PV System Based Novel Power Management for AC Grid …stability of the system and it developed the interface between the power grid to electrical vehicle system. So, energy PV System

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected]

Volume 9, Issue 3, March 2020 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 9, Issue 3, March 2020 Page 48

ABSTRACT: Nowadays electricity has become the inevitability of humans to carry on their works. As we know we are running out of resources. In order to accomplish the requirement, we are making enhancements in the prevailing technologies. When a solar PV Array (PVA) is used for electricity generation using the sun’s energy. This paper deals with optimal management of power in residential areas by utilizing the energy generated by the PVA when it is operational, so that the energy which is consumed under normal conditions from the grid can be saved by using a nonrenewable source of energy. The main idea is to save electricity from the grid to the maximum by generating electricity using PVA that generates electricity using solar energy. But by using PVA to generate electricity leakage occurs. This leakage is minimized by using Bi-Directional Converters in the circuit which boosts the voltage generated by PVA to the required level of the voltage. This paper is proposed to design a Bi-Directional Converters for photovoltaic Arrays (PVA) system using PICmicrocontroller. Keywords: PVA (Photo Voltaic Array), CUK Converter, Isolated Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter, PIC Microcontroller (Peripheral Interface Controller), MOSFET I. INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW In order to procure efficient power production to the world much importance is given to the enhancements in the renewable energies. From the past the major amount of power generation is dependent on the availability of coal. According to the assumptions we are now leftover with the coal for only 3 decades. So, we are opting for the alternative such as renewable energy and PV is the best method to improvise the power generation at the generating stations. Solar energy is abundant and can be extracted according to the requirement. Solar PV can be used to minimize the cost of power grids. As we know solar energy is not available every time so there is immense difference in the generation and load. This should be stabilized so, we are opting the use of bidirectional converter. As we know Bidirectional converter is used for forward and reverse flow of power. In the recent years many topologies were produced like isolated bidirectional, dual active bridge, and conventional dual active bridge. Conventional dual active bridge is the better option prior to isolated bidirectional and dual active bridge because of complex control methods. In the dual active bridge we can reduce leakage current using different techniques such as pulse width modulation or by producing different types of signals like trapezoidal. The converter is highly efficient so, we are giving different signals to the switches to operate. The importance of development in renewable energies is increasing rapidly. Extraction of Solar energy has become necessity for efficient running of both the industrial and residential power production. Major power production revolves around the availability of the coal. Most of these plants are operating below 70 % capacity only. To improve capacity of utilization without new plants solar PVA’s in cascade with the thermal power plants are the best option. Consumption of coal increases day by day and may be depleted in 33 years. By focusing on renewable energy sources solar PV is the best methodology to implement at thermal power stations to improve the efficiency of the power plant. Mismatch losses are related to the adverse operation of a PV panel by defective or shaded cells such as the presence of dirt, changes in temperature, damaged cells, and nonuniform irradiation or partial shadows Solar power plants are naturally free and its energy is last up to many years. It can be used in the areas where it is too expensive to extend the power grid. Solar energy is not constant so there is a mismatch in the energy developed by source and the load generated. This mismatching is should be reduced for the system to be stable. So bidirectional process is best one for the improved the stability of the system and it developed the interface between the power grid to electrical vehicle system. So, energy

PV System Based Novel Power Management for AC Grid Using CUK and Isolated

Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter

Syed Mujtaba Mahdi Mudassir1, Owais Mohsin2

1Assistant Professor, Deccan College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India 2Graduate student, Msc. Electrical Power and Energy Systems,

Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK

http://www.ijaiem.org

mailto:[email protected]




transfer is easy for this type of system [2-5]. The system should have bidirectional power flow capability to store the excess energy generated by renewable resources, and release it when the load is heavy or renewable energy is not sufficient [6], [7]. Many isolated bidirectional topologies have been proposed and studied in recent years, and the dual-active-bridge converter is one of the most popular topologies for its simplicity and high-power density [8]– [12]. A lot of control methods have been proposed to minimize the circulating energy or extend its soft-switching range by phase shift or duty cycle control, but the control methods are complex and cannot solve all the disadvantages at the Same time [13] – [15]. In the conventional Dual Active Bridge technology the leakage current can be reduced by different kind of techniques like pulse width modulation techniques or zero voltage switching(ZVS) or by providing different type of signal to the MOSFET'S like trapezoidal or triangular signal to minimize the leakage current and reduction of conduction losses of the circuit[16]. To reduce the level of current in the dual active bridge, the required condition is to achieve zero current switching in some of the switches[17] , [18], the level of leakage power can be also reduced by setting equal pulse width modulation in each bridges[19], for minimization of the leakage power and RMS value and peak value of the current can also be reduced by the controlling the switching condition[20] . As the converter efficiency is higher, we use different signals to operate the switches instead of phase shift operation between the bridges.

