rov xotre-o, droxprvoupe, yro repryp0QLro0g troyouq Eva unepxoAnLxd xoteva ev1oxoAnxo rpqpo rou ryay4Aou. To orporprro evddrotrnrrorplpo enrrorvovei pe rov rotreo pdotrl rou e{u oroptou Tnq Un-rpog. To oropro ouro oqopr(eror ono npoo1to xot onfu1to leriog,nou oXqporr(ovror ono rov rpoXlLo.

fD0xr)r)oc

Erxtivo 3-43. E(erooq rpoXrltrou. A. H o-o0evrlg Bptorerol oe yuvorr<otroytrr1 0eoqpe ro prirpoor<oTrr0 oT0v rotrno, ro ono[oonoXopf(er ro npooOro ror ro onloOroroiXtrrlro rou. B. KovrLvfl oQrl rou rpoXrl-trou (IXedroorqre ono qv ro D.M.Hutchinson, Avodrlpooreueror Ur Tlvodero rou: Laurenson RD'. An lntroductionto Clinical Anatlny by Dissection of theHuman Body. Philadelphia, WB Saunders,r 968)

ELt0Ltl iltLptKOKon no.) Lto


Qo0nKtKo oVVsio

'l6taC o0vOsaLtoctLtc Qo)iKtlc

TpoxDnoc tnC LiliTpoC

0 roOprlg rqg p{rpog, pqrouq nep(nou 1 er., elvot p[o orevq(tirv1, nou noprorover rq peronrtrloq rou otirporog rrlq Unrpoqorov rpoXltro (Err. 3-41 ). To pLrpo ouro or6vopro efvor nro egqo-veg ortg aroxeq yuvo[xeq. To orirlro qq pqrpoq ouvl0og epqo-v((er npoo0ro roprprl oe oX6oq ge rov rpoXltro (Etx. 3-28 r<or 3-34A), evtir otrortrqpq n Ulrp0 epqovr(eL npoo0Lo rtrioq. Irrq qtrL-

rurpeveg yuvo[reg ouXvo noporqpelror on[o0to rtrio1 rqg gq-Tp0q.

To ro(yu1Lo rr1q pr1rpog onoreAe[ru ono rpeq orrBddeq (Err.3,34):1. Trlv e[orreprrrl opoyovo orrpo6o, ro nepLlt7rpto, ro ono[o ono-

re),efror ono neprrovoro nou u[ooTrlp((eror ono p[o trenr1 orr-podo ouvderrrou roroU.

2. Tq peorl purrl orrpoDo, ro puop7rpLo, ro ono(o onore),e(rorono orpopo treltr-rv purrdrv rvdrv noXoug 12 eorg 15 Xrtr. To puo-pflrpro ou[overor olgovrrro roro q droprero rqg ruqoqq. 0rrupLot rtrodor rotv oyyeiu-rv ror veupov rqg pqrpog evronf(ovroroe our1v oxpLptirq rq orrpodo.

3. Tqv eooreprrq orrpodo ro evdop4rpto, ro ono[o ouveXerororo0epo ple ro unore(prevo puoplrpro.

AtiKU0aCkoclV(t)Vou)

K660voC rou ooVDVounou o6nv€t oroKornroKo or1Lilo

Kooaaor

K p € Lt o oui p o c a A v 6 E o l-t o C

ilic 0o0nKt'tcM€oeo0tiKto

H pqrpo epqovt(er pfo npooOro-roru 11 xuortx1 enKplven, \onofo epXeror oe oXeol pe rrlv oupoDoXo ruorrl ror p[o on[o0ro-o-vuqevrepx4 enryaveta, q ono[o 6pXeroL oe oXeoq pe ro evrepo(Err. 3-45). 0r 600 oureg rupreg enupoveLeg Xop[(ovror Ue TO 0pr-orepo ror 6e{ro Xeitroq. Ko?e uoyuyog erpotrtrer oro ovo-r oxporolv ntroyur.tv Xettr6ov qq glipog. Aqlodrl, ro 6vo oxpo TIJV ooyo-yrirv ovofyeL oqv nsprTovorrrl rortroqro, rovro orrg oro0rlreg rorro otrtro orqv rortroqro qq plrpog (Etx. 3-27 , 3-40 3-41 ror 3-44). 0 idtog o1vdeopog r4g uo14xqg roroqferol oro oogo rnq Un-rpog, nloo.r xot roro ono rqv erBotrrl rotv rrtoyoyrirv (Etr.3-44), e-ua o orpoyyuAoq olvdeopoq rnq Unrpoq rororp0erol epnpog rorroro ono ourrlv.

