PV Castello

THE PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY

Ing. S. [email protected]

ENEA, Renewable Sources Sector

July 2006

SUMMARYPV plants featuresApplicationsStand alone plantsGrid connected systems and Distributed generationDemonstrative projectsTracking and concentrating systemsMarketPV industryPlant and kWh costsDiffusion programmes

The technology is relatively recent:Foundation was laid in the early 50: first modern c-Si cell discovery (Bell Telephone Laboratories)1958: first application successful used in space (Vanguard I)late 70: starting of terrestrial application and development of market. From then on the technology has shown a steady progress, the costs have recorded a constant reduction but remain still high in comparison to the other renewable sourcesPV TECHNOLOGY

PV ENERGY ADVANTAGESUse of an inexhaustible and free fuel Environmentally friendlyGood reliability, higher than wind turbines or diesellasts more than 30 years low maintenance costFully automated operationLow risk capital intensive but low O&M costsModularity the required power is obtained using a number of the same building blocksExploitation of not utilized surfaces capability PV can be mounted on roofs, integrated in building skin or installed in marginal areas (deserts)

THE PV PLANTSSystems able to collect and convert light into useful electricity to be delivered to specific appliances or into the electric grid

2 main categoriesStand-alone: to supply isolated users (from consumer to decentralized rural electrification)Grid-connected: to fed power to the electric grid (from small roofs to power stations)

plant componentsPV array and power conditioning unit (PCU) ormodules and balance of system (BOS)

THE COMPONENTSPV array (Pnom, Vw)A number of PV modulesCables and protection devicesStructure (to support and to expose the module for maximum light capture) PCUStand-alone plantsMatches the array output to the load requirementsManages the storage systemGrid-connected plantsConvert the dc array output to standard ac powerFit the PV array output to the grid (MPPT)Control the quality of the energy supplied to the grid (distortion and power factor correction)

THE COMPONENTSPV modulesThe smallest electrical unit of PV plants, formed with solar cells assembled in series/parallel configurationencapsulatedMechanical and corrosive protection of cells and their interconnection (long operation life)Electrical isolation of the voltages generatedmaterial used for encapsulation: glass tempered glass or plasticframe: metal or plasticfeatures requiredultraviolet stabilitytolerance to temperature and heat dissipation abilityself cleaning ability

THE COMPONENTSBOSCablingSwitching and protection devicesBatteryCharge controllerDc/ac inverterModule supporting structuresEngineeringLabour to install a turn-key system

STAND ALONE PLANTSWhen well suited:Remote site far from the gridMaintenance and fuel expensive (transport)Reliability is paramount (tlc, signaling)Simplicity required (remote houses, schools)Transportability (navigation laps, laptop computers)Intermittent power acceptable (fans, pumps)Noise and pollution-sensitive environments (parks)Reducing fuel consumption (small grids)

STAND ALONE PLANTSAlready competitive with diesel generator for load lower than few kWh/dayPreferred option for high value applicationsKey technology for off-grid application, but further decrease of cost is essential to facilitate their useCosts higher then grid connected systems (batteries) but already with its own nicks marketApplications:DomesticIndustrialElectrification in Developing Countries

DOMESTIC APPLICATIONSRemote users (economic alternative to utility grid at distance > 1 2 km)Rural electrification (0,5 1,5 kW). light, refrigeration and other low power loadsLighting of isolated areas with PV lamps (100 W) or centralized systems (1-10kW)

ConsumerWatches, calculators (mW), lamps (10 W)

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS First terrestrial high value applications (PV costs negligible in comparison to the service provided) Competitive with other small generating systemsTelecommunication 0,5 10 kWCathodic protection 0,5 5 kWSignaling and data acquisition0,1 1 kWPark-meter or Emergency telephones (highway) 10 20 W

ELECTRIFICATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1.7 billion people is aimed to:Basic needs: refrigeration and lighting for sanitary use, potable waterQuality of live improvement: lighting in houses streets and schools, telephone, radio and TV servicesSmall scale economic development: water for irrigation and livestock, motorization for small craft and millsIEA Source

SMALL STAND ALONE PLANTSPV MODULESDC LOADSCHARGE CONTROLLERBATTERY

REMOTE DWELLINGS GENERATOR CHARGE CONTROLLER DC/ACINVERTER PVGENERATOR BATTERY COMMERCIAL AC LOADS DC LOADS

VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION GENERATOR CHARGE CONTROLLER DC/ACINVERTER PVGENERATORE BATTERY RECTIFIER DIESEL LOADS

WATER PUMPING GENERATOR PUMP(CENTRIFUGAL OR RECIPROCATING) DC/ACINVERTER(FREQUENCY VARIABLE) PVGENERATORE CATTLE WATERING TANK SPRINK TANK GENERATOR DC PUMP PVGENERATORE WATER

GRID CONNECTED SYSTEMSNot competitive yet, but potentially able to make a substantial contribution to sustainable electricity production in industrialized countries.

Applications: Diffuse generation1 50 kWPower stations> 1 MWGrid support (weak feeder lines) 0,5 2 MWSmall grid support (islands)100 500 kW

DC/ACINVERTERPVGENERATORELOADSGRID

GRID CONNECTED PLANTPV MODULESDOUBLECOUNTERCOMMERCIAL AC LOADSINVERTERGRID

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

Small size plants (1 50 kW) connected to the LV grid (without battery)Suited to be installed on buildings or other infrastructures (absence of noise, moving parts, emissions)Huge potential: south oriented roofs covered with PV could supply electricity needs in many countries. PV energy cost: still double with respect to the electricity cost paid by users

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ADVANTAGES

Distributed exploitation of a diffused sourceProduction at the place of utilization (transmission losses avoided)Easy grid connection (battery)User contribution in technology diffusionPromotion of energy saving and more efficient applianceExploitation of not utilized surfaces Positive architectural valence in the urban contestPossibility to combine energy production with building envelop functions (saving of traditional building components)

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IN ITALY

First installations realised and monitored by ENEA and ENEL (preliminary actions of the Italian Roof-top Programme)Aimsto check how proper the identified technical solution wereto test new components and new design criteriaset up the monitoring networkSite: Major Italian Universities and MunicipalitiesIn operation since 1999 Long term performance analysis in progress Typical plant size: 2 - 3 kWApplications: roof integration, faade, sunshade

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SOUND BARRIERSMarginal spaces utilization