Fig1: Basic Block Diagram of a Solar Power plant

2. Types of DC-DC Converters

Several DC-DC converter topologies have been given in the literature [27-30] to integrate the energy storage systems to the dc bus. A hybrid system employing both battery and ultra-capacitor with dynamic energy management is proposed in [31].

2.1 Uni-Directional Converters:

A typical layout of such a converter, which is usually implemented via unidirectional components such as power MOSFET's and diodes, as shown in Fig2, in which basic unidirectional dc–dc boost converters are shown as an example.Unidirectional components such as Power MOSFET’s and diodes are used in the unidirectional converters. Because of their nature to oppose the flow of current in the opposite direction. Single quadrant switches are used because the power flow is unidirectional. In converters such as those shown, the power flow is unidirectional because single-quadrant switches are used, and reverse current cannot flow in the diodes.

Fig2. Uni directional Power Flow Fig 3. Uni directional Boost Converter






2.2 Bi-Directional Converters Basic dc–dc converter topologies offer unidirectional power transfer, where the input source supplies only the load for generation else absorbs energy for regenerative mode. Bidirectional Converters are controlled by microcontroller unit and amplifies power from solar panel to stable output. These converters have limited applications such as sensors, utilities, and circuit security. But the bidirectional structure as shown in Fig.2 a no isolated dc–dc converter, which can be realized by replacing the one-way direction semiconductors used in unidirectional topologies with current-bidirectional two-quadrant switches. This bidirectional converter produces amplifies power output to 12v from solar panel and it is controlled by microcontroller unit and generates pulse width modulation signal. This pulse width modulation controls Bi directional converters. The DC power for the inverter from the bidirectional converter fed to grid connected or stand alone system. When the MATLAB software is interfaced with PIC16F877A microcontroller helps us to achieve the boosting and to automatically switch the relays between the 2 power sources. Bidirectional converters are classified into the following categories non - isolated bidirectional DC – DC converter, isolated bidirectional DC – DC converter. Non -isolated Bidirectional converter: Bidirectional conduction switches can enhance the capability of the converter and this results in the formation of non isolated bidirectional converter. Coming to the basic buck and boost converters do not inherit the bidirectional property because of the presence of diode, in order to make buck and boost converters bidirectional we can replace the circuit with MOSFET’s or IGBT’s with antiparallel diode. Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter: These converters can produce power from few watts to hundred of kilowatts. For the proper operation of the power systems a proper galvanic isolation and matching of voltages are the essential criteria and this can be achieved by adding power electronic circuits. The Bi-Directional Converters is designed amplify power from solar panel to a stable 12V output. It is controlled by a microcontroller unit. The output of the bidirectional boost converter is measured continuously and the values are sent to the microcontroller unit to produce pulse-width-modulation (PWM) signal. The PWM controls the duty cycle of the Bi-Directional Converters. Typical application of this Bi-Directional Converters is to provide DC power supply for inverter either for grid- connected or stand -alone system. The amount of boosting and automatic switching of the relays between the two sources of power is achieved with help of PIC16F877A microcontroller interfaced with MATLAB software.

Fig 4. Bi-Directional Power flow Fig 5. Bi-Directional Boost Converter 2.2 Classification of Bidirectional DC-DC converter Basically, bidirectional DC-DC converters can be classified into two categories depending on the Galvanic isolation between the input and output side: 1. Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC- DC converters 2. Isolated Bidirectional DC -DC converters 2.2.1 Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC- DC converters Basically, a non-isolated bidirectional DC- DC converter can be derived from the unidirectional DC-DC converters by enhancing the unidirectional conduction capability of the conventional converters by the bidirectional conducting switches. Due to the presence of the diode in the basic buck and boost converter circuits, they do not have the inherent property of the bidirectional power flow. This limitation in the conventional Boost and Buck converter circuits can be removed by introducing a Power MOSFET or an IGBT having an antiparallel diode across them to form a bidirectional switch and hence allowing current conduction in both directions for bidirectional power flow in accordance with the controlled switching operation. The below figure 5 consists of non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC a) Buck converter b) Boost Converter