Kor or duo ouroI ouvdeopor ouvexovror pe ro ro[XopoTIq [qrpog, r<o06q npodpXovrar on6 rov'ooXeiro ouvdeoporou opXeog oro epppuo (Moore, 1988). Ko0e mpoyyu)roqofv6eopoq rpeperor pero[u rolv nerotrolv rou nloreoq ouv-6do;rou, oro nl,oyro roiXtrrlro rrlg etroooovoq nudtrou, ;r6XprTov tv rci poOer pouBrrlvtro dorru),t0. llepvo prloo ono roBoupurvLrd nopo roL xoroqueror orov uno6opto roro rov pe-

' , ydtrtrrvtrl€ttrd,trlv toU grdoiou (Bl. Err, rQ.,18).r ,

To oripo 11q gqrpoq neprrle(eror pero[u rov nerotrov rountroreog ouvbeopou r<or pnopel vo xrve(ror etreu0epo (Err. 3-27 3-28 ror 3-44). Enopevtog, xoO6q q oupodoXoq ruoq yepr(eL 1 ;r1-rpo ovurlltlveror, ror orov 11 ruorrl e lvor re].eitr-rg yeUoTf rl Uf Tp0rL[ver npog ro nfuu ror eu0uypol-r1rl(eroL pe rov xo],e0. Ko0drq 1xuorq odero(er, q prlrpo enovepXeror orodroro oq quorotroyrxlrnq 06ot, dntr. oe npoo0ro rtrrol (Err. 3-34A) 0 rpoxltroq rtq ut-

ttpovvun oc oiv6€ oLtoc tn c Liltt tJoc

M saoaonntvvt o

nnor0c a0v6sottoc rnc LilitDoc

E€o oroLtta tnc Lilttpoc

Erxrivo 3-44. 0nto0to oUrl Uq plrp0q, rcov ooOryti.rv, rov trroyoyrilv K0r r0iv yupL0 0ogov. 0 n),orug ouv0eopoq opLorepo 6Xer oqorpe0ei


rp0q eUQ0v((er neproprouevrl KrvrlTrK6Tnro, K0g6q ouyKpors[T0rono opK8TOUq 0uvb6ou0uq, 0r Ono(0r 0n0TtL0uv n0xuvoerq TnqiluslrKrlq neprTovloq, svroxuUdveq Ue trs(eq UUiKdq (vsq. 0 eyxop-orcg rpay4Atxog oivdeopoq erre[veror ono rov rpo11tro Kor rouqntroytoug 0otroug rou roLeou drrlg ro ntrdyro rorXtirgoro rr;g nue-trou. 0r rcpoprlrpLxo( oAvde,opoL, rp6povror ono ro ovtrr xol eLo-cpptitg n(oo rgtlpo rov ntroy(rrlv Xeil6trrv rou rpoXltrou og ro p6oo

rou lepou oorou. Bp(orovror rortrl ono ro nepLrovoro Kot novtrl onorov oveLrrrlpo UU Tou rrpoKTo0. 0r evdonuetrrro( ouroI ouvdeo;-totelvor duvordv v0 rlltroqneouv ono ro op0o, roOdrq q6povror npogro n(oo oro 6uo nl,oyro rou. 0r repoplrprroI ouvDeopoL ouyKp0-rouv rov rpdXqtro rqg pqrpog orrlv rovovrrrl rou 06o1 oe oX6o4 ge

ro repd ooro.Io xlpto oriprypo qq prypoq e(vot ro nueAwo edogoq (nou

oXlpor((eroL ond ro dLoqpoyUo Tlq nudtrou). To nuel,rro ontroXvoxoL 11 prlrpo ouyrporofvror perolu roug, evto ort1 ornprll rouqoupBotrtrer oe olpovlxo poOpo rot r1 nuetrrxrl nepuovlo (Err. 3-15ror 3-34A). 0r buo ovetrrrrlpeq pueq rou npolrrou, or 6tjo rorruyr-ro( p0eq ror or g0eg r0u oupoyrvvlrrrou drorppoyUoToq, e[vor no-tru orlpovlrol yro q orqprlq rr;g prlrpoq (Err. 3-23 rot 3-344). Ioneptovato xoAlmu q pqrpo an6 epnpoq xot novu, errog onoro evdoroi,nud rgqpo rou rpoXrltrou (Erx. 3-45). Avoropnrer pnpo-oro npog rr;v oupoddXo ruoq ror nioo npog ro opOo, orpo0 rotru-qler rov on[o0ro Ootro rou rotrnou.