Use of noise barrier as supporting structure

Use of PV module as noise barrier element

Zig-zag structures to combine noise absorption and production maximization

Bifacial modules in north-south highway direction

IEA source

POWER STATIONS

Typically from hundreds kW to several MWBased on flat plate, tracking structures or concentration systemsTo be utilized for electricity feeding into the gridHydrogen production (in future)Electricity cost still high 20 40 c/kWh with respect to the one of conventional electricity (2 6 c/kWh, depending on externalities)

GRID SUPPORTLarge size distribution grids Medium size systems (0,5 2 MW) to strength weak feeder Small grids (few MW) of small islands (33 in Italy)small medium size plants (100 500 kW) to provide a significant contribution (10-30%) to energy production Almost cost effective Fuel saving Respect of environmental constraints

DEMONSTRATION PLANTSIN ITALYPromoted by ENEA, ENEL, PV Industry, MunicipalitiesMajor projectsPLUG (ENEA)Serre (ENEL)Vasto (ANIT)First prototypes in operation since 1984 (long term performance analysys still ongoing)Typical power: 10 kW 3 MWApplication: Power stations (0.6-3.3 MW), Small grid support (200 kW), Water punping (70 kW), Desalination (100 kW), Cold store (45 kW)

PLANT LOCATIONDelphos, 600 kWPower stationLamezia, 600 kWPV-WindVasto, 1000 kWPower stationLeonori, 86 kWCar parkigAltanurra, 100 kWGrid-connectedCarloforte, 600 kWPV-WindMandatoriccio, 216 kWGrid-connectedVulcano, 180 kWGrid supportSerre, 3300 kWPower stationLOCATION OF SOME DEMO PLANTSCasaccia, 100 kWCar parkingZambelli, 70 kWWater pumpingGiglio, 450 kWCold store

PLUG PROJECT

Development of a 100 kW standard plant for medium size applicationsAim: cost minimizationStandardization and preassembling of componentsModular architecture of systems Civil works absenceApplicationsCasaccia (preexisting structures exploitation)Delphos(modular concept)Alta Nurra(combined use of PV and wind)Vulcano(high penetration of PV in small grid)

SERRE PROJECT Development of a modular segment to be used in large size plants operated by UtilitiesObjectivesVerify of the projectual criteria adoptedEvaluation of scale effects on costsApplicationSerre plant: 9 fixed units + 1 tracking unit (horizontal north-south axes)

ANIT PROJECTDevelopment of large grid connected and hybrid systemsAimgather experience in design, construction and operation on large scale PV plants verify the degree of availabilityApplicationsVasto plant2 segments of 500 kWCarloforte 2 x 300 kW PV + 3 x 320 kW WindLamezia2 x 300 kW PV + 3 x 320 kW Wind

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTNegligible pollution during plant operation:Chemical: total absence of fumes or emissions (COx, SOx NOx)Thermal: maximum temperatures < 60CAcoustic and electromagnetic : acceptable (if inverter within norm limits are adopted)

Complete absence of: moving partswaste (components can be recycled)radiation or scoriescirculation of high temperature or pressure fluids

Emission comparisonPV30 gCO2 /kWhGas400 gCO2 /kWhOil800 gCO2 /kWh

CO2 emission avoided = emission avoided for electricity production emissions related to the construction of the PV plant

ENERGY PAY BACK TIME

FUEL SAVINGPlant life time 30 yearsEnergy pay back time5 yearsPlant useful life 25 yearsYearly energy production1 300 kWh/kWEnergy produced in 25 years32 500 kWh/kW1 kg of fuel4 kWheFuel saving8 000 kg/kW

CO2/kWh0.77 kgEmissions avoided25 000 kg/kW

Experience conducted by ENEA on 80 modules installed in 1980

Results:Declared efficiency 10,6% Measured efficiency - at acceptance tests: 9,54%, (-10%) - after 11 years: 9,14%. - after 25 years: 8,6%.

Efficiency degradation: 10% in 25 years Mean degradation rate: 0,4% /yearMODULE EFFICIENCY DEGRADATION

Tedlar detachment or delamination module browningDefects detected after 25 years dont have caused further efficiency degradation with respect to the natural degradation (0,4%/year)

This experience demonstrate that the life time of old generation, glass-tedlar can be considered around 30 years. MODULE FAILURES

ARRAY DEGRADATIONArray degradation factorsNatural degradationpower degradation life-limiting wear-out BOS component failures Accidental degradation due to single-module failure (which does not involve failures of entire strings) data on efficiency and module failures have been collected for many years from 2 arrays (at ENEA research centre)the influence of module failure on efficiency degradation was found to be very low if module failure occurs at rate

PLANT EFFICIENCY DEGRADATIONInverter failureInverter failureEfficiency degradationstring failure

TIPICAL SEQUECE OF EVENTSInverter substitutionModule efficiency degradation (0,4%/a)Module failure (infiltration, ossidation, delamination)failure(PVgen or inverter)System tuning

Grafico1

0

12

11.952

11.904192

11.856575232

11.8091489311

11.7619123353

11.714864686

11.6680052273

11.6213332064

11.5748478735

11.528548482

11.4824342881

11.436504551

11.3907585327

11.3451954986

11.27

11.2546154578

11.2095969959

11.1647586079

11.1200995735

11.0756191752

11.0313166985

10.9871914317

10.943242666

10.8994696953

10.8558718165

10.8124483293

10.769198536

10.7261217418

10.59

10

9.03

7.84

4.62

0.14

eff

Years

plant efficiency (%)

Foglio1

eff

00

112

211.952

311.904192

411.856575232

511.8091489311

611.7619123353

711.714864686

811.6680052273

911.6213332064

1011.5748478735

1111.528548482

1211.4824342881

1311.436504551

1411.3907585327

1511.3451954986

16.2211.27

1711.2546154578

1811.2095969959

1911.1647586079

2011.1200995735

2111.0756191752

2211.0313166985

2310.9871914317

2410.943242666

2510.8994696953

2610.8558718165

2710.8124483293

2810.769198536

2910.7261217418

3010.59

3110

329.03

337.84

344.62

350.14

Foglio1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

eff

anni

efficienza impianto

Foglio2

Foglio3

IMPACT ON LANDLand occupationPlant power1 MWYearly energy production1.300 MWhDomestic users supplied 600 (in Italy) Land required 1.5 hectares

Energy consumption in Italy300 millions of MWh (land required: 3.000 km2)

Possibility of using marginal lands or not utilzed areas (20.000 km2 in Italy)

Integration into existing structures

PV POTENTIALTotal amount of solar energy on earth surface: 15 thousand times the world energy consumption

Technical potential: 4 times the world energy consumptionUnrealistic due the mismatch generation/demandUnless PV energy utilized for H2 production (in future)