Figure 6: Bidirectional DC-DC a) Buck converter b) Boost Converter

2.2.2 Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter

These converters can regulate a wide range of power from few watts to hundreds of kilowatts. Galvanic isolation is required in certain applications demanding Personnel safety, noise reduction as well as proper operation of protection systems. Also, certain systems require voltage matching between the different stages for the proper design and the optimization of different stages. Generally, Voltage matching and Galvanic isolation is achieved by the transformer in a power electronic circuitry. This necessitates the requirement of the ac link for the energy transfer. Thus, the system complexity grows up with the incorporation of all this features. Basically, most of the isolated bidirectional DC- DC converters have the structure as shown in the figure 6.

Figure 7: Basic Structure of an Isolated Bidirectional DC- DC Converter.






Figure8: Block Diagram of the Proposed Converter 3. Several algorithms using the Hill Climbing Control (HCC) are discussed in Farret and Godoy Simões [22],

Hohm and Ropp [23]. Hill Climbing Method: This technique is categorized in 3 types Perturb & Observe Algorithm (P & O) Modified Adaptive P & O Method Incremental Conductance Algorithm(INC) The most efficient methods of Hill Climbing Control methods are P & O, INC. In P& O algorithm,the operating voltage or current of the PV is perturbed and the obtained power helps in deciding the changes in the voltage and current. It is continued until the power begins to fall.this algorithm measures the voltage and current to calculate power and compare with the last calculated powerThis technique is based on the successive increments of a selected pulse width w in a PWM control incremental step of voltage across terminals or in a current through the PV inverter, then increasing its output power PPV up to the maximum point. This process continues until the output power passes the maximum power point for the first time ever, as illustrated in Fig. 3.32. After that, it goes backwards to the MPP and so forth.

Fig 9: Graph showing Hill Climbing method for depicting maximum power point






3.1 Perturb and Observe(P&O): This method is very similar to the Hill Climbing Control. A small output power increase or decrease is introduced through the voltage or current reference level. Based on the resulting output power before and after this alteration is established the direction of the next maximum power point. As the array comes closer to its maximum power point, the steps of reference signal are gradually decreased or increased according the variations of power until the steady-state condition is reached. This introduces a steady-state error. With very low levels of irradiance, the performance of this technique is aggravated even more. Also, regular disturbances in resonant systems may cause undesired problems. Furthermore, the dynamical control response of this algorithm is slow and may stay off the maximum power point for some time, since it is commonly expected to change in solar irradiance or temperature [24, 25].

3.1.1 Forward Power Flow Mode In this mode the bidirectional converter works as buck convertor. The switch S2 is in off condition and switch SI operates. The duty cycle of switch SI is based on error of reference voltage and battery bank B, voltage as shown in Eqn. 4. This mode operates when the 24 V battery bank voltage fall below the certain set voltage.

3.1.2 Reverse Power Flow Mode In this mode the bidirectional converter works as boost convertor. Switch SI is in off state and switch S2 operates. The duty cycle of switch S2 is controlled by the controller, depending upon the error of reference voltage and battery bank a voltage as shown by Eqn. 2. This mode operates when the 48 V battery bank voltage fall below the certain set voltage. The controller is tuned for stable charging and discharging of both batteries. The design specifications of bidirectional converter and battery parameters which are employed for simulation are shown in Table 1. A controller is continuously used to control and drive circuits of boost converter as well as buck converter for stable charging and discharging of both the battery banks. The output voltage of boost converter for reverse power flow is dependent on duty cycle, given as [1]: Non-isolated Bi-directional CUK converter having bidirectional power flow and consists of linear and nonlinear elements for the energy transfer from the input port to the output port.it is better converter than the fly back in the way of output current waveform and ripple voltage and duty ratio is given as 50% of the total time period.

Fig 10: Topology of a Non-isolated Bi-directional DC-DC CUK Converter 4: Converter Analysis:

It is very complex circuit design and output voltage is negative with respect to the ground. Voltage-second balance and charge balance are the key concepts for the calculating of steady state parameters. Coupling capacitor is transfer energy from the input port to the output port through electro-magnetic conversation.






In CUK converter, apply KVL in the outer loop of the circuit and then find out the voltage across coupling capacitor.

This capacitor can bare the large ripple voltage. Because, its voltage is internal change of the operation and it' s not affect the output voltage ripple. Equivalent series resistance (ESR) of coupling capacitor is high. On the other hand, practically, film capacitor is having high ESR value and it is suitable for the coupling capacitor for the CUK converter.