0 nlurUg orivdeopog 14g pfirpog (ELx. 3-25 Srog 3-27, 3-28 ror3-43). llopLoro nruXq rou nepuovofou, q ono[o ro],0nreror onoUeoo0rltrro ror ond rrg drlo ntreupeg inq. 0 drntroq ourog u;r6vog,exre(veror ono ro ntroyto Xertrq qg UnTpoq g6Xpr ro ntroyro roLXrir-

U0T0 Tnq etroooovog nuetrou. 0 ntroruq ouvdeogog ouyrporel rrlplrpo orq rpuorotroyrr1 rrlq 05o1. To duo nerotro rou ntroreog ouv-6eopou ouveXovror oro ovrrr (etreuOepo) Xeftog rou, ro ono[o rpe-peTor ilpoq ro epnpog ror novtrr ror nepr$otrtreL rov uroytoyo. llpogro n),oyro ouveXf(eror, novor ono ro ioo0lrrrd oyyero, aq, Kpe1o-oqpag oAvdeopog r4g uo04x4q.0r trroyoyo( pplorovror rtreLo96-voL ptloo oro etre0Oepo orpo rov ntror6tr,rv ouvbeopurrv. 0 iDroqofvdeopog qg olo0lrqq ppioreror npoq T0 nfoo ror novo ror oorpoyyAAoq oAvdeopoq, qq p4rpoq pploreroL npog T0 epnpdq rorrdro gSoo orov ntroru ouvdeopo. 0 ntroruq orjvdeopoq neprdXer e-

[trlneprrovoiro roro (ouvberrro roro roL treieq guir6q [veg), o ono[-og onotele[ rc nopaprlrprc. 0 ntrorug ouvdeopoq npootpdper orrl-pt[r1rot orrlv too0rlrrlpe ro peooo0rlrro (Err. 3-264 r<or 3-44), nouorpopo ppoXe(o nepuovoirrl nruxn, rl ono[o ouvd6er ro npooOto

Xefioq rr;g tr.roO1rr1q pe ro on(o0to nerotro rou ntrordog ouvdrl-opou. To peooootrn(yyro elvor ro rpqpo rou ntror6og ouvdrlo;-roupero[f rou ldrou ouv66opou qg oo0rqrnq, Tnq olo0rlxqg Kor Tou

tloytrlyOu.0L ol6oerg 14g p{rpog (Err. 3-25, 3-28, 3-34, 3-40 r<oL 3-45).

IIpog ro epnpdg ro otlpo qg grlrpoq Xopi(eror ono rrlv oupodoXoruoq pe ro KulTelpnrpxo xoAnupa. Ed6 ro nepuovoro ovoxop-nrer ono rq prlrpo oqv onfo0ro enrqovero rqq oupoboXou ruoqg,ovr(ororXo npoq T0 on(o0ro opro qg enupoverog ourrlg. H KUoTro-glrprrrl nruXq efvoL revf, orov I Unrpo pp[oxeroL oq quorotroytrrl

rrlg 0eo1, evdr ouvrlOorg nepr6Xer gio evreprrfl dtrrro, orov n UnTpopploxeror oe on[o0ro r<trro1. flpog ro rforo ro odrpo qg plrpog rorro unepxotrnrrd rplpo rou rpoXrltrou Xtopi(ovroL ono ro orygoerdigroAov pe evo n6ro),0 rou neprrovo[ou K0r rlv neprrovorrfl xortro-rqro. H prlrpo Xtlrpi(eror ono ro opOo Ue ro eu1upryprco xlAnupa(rou Douglas). To ror6repo rprlgo ourou rou ro),ntlporog epXeroroe orevq oX6o1 ge rov onioOro Ootro rou rotreou. Ilpog ro ntrdyroelvor notru orlpovlr4 n oxdon rou oupqrrlpo pe rq pqrproio oprq-p(0. 0 oupqqpog XLo(eror pe q p4rpto(o oprqpio, ro0tirg nopeue-ror roro ono ourlv or4v nloyLo enrqovero rou rpoXrltrou.