South oriented roofs in Europe: electricity needs in Europe

PV AND ARCHITECTURETypologies integrated into architectural structuresRoofs (sloped, horizontal, curved)FacadesSun shadings (fixed and mobile)Glass roofs and curtainsCovering elementsBalustrade

Typologies integrate into urban infrastructuresshelters (car, bus stop, train station)Industrial buildingsNoise barriers

BIFACIAL MODULES applications with architectural constraints solar radiation exploitation on both sides of module larger energy production (>10-20%) with respect to standard modules

ease maintenance against snow, dust and bird dropping

TRACKING SYSTEMSONE AXIS TRACKING FLAT PLATE

TWO AXIS TRACKING

STRUCTURES COMPARISONFIXEDNo maintenanceSimple mounting and transportcontent costModest foundationsLess energy collectedmodest aesthetical resultTRACKINGMaintenance necessityExacting transport and installation Higher costsLarger areas requiredMore energy collectedHarmonious aesthetical result

CONCENTRATING PVThe efficiency of cells is higher (30% - 40%)high concentration factors: 100X 1.000X (Irr*logIrr)smaller cells

PV material (high cost), is partially substituted with mirrors or lenses (lower cost)

CONCENTRATING PVThe incident energy is almost the same with respect to fixed plates systems:only the direct component of light is exploitedConcentrating systemFixed flat plate (tilt = latitude)

CONCENTRATOR MODULES

- Concentration factor: 100X 400X- Lens efficiency: 80% - 85%- cell cooling difficulty- Inexpensive polymer lens lifetime not verified

CONCENTRATORSDishesCentral towerTrough system - Concentration factor: 1.000X- Mirror efficiency: 85% - 92% currently high costs Cooling challenge

PHOCUS PROJECT (PV Concentrators for Utility Scale)Aim: assessment of technical and economical feasibility of PV concentration for centralised generation

Ongoing activitiesOptimisation of the most appropriate technologies for solar cells, optical devices, concentrator modules, tracking systemDevelopment of a 5 kW standard unitc-Si cells optimised at 100-400 sunsrefractive prismatic lensesExperimentation on 5 units

Planned activitiesDevelopment of high efficiency cellsInvestigation on optical devices based on Fresnel lenses and Compound Parabolic Concentrators

IEA-TASK 2 PERFORMANCE DATABASEContains information on the technical performance, reliability and costs of 431 monitored PV plants located worldwide. Germany (118), Japan (95), Switzerland (64), Italy (35), France (31),

Applications: Stand alone, hybrids, grid connected

Plant size: from 1 to 3300 kW

Mounting typologies: facades, flat and sloped roofs, integrated roofs, sound barriers, free-standing

Performance data collected from 1986 (Japan)

IEA-TASK 2 PERFORMANCE DATABASEFor each plant provideGeneral informationComponent data and system configurationData collected (Irr, Pdc, Pac,..)CostsCalculated data (index of performance)

The user can select PV system, present monitoring data, calculated resultsexport these data into spreadsheet programscheck the operational behavior of existing PV plants get a report on performance results Can be downloaded from www.iea-pvps-task2.org

IEA source

EFFICIENCIES AND COSTS84 85 91 91 93 94 96Costs

Grafico6

86

88.4

91.9

92.2

90.7

93.2

91.7

efficiency (%)

inverter efficiency

en cas

9230092300

100700193000

92900285900

71500357400

80100437500

59127496627

67100563727

101780665507

52200717707

82293800000

&A

Page &P

Energy produced

Cumulated energy

Energy produced in annual steps (MWh)

Cumulate energy (MWh)

ENERGY PRODUCED BY CASACCIA PLANT

avail cas

0.652

0.997

0.76

0.663

0.94

0.819

0.973

0.982

0.949

JAN: control software bugs; MAY: 2 modules glass cracking; OCT: by pass diode failure

MAR: filtering system uprading; DEC: signal conditioner failure

FEB: ground fault; MAR dc switch failure

MAY-JUN: inverter control board failure; NOV: p.f.capacitor failure

FEB: tyristor replacement; MAY-JUN: 1 array box failure

APR-MAY: 1 array box failure; MAY-JUN: inverter failure;JUL: ac switch gear repair; AUG-SEP: 1 array box failure

JAN: ground fault in 4 modules; MAR-SEP: 2 array boxes fire

MAY: ground fault in 5 modules

JAN: ground fault in 3 modules: APR: ac switch gear repair;JUN-SEP: acswitch gear replacement

availability

CASACCIA PLANT: AVAILABILITY AND EVENTS

casacc

PnomsupYeart-MAHiEaEioOYr=Hi/tmaYa=Ea/tma/PYf=Eio/tma/PLc=Yr-YaLs=Ya-YfPr=Yf/Yrefa=Ea/hi/sefi=Eio/Eaeft=efa*efiavail=1-OYf annual

casaccia100.38651992366135210084892300923000.0513.6939890712.74716833112.51431497860.946820740.23285335250.68065035660.08623319770.91523877520.07892396620.949920.2392821535

100.3865199336515081093701007001930000.0184.13150684932.98747592842.75065215311.14403092090.23682377520.66577455960.08384569390.92072780470.07719906170.9821003.9880358923

100.38651994365145999917929002859000.0273.9972602742.7292642622.53759270131.2679960120.19167156070.63483299250.07917133840.92977171050.07361127070.973926.221335992

100.38651995335115377952715003574000.1813.44179104482.31996547672.12794452461.12182556810.19202095210.61826662250.07815951350.91723111660.07169033780.819712.8614157527

100.38651996366132787404801004375000.063.62568306012.38094459792.18197865421.24473846220.19896594370.60181174640.07614550620.91643403050.06978233310.94798.6041874377

100.38651997365143463758591274966270.3373.92876712331.74156981111.61507259042.18719731220.12649722070.4110889090.05140074650.92736597760.04766730360.663589.5014955135

100.38651998365144073380671005637270.243.94520547952.00439776561.83285759161.94080771380.1715401740.46457848680.0589113680.91441809760.05386962110.76668.9930209372

100.3865199936514541103401017806655070.0033.98356164383.01397178332.78015269260.96958986060.23381909070.69790628120.0877308760.92242160590.08092485550.9971014.7557328016

100.38652000366148557390522007177070.3484.05737704921.56334275861.42196361732.49403429060.14137914130.35046376020.04467799380.90956612650.04063758980.652520.4386839482

8000000.1405555556

Energy producedCumulated energy

19929230092300YfLcLsPRav.availability

199310070019300019922.51431497860.946820740.232853352519920.680650356694.920000.652

19949290028590019932.75065215311.14403092090.236823775219930.665774559698.219990.997

19957150035740019942.53759270131.2679960120.191671560719940.634832992597.319980.76

19968010043750019952.12794452461.12182556810.192020952119950.618266622581.919970.663

19975912749662719962.18197865421.24473846220.198965943719960.60181174649419960.94

19986710056372719971.61507259042.18719731220.126497220719970.41108890966.319950.819

199910178066550719981.83285759161.94080771380.17154017419980.46457848687619940.973

20005220071770719992.78015269260.96958986060.233819090719990.697906281299.719930.982

2001 (7)8229380000020001.42196361732.49403429060.141379141320000.350463760265.219920.949

19.7625295039

casacc

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Yf

Lc

Ls

aa

delph1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

PR

av.