Consider off-period of the CUK converter for the design of the input inductor based on the volt-seconds balance.

Therefore,

CUK converter provides both input and output are continuing and get less ripple in output voltage. Besides, we have to kept high value of coupling capacitor for stiffness of voltage. Due to this capacitor only transfer of energy from input port to output port [26]. The total leakage inductance required for a given power transfer is given by:

Boost inductance value is given by:






Fig11. Proposed Bidirectional DC-DC Converter

4.1.1 Working principle of the boost circuit:

The boost structure is also divided into three states, namely, continuous, discontinuous, and critical. In the bidirectional DC/DC system, the inductor current is in continuous state. When the inductor current is continuous, the buck circuit also has two working states in one working period. Fig. 4 shows the equivalent circuit in the first mode of operation when Q2 is switched on and Q1 is switched off. The voltage of the lithium battery is directly connected with the inductor, the inductor current continues to increase, and the storage energy also increases. The inductor current cannot be produced because Q1 is switched off, and the voltage is generated by the capacitor discharge [21]. When the DC power supply is switched off, the bidirectional DC/DC alters to boost mode, and the voltage output is stable.

Fig:12 Switching Signals






The duty ratio of Q1 is D, and Equation (10) is expressed as the mathematical model of the boost converter. Figure 4 shows the equivalent circuit of Q2 and the switch off of Q1. Equation (11) is obtained according to the circuit analysis.

DT

In the second mode of operation, when Q2 is switched off, the lithium battery and the inductive current are discharged through the diode. Given that the inductor current is inertial, the current is produced together with the supply current, and the capacitor is charged. The output voltage is stable, and the polarity remains unchanged. The inductance current decreases linearly. Fig. 5 shows the equivalent circuit of the boost mode when Q2 works in the switch-off state, and Equation (13) is derived from the circuit analysis.

When Q2 switches off, energy is released by inductance as shown in Equation (14) below.

When the boost circuit is stable, the energy of changes in the inductance (whenQ2is switched on) is equal to the energy of release of inductance (when Q1 is switched off), and Equation (15) is obtained as follow.

Therefore,

To sum up, the relationship between input and output voltages of the boost circuit is

4.1.2 DCM operation of the Converter: Bidirectional DC-DC converter are generally operated in the continuous conduction mode (CCM), and hence its

design requires a larger valued Filter inductor. A larger inductance can result in an increase in physical size of the inductor, which is not desirable. This large Filter inductor can also slow down the transient response of the converter as well as slow down any type of mode transitioning. With the circuit operating in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), the inductor value considerably reduces.






Since the DCM operation facilitates the minimization of the inductor value and thus making the response faster, therefore the converter can be designed to have a high-power density by operating in DCM mode. Another significant advantage is the zero-turn on loss and therefore low reverse recovery loss in diode during DCM operation. But, since in the DCM operation the main switch is switched off at double the value of the load current, therefore the losses during turn off increases. Also because of this, the inductor current exhibits parasitic ringing during turning off of the switch since the output capacitance of the switch in association with the inductor tries to oscillate and hence causes power dissipation and electrical stresses on the devices.

Fig13. Inductor current waveform during motoring operation in continuous conduction mode

This is the major disadvantage associated with the DCM operation. The efficiency reduces because of all these negative effects of the DCM operation. Therefore, the soft switching techniques as well as the remedial measures for the parasitic ringing have to be ensured in the converter design. The most important quality of the dual active bridge converter is that it provides an isolation circuit between then and using small number of components at the time of conversion and also it improves the high-power transfer or operation.

Switching the MOSFET with Zero Voltage Switching: If one considers the switching behavior of the components when operating the DAB with a high power, it quickly becomes apparent that all MOSFETs can be switched here with Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS). In the ZVS, the energy stored in the inductive components is used to recharge the switching nodes of the MOSFETs with virtually no loss. To achieve this, a positive drain-source current must be switched off. The current driven by the inductance then recharges the switching node of the MOSFETs and commutates into the body diode of the second MOSFET of the half-bridge. If the MOSFET is now switched on, its drain-source voltage is nearly 0 V. This means that there are no significant switch-on losses, which reduces the overall loss balance.