Apr4pieg rqg pfirpoq (Eu.3-241 etlrq 3'28). 0r oprrlpieg rrlqprlrpoq npoepXovror roro rupro troyo ono lg p4rpnbq oprqpbq.Areroduouv orov ntroru ouvdeopo oT0 ulloq rorv ntroyrrrrv Ootrtrlv

rou rotreo0, novo ono roug ouprlrlpeg. Avr(ororXo npog rov roOpo

rqq p1rp0q 11 pqrpto(o opqp(o brXo(eror ror divel 6vov peyotro

ovrovro rtrodo yLo ro o6po irlg plrpoq ror evov prrpo rorrovrortrodo yro rov rpoXqtro ror rov rotreo. H prlrpo rporpodore(ror en(-of q Kor ono rrq uo1qxxeq apr4pbq, nou efvol xtrodor qq ooprrlq(Err. 3-25, ptr. en(o1q Err. 2-83). 0r pqrpto(eq oprqpieg q6povrorpero[u rorv nerotrov rou ntroreog ouvddopou roro pqroq rov n],0-yulv Xettr6trlv qq pqrpog, p6XpL rrlv eloobo o'ourrlv rtrrv tlloyrrryrirv,

clnou p6povror npoq r0 elor xor ovooropuirvovror Us nq ooO4rrregoprrlpreq.

0treprxrj nopo;1ereuo4 14g p{rpog (Err. 3-25, ptr. en(o1q Err.2-83). 0r p4rproleg qlepeq bteroduouv orov n],oru ouvdeopo po((ge rrq gqrproleq oprqpreq. IXlpori(ouv ro p4rpLob qAeBxo 6i-rruo, de[Lo rol oprorepo rou rpoXrltrou ror erpotrtrouv orrg eoar

Antaeor)BrKoCxdpaC

H B o K u ar t K o C a u v 6 € o l_t o C

Erxtivo 3-45. To nepuovoto ro onoio roLunreL ro yuvoLrelo nue],u<oopyovo tp6peror: 1. ono ro npooOlo r<orLtoro ro[Xo1ro,2. novo ono rolBtr<o ooro, 3. oqv ovtrl enrqovero qg oupodoXou rfor4g 4. on6 r4vr0oq oqv plrpo (ruoreopqrptro ro),nolpo) 5. orov nu0p6vo r<or rootirpo rrlg UlTp0q, rov on[o0ro 0rjtro ror ro ro(Xrrlpo rou rotreou, 6. pe-ro[u rlq p1rpog ror rou opOou (eu0upqrprro rotrntopo), 7. or4v npo-o0ro ror lg ntroyreq enLtpovereg rou oneu0uop6vou, 8. npoq ro nlou-r,onou peron(nrer oro orypoerd6g peoorotro.

NYEAOZ KAI NEPINEO 33s

Aayoweg EAEBeq. To qtreprro ouro d(rruo ouvdeeror ge rqv ovrr.r

otltoppoidtt<1 qtrepo oXrllrori(ovrog 6rot ovaoropuoq pera{A r7qnuAo[ag Kot rnq ouorr1pouxrlq xuxAotpop[oq.

Aepqrx{ nupolereuo4 rqg p{rpog (Err. 3-42). To trepqoyyeioqq plrpog orotrou0ouv rperg rupLeg o6o0q: (1) ro neprooorepotrepqoyyeto ono rov nu0pevo qq pqrpog nopeuovror po(r pe ro o-o0qrtro oyye[o ror erpotrtrouv 0r0uq 00pnK0uq iegpodeveq ovror opropevo treUpoyyeio exBotrtrouv orouq e{o Aoyovtoug AepEa-deveq n nopeuovror po(i pe ro orpoyyutro ouvdeo;ro rqq plrpogxor erpoLLouv oroug enmoArlq BouBuvtxolg Aeprpadtveg, (2) rotregtpoyyeLo rou otoporog Trlq UlTpoq QepovTor Usoo Tou ntror6ogouvbeopou oroug e{a Aoyowouq Aeprpadeveg, (3) ro treptpoyye(orou rpoXrltrou r1g pilrpog, er$otrtrouv oTOUq €o&i Aoy6vLouq xotroug rc,poiq AepEadeveq.