Performance ratio

Availability (%)

delph2


delphos13113801198736516002224331935170.54.3841.9601.7052.4240.2550.3890.03660.8700.03180.500622.2

3113801198836616001700411547370.6014.3721.4941.3592.8780.1340.3110.02800.9100.02540.399497.5

3113801198936516123065282758750.2184.4162.7002.4301.7160.2700.5500.05000.9000.04500.782887.1

3113801199036516933096392724820.2754.6382.7282.4001.9110.3270.5180.04810.8800.04230.725876.1

3113801199136516072748872391520.4434.4032.4222.1071.9810.3150.4790.04500.8700.03920.557769.0

3113801199236615402407412046300.5364.2082.1151.7982.0930.3170.4270.04110.8500.03500.464658.0

3113801199336514951911421701160.5814.0961.6841.4992.4120.1850.3660.03360.8900.02990.419547.0

3113801199436515932897312568640.2844.3642.5522.2631.8120.2900.5180.04780.8870.04240.716825.9

3113801199536517222919632631380.3364.7182.5722.3182.1460.2540.4910.04460.9010.04020.664846.1

3113801199627513122215552000970.3644.7712.5912.3402.1800.2510.4900.04440.9030.04010.636643.4

3113801199736517373007712680120.344.7592.6502.3612.1090.2890.4960.04560.8910.04060.660861.8

3113801199836516633035442610810.3214.5562.6742.3001.8820.3740.5050.04800.8600.04130.679839.5

3113801199936517222195241756190.4254.7181.9341.5472.7840.3870.3280.03350.8000.02680.575564.7

31138012000366157268784550270.7924.2950.6040.4833.6910.1210.1130.01150.8000.00920.208176.9

2990347

3113801199436515932897312280500.2844.3642.5522.0091.8120.5430.4600.04780.7870.03770.716733.3

3113801199536517222919632215600.3364.7182.5721.9522.1460.6200.4140.04460.7590.03390.664712.4

3113801199627513122215551830500.3644.7712.5912.1402.1800.4500.4490.04440.8260.03670.636588.6

3113801199736517373007712443340.344.7592.6502.1522.1090.4970.4520.04560.8120.03700.660785.6

3113801199836516633035442287920.3214.5562.6742.0161.8820.6590.4420.04800.7540.03620.679735.7

3113801199936517222195241735430.4254.7181.9341.5292.7840.4050.3240.03350.7910.02650.575558.0

31138012000366157268784535360.7924.2950.6040.4703.6910.1340.1100.01150.7780.00900.208172.1

Yeart_MAHiEAEldcEIIEIOYr,dYA,dYf,dLc,dLs,dLtot,dPReta Aeta inveta totOYf,dPRO

Delphos11987365160022243302224331935170.500475135

1988366160017004101700411547370.600570162

1989365161230652803065282758750.217752235

1990365169330963903096392724820.275173874

1991365160727488702748872391520.442528736

1992366154024074102407412046300.535509217

1993365149519114201911421701160.580799453

19943651593289731325012572302280504.362.552.011.810.542.350.460.0480.8870.0380.2842.010.460.284

19953651722291963461332458302215604.722.571.952.150.622.770.4140.0450.9010.0340.3361.950.4140.336

19962751312221555188752026801830504.772.592.142.180.452.630.4490.0440.9030.0370.3642.140.4490.364

19973651737300771265722741992443344.762.652.152.110.52.610.4520.0460.8910.0370.342.150.4520.34

19983651663303544375412660032287924.562.672.021.880.662.540.4420.0480.860.0360.3212.020.4420.321

1999365172221952425952169291735434.721.931.532.780.413.190.3240.0340.80.0270.4251.530.3240.425

2000366157268784186466920535364.30.60.473.690.133.830.1090.0120.80.0090.7920.470.1090.792

YfLcLsPrav.Pr=Yf/Yrefa=Ea/hi/sefi=Eio/Eaeft=efa*efiavail=1-OYf annual

19871.70477029472.42405849450.254732854719870.3889007235500.38890072350.03657475010.87000130380.03182008020.5622.2411575563

19881.35941700492.87771686610.134450828519880.310966639939.90.31096663990.02795991190.90999817690.02544346880.399497.5466237942

19892.43029555571.71610800330.270034797219890.550284043378.20.55028404330.05002732070.89999934750.0450245560.782887.0578778135

19902.40040523281.91061974190.327331189719900.517512055572.50.51751205550.04811725330.87999896650.04234313320.725876.1479099678

19912.10678764921.98114786590.314804210919910.478517418855.70.47851741880.04500289530.87000112770.03915256960.557768.9774919614

19921.79774392492.09265897070.317247377619920.427256023746.40.42725602370.04112742030.85000062310.03495833290.464657.9742765273

19931.49862132762.41204246130.18522662219930.365884136841.90.36588413680.03363698520.88999801190.02993684990.419546.9967845659

19942.26281989161.81202484250.289538827519940.51847411271.60.5184741120.04784993150.88656029210.04242184920.716825.9292604502

19952.31809012022.14578690040.253931198519950.491348951266.40.49134895120.04460636160.90127173650.0402024530.664846.1028938907

19962.33963168662.18038000580.250897398419960.490395361163.60.49039536110.04442729290.90314820250.04012442970.636643.3987138264

19972.3610271772.10928952120.288587411419970.496128336660.4961283360.04555523290.89108324940.0405935050.66861.7749196141

19982.29996916711.88212130560.374073910919980.50480381667.90.5048038160.0480210370.86010924280.04130333770.679839.4887459807

19991.54709950232.7839316390.386777077919990.327927594857.50.32792759480.03353906810.79999908890.02683122390.575564.691318328

20000.48343085063.69079120760.12085990920000.11255451120.80.1125545110.01151163510.79999709230.00920927460.208176.9356913183

YfLcLsPRav.YfLcLsPrav.