Figure 14: Bi-directional DC-DC CUK Converter: (a) Input Current, (b) Output Current and (c) Output Voltage

Fig 15: Simulation Results Showing Duty Ratio of Bidirectional Converter Operating in Each Direction and Also Switching Pulses of Switches SI and S2






Fig 16: Simulation result for primary voltage

Fig 17: Simulation result for secondary voltage

5. Simulation Results and Conclusion:

The output of the solar panel is given to the input of the CUK converter, the input & output currents and voltages are shown. The input and output current of the bidirectional converter are continuous and less output current ripple (0.177% of average output current) and output voltage ripple (l.425% of the output voltage) compare to the non-isolated bi-directional DC-DC CUK converters.

Fig 18: Simulation Diagram for Bidirectional DC-DC Converter






Coupling capacitor value is independent on the output voltage ripple. Because, it' s internal change of operation and coupling of input port and output port. The value of internal capacitor (coupling capacitor) is 13 times lower than the output capacitor value and its ESR value is not considering for calculating the value. because, its value completely depends on the internal operation of the coupling capacitor. The non-isolated bi-directional CUK converter would perform better than the above mention DC-DC converters in the way of ripple factor range of voltage capability and power density.

Fig19: Simulation result for grid current

Fig 20: Simulation result for grid voltage

Also, shown Nominal current discharge characteristics of battery given by the manufacturer. These battery banks are charged and discharged depending upon voltage level of battery bank. The above characteristics are nonlinear and depend upon the voltage rating of battery. Respectively for bidirectional operation of converter in forward power flow and reverse power flow mode. The simulation results are also shown for different duty ratio of bidirectional converter operating in each direction and also switching pulses of switches SI and S2 respectively. When power is flowing form source to load the bidirectional converter works as boost converter. The voltage across battery is increasing and current is negative that is battery is charging. At the same time voltage across battery is decreasing and current is positive that is battery is feeding power to Source. When the battery voltage decreases the minimum boundary limit, the transition of bidirectional converter takes place and direction of power flow is reversed. Therefore, in case of photovoltaic system, whenever there is decrease in output power there is transition of bidirectional converter operation.

A basic bidirectional converter is taken to establish interconnection between battery bank systems that has been realized using bidirectional dc-dc converter. The DC-DC converter provides high voltage gain which can be used for controlling voltage and current level and also time for charging. This converter is efficiently controlled uniquely for direction of power flow and to establish efficient charging and discharging of battery banks respectively. The control scheme for bidirectional power flow is obtained by dc-dc converter operating modes.






Fig 21: Simulation Model of Bidirectional Converter Subsystem.

Fig 22: Simulation Model of Single Battery System.

Fig 23: Schematic Diagram for Simulation of Dual Battery Storage






The proposed system has satisfactory performance under different SOC and voltage of battery conditions without disturbing stability. The energy stored in battery shall be used during peak load conditions when the generated output is less than the supplied load. This bidirectional converter is effectively used is photo-voltaic system feeding to constant power to the grid.

Fig 24: Simulation diagram for the proposed system

Fig 25: Simulation result for total harmonics distortion






Fig.26: Simulation result for DC bus voltage

Fig 27: Simulation for AC Grid

Table 1. Specifications of the different Parameters

PARAMETER NOTATION VALUES

MAXIMUM CONVERTER POWER P 750W

BATTERY OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGE VBATT,OUT 24V-26V

BATTERY INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE VBATT,IN 26V-27V

DC BUS VOLTAGE VA 25V- 45V

SWITCHING FREQUENCY FS 12KHZ

PERCENTAGE BATTERY DISCHARGING CURRENT RIPPLE

ΔIBATT,OUT 6%

PERCENTAGE BATTERY CHARGING CURRENT RIPPLE

ΔIBATT,IN 22%






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AUTHORS

Syed Mujtaba Mahdi Mudassir received his B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in 2004 and 2009, respectively. His research interests include Power Converters, Photovoltaics, Power Conversion, Electric Vehicles, Power Electronics Inverters, Electrical Power Engineering, Renewable Energy Technologies, Energy Conversion, Wind Energy. He is now with Deccan College of

Engineering and Technology. Owais Mohsin received his B.E in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in 2019. His research interests include Electric vehicles, Energy transmission, generation, distribution, Renewable Energy, Electrical Designing and protection, Relay testing and commissioning. He is presently a graduate student studying MSc at Teesside University, Middleborough, United Kingdom.



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PV System Based Novel Power Management for AC Grid …stability of the system and it developed the interface between the power grid to electrical vehicle system. So, energy PV System