Nefpoo4 r4g p{rpog (Err. 3-47). To ve0po rqq plrpoq npoSp-

Xovrot ono rc xoru unoyootpto nAeypo xoL potrroro ono qv npo-o0ro rot U6on Uorpo ourou, yvrrlorl ac, pqrpoxoAeilxo nAEypo, roonolo pploreror pero[u rov nero],ov rou ntroreog ouvbeopou, e-xorepo0ev rou rpoXrltrou. 0t nopooupnoOqrtreq lveg npodpXovrorono ro nue.lrra onAoyvtxo velpo (12,13 ror l4), ev6 oL oupnoOrlrt-rdg iveg npo6pXovror ono ro noponovor ntreypo. To veupo rouipoXtltrou oXlpori(ouv ntr5ypo, oro ono(o onovrdvror prrpo nopo-rpoXrltrLro yoyytrro, rlvo rcov onoltrrv, ouXvo peyotro, ovopo(eroryayyAto rou rpoy1Aou r4q pr1rpaq.0L ourovopeq fveg rou prlrpo-rotreirou ntreygoroq, eivor ruplog oyyerorrvqrrr6g. 0r neprooore-peg ono rrg revrpopotreg rveg ovrlpXovror pe ro roro unoyoorprontr6ygo ror eroepXovror orov vorrrolo puetro dro rorv 010 eolq 012ror 01 vorrolov ve uporv.

H grlrpo xoro rqv noL6rrq qtrLr(o eivor roilLoro rlpyo-v0 Kor 0 rpoXl),og eivoi oXenro poxpuq. Kord rqv eqqpeioI UnTpo ovonruooeror roXuroro. 2rr1v e1ry4vonouo4 (46 e-oq 52 ertlv), n Urlrpo ro0[ororor o6povrlg ror ro p6ye0dgrrlg el,orrtirverot (u E {oraro L ary oEio) . Aretrr1 g ouvrlvtoo4Tov n0p0ptoovetppLr6v noporv roro qv egppuirrl (orr1,

pnopel vo o61yr1oer oe norr[treg dropoprieg otlv 6rontroor1rolv eoo yevvlnrdlv opyovrrrv, n.X. 6rntr{ prirpo rot dtntroqrotredg (Moore,1988).

0 rpdXqtrog ror ro odr;ro rqg pqrpoq etreyXovror rtrr-vrxo pe opEiXerpq eldrooq. To duo np6ro doxrutro rou de-lLou XepLou eroepXovror gqtro peoo orov rotrno, ev6 ro ol-tro X6pt nL6(eL npog ro n[oo.r xor roro r4v qBrrfl nepLoXrl rounpooOrou xorl,rorod rorXrilporog, oprioo:g ndvo ono rrlvqprrrl o0;upuor1. Me ourov rov rpono eldyXeror ro p6ye0ogqg p4rpoq, otrtro r<or otrtro XopoxqprorLrd rqq (n.X. eovppiorerot orrl quorotroyLxrl rqq 06oq qq npoo0rog xtrionq),(ELr. 3-34). Irqv neplnrotol nou 0 Lo0pdq rqg ;ulrpog eivotUotrordq (olpeio rou Hegar), o rpoXqtrog biveL rrlv evrfnrrl-or1 dtr dXer onoXopLo0ei ond ro o69o rqg prppog. 0 gotro-r<og roOpog onore),el 6vo np6rpo orlpeio eyrugoouvlq. Torprlgo rou peoovetpprxou nopou, ono ro onoio npo6pXovroLo onepporLxdq Kor 0 eKon€pgorrorrrog nripog orov ovdpo,

e(vor duvorov vo nopogeiver ou1 yuvolro og nopog rouGartner. Bploxeror pero{u rolv nerotrolv rou ntroreog ouv-d6opou xoro prlrog rolv ntrol6v XeLtr6rov'rnq Uqrpoq r'l rouroLeo0. Ynol,er;.rporLro ororXe[o ro]v Ueooveqprrdv nopcrlve[vor 0uvorov vo odqyrloouv orq drlproupyio xuoreulv rouncipou rou Gartner (Moore, 1988).