19871.70477029472.42405849450.254732854719870.388900723550

19881.35941700492.87771686610.134450828519880.310966639939.9

19892.43029555571.71610800330.270034797219890.550284043378.2

19902.40040523281.91061974190.327331189719900.517512055572.5

19912.10678764921.98114786590.314804210919910.478517418855.7

19921.79774392492.09265897070.317247377619920.427256023746.419921.79774392492.09265897070.317247377619920.427256023746.4

19931.49862132762.41204246130.18522662219930.365884136841.919931.49862132762.41204246130.18522662219930.365884136841.9

19942.26281989161.81202484250.289538827519940.51847411271.619942.26281989161.81202484250.289538827519940.51847411271.6

19952.31809012022.14578690040.253931198519950.491348951266.419952.31809012022.14578690040.253931198519950.491348951266.4

19962.33963168662.18038000580.250897398419960.490395361163.619962.33963168662.18038000580.250897398419960.490395361163.6

19972.3610271772.10928952120.288587411419970.4961283366619972.3610271772.10928952120.288587411419970.49612833666

19982.29996916711.88212130560.374073910919980.50480381667.919982.29996916711.88212130560.374073910919980.50480381667.9

2.07329825270.461705968160.00833333332.12541475640.470612962460.5428571429

delph2

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Yf

Lc

Ls

yields and losses

vasto

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

Pr

av.

Performance ratio

Availability (%)

serre

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Yf

Lc

Ls

yields and losses (h/d)

yf-yr out

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

PR

av.

Performance Ratio

Availability (%)

costs


delphos2293.12561199236616002672462454800.3654.37158469952.49123278022.28833293251.88035191930.20289984770.52345615830.06522012890.91855444050.0599082390.635837.5298532924

293.12561199336515803173822952400.2294.32876712332.966699852.75972948591.36206727330.2069703640.63753244450.07843603420.93023548910.07296398260.7711007.3012623678

293.12561199436516202071441916200.4844.43835616441.93626000761.79115080642.50209615680.14510920110.40356175580.04992841340.92505696520.04618662660.516653.7700443535

293.12561199536517462339272165200.454.78356164382.18661170392.02390132872.59694993990.16271037520.42309506590.05231503660.92558789710.04842216470.55738.7239849881

293.12561199636616253240792949800.2454.43989071043.02102268382.74976555491.41886802650.27125712890.61933181110.07787318660.91021016480.0708809660.7551006.4141931082

293.12561199736517312782112583600.4264.74246575342.6005524322.41499698552.14191332150.18555544650.50922813380.06275779130.92864768110.05827987740.574881.4738996929

293.12561199836516971627961492090.6634.64931506851.52172104521.39471777833.12759402330.12700326690.29998349390.03745866620.91653971840.03433235530.337509.0719890822

293.125611999365172470569564550.8514.72328767120.65963741390.52770806174.06365025730.13192935230.11172473460.01598332470.79999716590.01278661450.149192.6134425111

293.125612000366170588828710620.784.65846994540.82804317140.66243080843.83042677390.1656123630.14219922340.02034304320.79999549690.0162743430.22242.4496758785

1778926

YfLcLsPrav.

19922.28833293251.88035191930.202899847719920.523456158363.51.819

19932.75972948591.36206727330.20697036419930.637532444577.11.71.1

19941.79115080642.50209615680.145109201119940.403561755851.66.10.6

19952.02390132872.59694993990.162710375219950.4230950659550.60

19962.74976555491.41886802650.271257128919960.619331811175.503.6

19972.41499698552.14191332150.185555446519970.509228133857.4100.6

19981.39471777833.12759402330.127003266919980.299983493933.73.24

19990.52770806174.06365025730.131929352319990.111724734614.906

20000.66243080843.83042677390.16561236320000.14219922342223.434.9

YfLcLsPRav.

19922.28833293251.88035191930.202899847719920.523456158363.5

19932.75972948591.36206727330.20697036419930.637532444577.1

19941.79115080642.50209615680.145109201119940.403561755851.6

19952.02390132872.59694993990.162710375219950.423095065955

19962.74976555491.41886802650.271257128919960.619331811175.5

19972.41499698552.14191332150.185555446519970.509228133857.4

19981.39471777833.12759402330.127003266919980.299983493933.7

2.20322783890.488026980559.1142857143

costs

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Yf

Lc

Ls

Yields and losses

effic

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

Pr

av.

Performance ratio

Availability (%)

istogram

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Yf

Lc

Ls


Foglio1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

PR

av.

Performance Ratio

Availability (%)

cumul p


vasto10028792199736517089734598809800.294.6792.6622.4092.0180.2530.5150.06480.9050.05870.710879.271

1002879219983651667112685410243100.154.5673.0812.8011.4860.2800.6130.07690.9090.06990.8501022.385

1002879219993651688129925211706260.034.6253.5523.2011.0720.3520.6920.08750.9010.07890.9701168.397

10028792200036616601296145118208404.5363.5343.2231.0010.3110.7110.08880.9120.08101.0001179.7100

1064500

YfLcLsPRav.

19972.40882618322.01776447110.252861400519970.514766719571

19982.80072731251.48601427280.280381702319980.613236634185

19993.20079293471.07216799280.351696606819990.69211458697

20003.22329112271.00120796660.311020036420000.7106774403100

2.90840938830.632698845

cumul p

000

000

000

000

Yf

Lc

Ls


vulcan

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

PR

av.

Performance ratio

Availability (%)


serre29702664619953651673266193723621300.3354.5842.4562.1792.1280.2770.4750.05970.8870.05300.665795.366.5

29702664619963661738363019834043140.0354.7493.3403.1321.4090.2080.6600.07840.9380.07350.9651146.296.5

29702664619973651783376293036259400.0434.8853.4713.3451.4140.1260.6850.07920.9640.07630.9571220.995.7

29702664619983651705369714034428400.054.6713.4103.1761.2610.2350.6800.08140.9310.07580.9501159.295

29702664619993651729373267034755000.0374.7373.4433.2061.2940.2370.6770.08100.9310.07540.9631170.296.3

297026646200036617333798480357570004.7353.4943.2891.2410.2050.6950.08230.9410.07741.0001203.9100

YfLcLsPRav.

19952.17898620912.1280134680.276561966719950.475391492166.5

19963.13178598371.40904675170.207801144419960.659513043796.5

19973.34480881881.41375397810.126368709919970.684719696595.7

19983.17590517041.26074443060.234583275719980.679885857695

19993.20603293211.29372261430.23723075519990.676808571596.3

20003.2894518961.24057515040.204945631220000.6947140184100

000

000

000

000

000

000

Yf

Lc

Ls

Yields and losses (h/d)

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

PR

av.

Performance ratio

Availability (%)

pnomsupYeart_MAHiEAEIOOYr=hi/tmaYf=eio/tma/pPr=yf/yravail= 1-OYfannualout fracto

Casaccia100.386519923661352100848923000.0513.6939890712.51431497860.68065035660.949917.7249671750.0000.0513

Casaccia100.3865199336515081093701007000.0184.13150684932.75065215310.66577455960.9821003.98803589230.000.10.152

Casaccia100.38651994365145999917929000.0273.9972602742.53759270130.63483299250.973926.2213359920.000.20.258

Casaccia100.38651995335115377952715000.1813.44179104482.12794452460.61826662250.819776.69975149180.010.30.358

Casaccia100.38651996366132787404801000.063.62568306012.18197865420.60181174640.94796.42220878350.020.40.455

Casaccia100.38651997365143463758591270.3373.92876712331.61507259040.4110889090.663589.50149551350.030.50.553

Casaccia100.38651998365144073380671000.243.94520547951.83285759160.46457848680.76668.99302093720.030.60.652

Casaccia100.3865199936514541103401017800.0033.98356164382.78015269260.69790628120.9971014.75573280160.040.70.752

Casaccia100.38652000366148557390522000.3484.05737704921.42196361730.35046376020.652519.01672033080.040.80.851

Delphos13113801198736516002224331935170.50047513464.38356164381.70477029470.38890072350.4995248654622.24115755630.040.90.950

Delphos13113801198836616001700411547370.60057016154.37158469951.35941700490.31096663990.3994298385496.18720678930.05

Delphos1311380119893651612.1563065282758750.2177522354.41686575342.43029555570.55023079520.782247765887.05787781350.05

Delphos1311380119903651692.9973096392724820.27517387364.63834794522.40040523280.51751297250.7248261264876.14790996780.06

Delphos1311380119913651607.3532748872391520.44252873564.40370684932.10678764920.47841232880.5574712644768.97749196140.15

Delphos1311380119923661539.7772407412046300.53550921734.20704098361.79774392490.42731790160.4644907827656.17653260240.18

Delphos1311380119933651495.0111911421701160.58079945344.09592054791.49862132760.36588144470.4192005466546.99678456590.22

Delphos1311380119943651593289731256864.1081911130.2844.36438356162.26282084470.51847433040.716825.92960833160.23

Delphos1311380119953651722291963263138.4382703490.3364.71780821922.31809398120.49134976950.664846.10430312010.24

Delphos1311380119962751312221555200096.9150878230.3644.77090909092.33963069380.4903951530.636853.96520323950.25

Delphos1311380119973651737300771268011.8509330810.344.75890410962.36102586380.496128060.66861.77444029930.26

Delphos1311380119983651663303544261081.4120442250.3214.55616438362.29997279690.50480461270.679839.49007088180.28

Delphos1311380119993651722219524175618.9976075120.4254.71780821921.54709948120.32792759040.575564.69131063510.28

Delphos13113801200036615726878455027.20.7924.29508196720.48343260770.11255492010.208176.45290179750.29

Delphos2293.12561199236616002672462454800.3654.37158469952.28833293250.52345615830.635835.24152035990.32

Delphos2293.12561199336515803173822952400.2294.32876712332.75972948590.63753244450.7711007.30126236780.34

Delphos2293.12561199436516202071441916200.4844.43835616441.79115080640.40356175580.516653.77004435350.34

Delphos2293.12561199536517462339272165200.454.78356164382.02390132870.42309506590.55738.72398498810.34

Delphos2293.12561199636616253240792949800.2454.43989071042.74976555490.61933181110.7551003.66442755320.34

Delphos2293.12561199736517312782112583600.4264.74246575342.41499698550.50922813380.574881.47389969290.35

Delphos2293.12561199836516971627961492090.6634.64931506851.39471777830.29998349390.337509.07198908220.36

Delphos2293.125611999365172470569564550.8514.72328767120.52770806170.11172473460.149192.61344251110.37

Delphos2293.125612000366170588828710620.784.65846994540.66243080840.14219922340.22241.78724507010.43

Serre29702664619953651673266193723621300.3354.58356164382.17898620910.47539149210.665795.329966330.43

Serre29702664619963661738363019834043140.0354.74863387983.13178598370.65951304370.9651143.101884050.44

Serre29702664619973651783376293036259400.0434.88493150683.34480881880.68471969650.9571220.85521885520.45

Serre29702664619983651705369714034428400.054.67123287673.17590517040.67988585760.951159.20538720540.48

Serre29702664619993651729373267034755000.0374.73698630143.20603293210.67680857150.9631170.2020202020.50

Serre297026646200036617333798480357570004.73497267763.2894518960.694714018411200.64994204340.54

Altanurra98.38651997365162397991899000.2554.44657534252.50560905250.56349186950.745914.54730417090.58

Vulcano180.1117019973651739102330877260.0094.76438356163.0005643630.629790680.9911095.20599250940.60

Vasto1001.5879219973651708973458.5635359128809800.294.67945205482.41002879240.51502371740.71879.66050923610.66

Vasto1001.58792199836516671126853.6853685410243100.154.56712328772.80212557880.61354279320.851022.77583624560.78

Vasto1001.58792199936516881299251.9422863511706260.034.62465753423.20239093410.6924601250.971168.87269096360.79

Vasto1001.58792200036616601296144.73684211118208404.53551912573.22490035440.711032246811177.08862935110.85

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Yf=eio/tma/p

Yr (h/d)

Yf (h/d)