0r rooytoyoi (Err. 3-26 eorq 3-28, 3-34, 3-40, 3-41,3-44 t-toq 3-46). 0rooyrrryoi (oolnLyyeg) e(vor nopor pqroug 10 eolg 12er. ror droperpou 1er., or onolol errelvovror npoq T0 6[o ono roxeparo rnq Unrpoq 0r ooyrrryoi peroq6pouv oorurropo ono rrg o-oOrlreg Kor onepUoro(oopro ono 11 prlrpo oq Ar1t<u1o Touq, rl

ono(o onoretrei ro orlpe [o onou enuetre[T0r rl yovrUonorlon. 0r rrr-

oyrrlyoI en[o1g perotpdp0uv Tov drorpougevo (uy6rq orlv xoilorq-ro qq g1rpog KoOe o;oytoyoq eUQovi(er evo revrprxo oropro oroovriororXo rdpoq qq plrpog ror sv0 rrprQeprKo oropro, ovorXroort1v neprrovoixrl rortrorrlro, xovro oqv oo0qrq. Iuventlg, or rrro-

yoyoI enup5nouv TI]v enlrorvovlo gero[f rqg nepuovoixrlg ror],0-Trlr0g Kor rou e(oreprro0 neprpotrtrovrog. lro neprypoqrro0g tro-y0uq, 0 uoyuyoq brorpelrol oe reooepo rprlporo: rov xtiduva, rqAr1xu)o, rov Lo0p6 xot r4 prlrpLa(a poipa.

0 xddav (l Xoovn) elvor ro oXrlporog Xoovrlg, d[ro I nepupepr-ro orpo rou ooyrrlyou, ro onolo 6pxerot oe orevrl oxeol us Tlv (l)-00111. Avoryer oTrlv neprrovoirq roiloqTo Ue r0 xoLAtoxo rouoropto (Etx,3-27 r,u 3-46). To 6lro ouro oropro rou ooyrr.ryou eXerdtoperpo 2 Xrtr. t<ot pploreror orov nu0prlvo rou rdrdiovo. l-lepLpotr-),eror ono 20 eoq 30 xpooooAq.0r dorru),roerdefg oureg npoosK-potreg e(ontrovovror oTrlv enrqovelo qq ooOr1xr1g, evti evog onoouroug, o porpurepog, o uo04xLx6q xpoooog npoorpueror orrlv o-o01rq (Err. 3-44). Koro qv ooppl(io, or rpooooI noyldeuouv roolorurropo ror ro npoto0o0v ono ro rod,roro oropro orrl trqru0orou aroyoyori.

H Atlxu1oq rou oroyoyou onoreLeI Trlv ttpoq ro eoto ouveXerorou rodo.lvo. I'ouro ro ropporr rou otoytr.ryou, pe qv etrrroerd1 no-pe[0, enuetre[rot ouvrl0og 11 yovrponoiqol rou orop(ou ono roonepporo(oropro. H tr1ru0og e[vor 1 nlo porpro ror eupe[o porporou oroyrrryoU, ouvrordlvrog nepinou ro prroo prlrog rou. 0 to01t6c,rou ooyroyou onore),e( ro BpoXu (neprnou 2, 5 er), orevo ror pe

noxro rorxtol.roro rpqgo rou ooyrr:you, ro onolo eloepxeror oTt'l ul-rpo peoo rtrlv reporov r1g. H lultpnta poipa (evdororyaporLx4

1toip0) tou rr.loyroyou e ivor ro ppoXu rprlpo Tou, T0 ono[o drdpXeroLp6oo ono ro noX0 guoglrpLo ror erpotrtrer p,e ro prlrptob oroluoorrlv rorLorrlro rqq pqrpoq. To oroprro ouro efvor pLrporepo ono roxoLAtoxo otoltto.

0t uoyuyoi pplorovroL oro ovu, eAeA1epo ye[trog rou nAorE-oq ouvdeopou rrlq p4rpaq (Err. 3-26A, 3-27 ror 3-44). To rp1;rotou n),oreog ouvdeopou n0u npooQUtror 0r0v trroytrlyo ovopo(eroru0otvTepro rou oroytrryou tl ueooooAnUyro. 0r trtoyrrtyol qepovrolnpoq T0 6[o ror roro npog ro ntroyro ro(Xroporrlg nuetrou. Iq ou-vdXero qdpovror npoq ro novor, oXrlpor[(ovrog ro{o novot ono rrgooOqreq. l\4e e (oLpeoq rq glrprolo po[po roug, or trtoyrLryol gpLoxo-

vTOr ut00 0ro ntprrov0r0.