Yr vs.Yf for 7 grid-conneted PV systems with a total of 44 years of operation (1986 - 2000)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

o

Outage fraction

Annual datasets

Frequency distribution of outage fraction for 7 grid-connected PV systems with a total of 44 years of operation (1987 - 2000)

costo% modulipnomspec.pl.costspec.mod cost

Casaccia9000000.64100.38.97308075775.7427716849

Delphos145000000.531114.46945337627.2347266881

Delphos225000000.61293.18.52951211195.2030023883

Serre200000000.5929706.7340067343.9730639731

Altanurra8000000.798.38.13835198375.6968463886

Vulcano116000000.3580.119.9750312116.9912609238

Vasto80000000.51001.57.9880179733.9940089865

plantmodule

Vulcano119.9750312116.9912609238

Delphos114.46945337627.2347266881

Casaccia8.97308075775.7427716849

Delphos28.52951211195.2030023883

Vasto7.9880179733.9940089865

Serre6.7340067343.9730639731

Altanurra8.13835198375.6968463886

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

plant

module

Specific costs (E/Wp)

costo% modulipnomsupYeart_MAHiEAEIOOYr=hi/tmaYa=ea/tma/pYf=eio/tma/pLc=yr-yaLs=ya-yfPr=yf/yreta teoeta=ea/hi/supeta inv=ei/eaetot=eta*etiavail= 1-OPr=yf/yrYfannualeta teoeta=ea/hi/supeta teoeta corremean eff.Reta inv=ei/eaeta inv=ei/ea

Casaccia9000000.64100.386519923661352100848923000.0513.6939890712.74716833112.51431497860.946820740.23285335250.68065035660.11595375720.08623319770.91523877520.07892396620.9490.6806503566917.7249671750.11595375720.08623319770.11595375720.0908674369Vulc150.73Casaccia30.91523877520.9152387752Vulc186

Casaccia9000000.64100.3865199336515081093701007000.0184.13150684932.98747592842.75065215311.14403092090.23682377520.66577455960.11595375720.08384569390.92072780470.07719906170.9820.66577455961003.98803589230.11595375720.08384569390.11595375720.0853825803Delp16.80.83Casaccia30.92072780470.9207278047Delp188.4

Casaccia9000000.64100.38651994365145999917929000.0273.9972602742.7292642622.53759270131.2679960120.19167156070.63483299250.11595375720.07917133840.92977171050.07361127070.9730.6348329925926.2213359920.11595375720.07917133840.11595375720.081368282Casac8.280.71Casaccia30.92977171050.9297717105Casac91.9

Casaccia9000000.64100.38651995335115377952715000.1813.44179104482.31996547672.12794452461.12182556810.19202095210.61826662250.11595375720.07815951350.91723111660.07169033780.8190.6182666225776.69975149180.11595375720.07815951350.11595375720.0954328614Delp28.80.77Casaccia30.91723111660.9172311166Delp292.2

Casaccia9000000.64100.38651996366132787404801000.063.62568306012.38094459792.18197865421.24473846220.19896594370.60181174640.11595375720.07614550620.91643403050.06978233310.940.6018117464796.42220878350.11595375720.07614550620.11595375720.0810058576Vasto90.79Casaccia30.91643403050.9164340305Vasto90.7

Casaccia9000000.64100.38651997365143463758591270.3373.92876712331.74156981111.61507259042.18719731220.12649722070.4110889090.11595375720.05140074650.92736597760.04766730360.6630.411088909589.50149551350.11595375720.05140074650.11595375720.0775275212Serre8.320.74Casaccia30.92736597760.9273659776Serre93.2

Casaccia9000000.64100.38651998365144073380671000.243.94520547952.00439776561.83285759161.94080771380.1715401740.46457848680.11595375720.0589113680.91441809760.05386962110.760.4645784868668.99302093720.11595375720.0589113680.11595375720.0775149579Altan9.370.82Casaccia30.91441809760.9144180976Altan91.7

Casaccia9000000.64100.3865199936514541103401017800.0033.98356164383.01397178332.78015269260.96958986060.23381909070.69790628120.11595375720.0877308760.92242160590.08092485550.9970.69790628121014.75573280160.11595375720.0877308760.11595375720.0879948605Casaccia30.92242160590.9224216059

Casaccia9000000.64100.38652000366148557390522000.3484.05737704921.56334275861.42196361732.49403429060.14137914130.35046376020.11595375720.04467799380.90956612650.04063758980.6520.3504637602519.01672033080.11595375720.04467799380.11595375720.0685245304Casaccia30.90956612650.9095661265

Delphos145000000.53113801198736516002224331935170.50047513464.38356164381.95950314941.70477029472.42405849450.25473285470.38890072350.08182057350.03657475010.87000130380.03182008020.49952486540.3889007235622.24115755630.08182057350.03657475010.08182057350.08284654310.073219078Delphos_120.87000130380.91924169390.8700013038

Delphos145000000.53113801198836616001700411547370.60057016154.37158469951.49386783341.35941700492.87771686610.13445082850.31096663990.08182057350.02795991190.90999817690.02544346880.39942983850.3109666399496.18720678930.08182057350.02795991190.08182057350.0699995573Delphos_120.90999817690.9099981769

Delphos145000000.5311380119893651612.1563065282758750.2177522354.41686575342.70033035282.43029555571.71653540060.27003479720.55023079520.08182057350.05002247990.89999934750.04502019920.7822477650.5502307952887.05787781350.08182057350.05002247990.08182057350.0639471049Delphos_120.89999934750.8999993475

Delphos145000000.5311380119903651692.9973096392724820.27517387364.63834794522.72773642252.40040523281.91061152270.32733118970.51751297250.08182057350.04811733860.87999896650.04234320820.72482612640.5175129725876.14790996780.08182057350.04811733860.08182057350.0663846636Delphos_120.87999896650.8799989665

Delphos145000000.5311380119913651607.3532748872391520.44252873564.40370684932.42159186012.10678764921.98211498920.31480421090.47841232880.08182057350.04499301190.87000112770.03914397110.55747126440.4784123288768.97749196140.08182057350.04499301190.0818205735Delphos_120.87000112770.8700011277

Delphos145000000.5311380119923661539.7772407412046300.53550921734.20704098362.11499130251.79774392492.09204968110.31724737760.42731790160.08182057350.04113337670.85000062310.03496339580.46449078270.4273179016656.17653260240.08182057350.04113337670.0818205735Delphos_120.85000062310.8500006231

Delphos145000000.5311380119933651495.0111911421701160.58079945344.09592054791.68384794961.49862132762.41207259830.1852266220.36588144470.08182057350.03363673770.88999801190.02993662970.41920054660.3658814447546.99678456590.08182057350.03363673770.0818205735Delphos_120.88999801190.8899980119

Delphos145000000.5311380119943651593289731256864.1081911130.2844.36438356162.55235871912.26282084471.81202484250.28953787440.51847433040.08182057350.04784993150.88656066560.04242186710.7160.5184743304825.92960833160.08182057350.04784993150.08182057350.0668295132Delphos_120.88656066560.8865606656