Aprqpie q rov tooytoyov (ELr. 3-24t rot3-25 6tog 3-28). 0L op-rqpLeg rov o-royoryrilv npoepXovrot ono rtg pqrpnbg rot rtg ato04-

xLxeg apr4pbg. 0r rtrodot yto T0uq llloyt'.tyouq nope uovrot npogouro0g pero[0 rov nero],tov rou ntroreog ouvdeopou.

0treprxrj nopolereuoq rov tooytoytov (Etr. 3-25 rot 3-28). 0L

tplepeq rolv rooyrrryiitv ouvobeuouv rtg ovrlorotXeq opTI]ptsg K0t

erBotrtrouv orLg prlrptoteg rot oto0lrtreg qlepeg.Aeprprxrj nopo;lereuoq rtov tooytoytitv (Etx. 3-42). To tregqoy-

ye(o rov uroyoydrv orotrou0oLjv erelvo rou nu0ptlvo rt1q UI]Tp0qK0r Tov o-ro01rdrv, ovepXovrot po(i pe rLg oo0lrtreg QtrdBeq r0terpotrtrouv or0uq 00prtKOuq trepqoddveq rqq ooqutxtlq Uotp0q.

Ne riptooq rov tooytoytitv (Etr. 3-25 rot 3-47). To ve upo rtr-tv trl-

oyorytirv npo6pXovrot ono ro oo0lrtro rot ro plrpto[o ntreygo. Ke-

vrpopotreq rveg ono roug tooytr.ryoug tpdpovrot pe ro 011, 012 rot01 vorro(o veupo.

Iuvq0orq ro oldpto yovtponote(roL orq tr1xuOo rou o-oyoryou. Ko0tirq o drotpoupevog (uytlrqq, nou npor0nret,petoxtveirot opyo roro prlroq rou trtoytrtyoti perorp6nerotat popidLo, ro ono[o xot rorotrqyeL orrl grlrpo (Moore,19BB). l-ovLponoiqorl orop[ou 6ev efvoL duvorov v0 entTeu-

X0ei orqv nepinroro4 nou eivot onotppoyp6vor roL ot duo tl-oytr.ryoi, otpou to oneppoto(oopto 6ev elvot duvorov vo rorp8ooouv. Mfu ono uq xupLeq, o,:l.eg oretpotnroq otlg yu-

vokeg, e[vat r7 anorppa{q ruv uayuytitv, A6yu Aoitta€ng.H aneLxdvLorl rrlq pororqroq rou ooyttyoti entruyXdvetot

Ue eyxuoq oxtoortxo0 utrtrou oq pfrpo. H oxrLvotroytrtloutr; U6Bo6oq ovopo(erot uorepoootrntyYoYpotpio (ELx. 3-

46). H onoAivaon ruv ayuytiv onorelei pio ono rLg peOo-

6ouq eldyxou rorv yevvfloeov. To oorurropo rov yuvolrtivourtrrv, ro onoio eleuoepdlvovror ono rtg trtooqxeg, roro-trrlyouv oT0uq ooyoyoug, ne0o[vouv ereI xol ouvtogo dLo-

truovror. M(o 0trtr1 reXvtxrl ouviorotot orrlv onotppo[4 rolvooyoytirv pe ntroorLro puoporo, ro ono[o pnopouv v0 0Q0t-peOouv. Ie nooooro peyotrurepo ono 90% 0t XstpoupYtK€qenepBooetq yro orerponoinol otpopouv elre oe rottrtorq,e(re oe tronopoorontxrl onotr[vtrlol rotv trloytr.tydrv (Hannah,

19Bg). H xortrroxli onotrfvt'roq rov tooytoytov y[verot ptlotrl

Urxpnq roUlq novo ono rrlv qptt<t1 ouUtpuon (Ftr. ELx. 2-

14f). H lonopoorontx{ onotrfvttoq rtov ttoytoytitv y[verotpr6oo rou tronopooxon[ou. Auro poto(et Ue gtrpo rr1treor6-nro, rp6per rptllreLvtl nrlyq rot e tooyerot U6oto Utrpnq roU[q,ouvr'1Ourq xovro orov oprpotro. Hptrtl roptl pnope( eniorlg voy(ver. lro neprooorepeg ntrlpotpopieq nepi rtov reXvtrdrvour6v, ptr. Hannah (1989).

EneLdfl 11 yevvqrLrrq odoq rnq yuvo(roq ppforerot oe

ogeorl enrroLvolv(o pre qv nepLrovoix4 roilotrlro peool rouroilrorof oropiou rorv rooyuytilv (Etr. 3-46), oL lotptiletqrou xotrnou, rnq Ulrpoq Kot TIJV ooytoytilv e(vot duvorov vo

rorotrrl(ouv oe neprrovfrr6o. Me ovotroyo rpono, 1 trotptr.t-

(r1 rov uloytoydtu (ooAnryyftrdo) pnopefvo e[vot onor6],e-opo troLprir(eov rrlq reprTovoirnq xodornroq. Ie optoltti-veg neptnrtloelg eivor Ouvotov vo noporqprl0ei outrtroyr1

nuou oroug ooyroyo0g (nuooaAnLyya) pe onorStreopo pe-

pLxrl onotppolrl Touq, troytr-r ouprpuoeov. Irtg nepLnrtloetgour6q o (uVdrnq nrOovov vo pr1 pnope( vo npoXtrlptloeL

Erxrivo 3-46. Arlvoyporp(o pr1-

rp0q K0r rooyrrrytirv (uorepoootr-nryyoypoQro) Uero ono TIlv syXU-

ol oKTrvooKrtpou utrtrou oTrl Url-rpo Usottt rou oroplou rlq Ur]-Lpoq. To oneLxovrortrd utrtxo ne-pooe ond rrlv rpryovrrrl roLtrdqrorlq urlTp0q (0r T0uq (l)0Y(0Y0uq

(reqotreg Betrtirv) r<ot X001re orrlvnepuovolrq xoildqro (en( ro e-r<rr1q rorv xeqotrdlv rov Betrtrlv). To

K ovrrorotXe[ orov roOerrlpo noueXer erooX0e[ orov rpoXltro qgJnTpoq H o,<lvoypotp[o ourrl o-reLrovr(eL rrlv opsol1 tnLK0tvoJvt0qg yuvorre(oq yevvrlrLrlg odou

Us rlv noprr0v0ir<1 r<oAorrlro, ye-yovog nou unoolpo[vet nt0ovox[vduvo droonopoq oqv nepuo-voir<r1 r<orLorqro ronoLoq holpto-

€lq rou roLnou.

LJs€ SUS


I k"h".iF'.:i*:--!i-."! tri\

]+ i Jlr:a'\.' l:|" 1i'-#"-i'i \i*qr:.kl';,i','q.*-.

AELrOo6€voC

Kps Lroarh po C oi v6s ap oCu1c ooehKnc

Ynon€ptrovoiKocotoc

l€pa onnoxvtKo v€Apo(oupno0nrtKo)

Knodar ono at j!l,r;J/)rikcOT€ d€xoc (t€po An nJ ):t/tK a t/9U Do )

l€po v€upct 3 & 4 (nusntKcannoxvrKo v€upo)

fupn00tlttKoi Kno6ot

" :t"'.'&i

fueuilnt ptô Katlndt n ôt

nTut! l

.Jc/tr/Kc cL€r)sxoc

AvT unoyootpto nnEVLto

AptoT€po Kot 6€itaunovoafpta vsupa

n u € rl t K o on r-1o xv t Ko v€ u polnopoauLtnoanuKo )

Kote unoVootptonn€vLto

nu€r1t Ko onnoxvtKo vsupo(n opo au Lt noenr !Ko )

laxroKo vsupo

MovtiD€c vovvntaA!6oilKo vtuDo

Etxtlvo 3-47' A' Avorogrl K0T0 TO ptioo 0BsIL0i0 eninsoo yuvorKtroq nuslou yro rrlv K0r0bs16l rov 0uTgvgl.lov vrup.iv. To opgo exer rpopqx'einpoq T0 eunpoq rrov ovdpo T0 KoTo unoYoorpto ntrdypo rono0eTt[Tor or0 n],0yr0 Tou oileueuourivpu, Tov o[epp0T0d6xov ruoreorv, r'u np'-0T0rrl Kot rrlg onio0Log uotp0q qq Oupodoxou r<uoqg. B. To ovu.r Kor KoTo unoyoorpro nleypo. Iloporqpeiore ro o16oLiro veupo, rLodo T0u rep..inLeyporog, nou npodpxerot ono roug npoo0Loug nporeuovreg rtrodoug rorv 12, 13 ror 14. Avqr<er oro oopolro veupo r<or veupurveL rrlv neprolrlrou nepLveou (ELx. 3-63 ror 3-74).

GNGTS-

-HApept-

TTlv

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