Delphos145000000.5311380119953651722291963263138.4382703490.3364.71780821922.57202131882.31809398122.14578690040.25392733760.49134976950.08182057350.04460636160.90127323760.04020251990.6640.4913497695846.10430312010.08182057350.04460636160.08182057350.0671782554Delphos_120.90127323760.9012732376

Delphos145000000.5311380119962751312221555200096.9150878230.3644.77090909092.59052908512.33963069382.18038000580.25089839130.4903951530.08182057350.04442729290.90314781920.04012441270.6360.490395153853.96520323950.08182057350.04442729290.08182057350.0698542341Delphos_120.90314781920.9031478192

Delphos145000000.5311380119973651737300771268011.8509330810.344.75890410962.64961458842.36102586382.10928952120.28858872450.496128060.08182057350.04555523290.89108275380.04059348240.660.49612806861.77444029930.08182057350.04555523290.08182057350.0690230802Delphos_120.89108275380.8910827538

Delphos145000000.5311380119983651663303544261081.4120442250.3214.55616438362.6740430782.29997279691.88212130560.37407028110.50480461270.08182057350.0480210370.86011060030.04130340290.6790.5048046127839.49007088180.08182057350.0480210370.08182057350.0707231767Delphos_120.86011060030.8601106003

Delphos145000000.5311380119993651722219524175618.9976075120.4254.71780821921.93387658021.54709948122.7839316390.3867770990.32792759040.08182057350.03353906810.7999990780.02683122350.5750.3279275904564.69131063510.08182057350.03353906810.08182057350.0685731848Delphos_240.91855444050.91855444050.8843477195

Delphos145000000.53113801200036615726878455027.20.7924.29508196720.60429075960.48343260773.69079120760.12085815190.11255492010.08182057350.01151163510.80.00920930810.2080.1125549201176.45290179750.08182057350.01151163510.0818205735Delphos_240.93023548910.9302354891

Delphos225000000.61293.12561199236616002672462454800.3654.37158469952.49123278022.28833293251.88035191930.20289984770.52345615830.11444748150.06522012890.91855444050.0599082390.6350.5234561583835.24152035990.11444748150.06522012890.11444748150.1027088643Delphos_240.92505696520.9250569652

Delphos225000000.61293.12561199336515803173822952400.2294.32876712332.966699852.75972948591.36206727330.2069703640.63753244450.11444748150.07843603420.93023548910.07296398260.7710.63753244451007.30126236780.11444748150.07843603420.11444748150.1017328589Delphos_240.92558789710.9255878971

Delphos225000000.61293.12561199436516202071441916200.4844.43835616441.93626000761.79115080642.50209615680.14510920110.40356175580.11444748150.04992841340.92505696520.04618662660.5160.4035617558653.77004435350.11444748150.04992841340.11444748150.096760491Delphos_240.91021016480.9102101648

Delphos225000000.61293.12561199536517462339272165200.454.78356164382.18661170392.02390132872.59694993990.16271037520.42309506590.11444748150.05231503660.92558789710.04842216470.550.4230950659738.72398498810.11444748150.05231503660.11444748150.0951182483Delphos_240.92864768110.9286476811

Delphos225000000.61293.12561199636616253240792949800.2454.43989071043.02102268382.74976555491.41886802650.27125712890.61933181110.11444748150.07787318660.91021016480.0708809660.7550.61933181111003.66442755320.11444748150.07787318660.11444748150.1031432935Delphos_240.91653971840.9165397184

Delphos225000000.61293.12561199736517312782112583600.4264.74246575342.6005524322.41499698552.14191332150.18555544650.50922813380.11444748150.06275779130.92864768110.05827987740.5740.5092281338881.47389969290.11444748150.06275779130.11444748150.1093341313Serre60.88737261630.9221189080.8873726163

Delphos225000000.61293.12561199836516971627961492090.6634.64931506851.52172104521.39471777833.12759402330.12700326690.29998349390.11444748150.03745866620.91653971840.03433235530.3370.2999834939509.07198908220.11444748150.03745866620.11444748150.1111533121Serre60.93777639680.9377763968

Delphos225000000.61293.125611999365172470569564550.8514.72328767120.65963741390.52770806174.06365025730.13192935230.11172473460.11444748150.01598332470.79999716590.01278661450.1490.1117247346192.61344251110.11444748150.01598332470.11444748150.1028501713Serre60.93121710290.9635948583

Delphos225000000.61293.125612000366170588828710620.784.65846994540.82804317140.66243080843.83042677390.1656123630.14219922340.11444748150.02034304320.79999549690.0162743430.220.1421992234241.78724507010.11444748150.02034304320.1144474815Serre60.9311029370.9312171029

Serre200000000.5929702664619953651673266193723621300.3354.58356164382.45554817582.17898620912.1280134680.27656196670.47539149210.11146138260.05971312610.88737261630.0529877930.6650.4753914921795.329966330.11146138260.05971312610.1114613826Serre60.94135022430.931102937

Serre200000000.5929702664619963661738363019834043140.0354.74863387983.33958712813.13178598371.40904675170.20780114440.65951304370.11146138260.07838780750.93777639680.07351023570.9650.65951304371143.101884050.11146138260.07838780750.11146138260.0812308886Altanurra70.91743119270.91743119270.9413502243

Serre200000000.5929702664619973651783376293036259400.0434.88493150683.47117752873.34480881881.41375397810.12636870990.68471969650.11146138260.07920320810.96359485830.0763198040.9570.68471969651220.85521885520.11146138260.07920320810.11146138260.0827619729Vulcano_110.85728525360.85728525360.9320690226

Serre200000000.5929702664619983651705369714034428400.054.67123287673.41048844613.17590517041.26074443060.23458327570.67988585760.11146138260.08137846420.93121710290.07578101770.950.67988585761159.20538720540.11146138260.08137846420.11146138260.0856615413Vasto50.9050.905

Serre200000000.5929702664619993651729373267034755000.0374.73698630143.44326368713.20603293211.29372261430.2372307550.67680857150.11146138260.08102006350.9311029370.07543801910.9630.67680857151170.2020202020.11146138260.08102006350.11146138260.0841329839Vasto50.9090.909

Serre200000000.59297026646200036617333798480357570004.73497267763.49439752723.2894518961.24057515040.20494563120.69471401840.11146138260.08225821060.94135022430.07743378510.69471401841200.64994204340.11146138260.08225821060.11146138260.0822582106Vasto50.9010.901

Altanurra8000000.798.38651997365162397991899000.2554.44657534252.73111386732.50560905251.71546147520.22550481470.56349186950.11364161850.06979937960.91743119270.06403612810.7450.5634918695914.54730417090.11364161850.06979937960.11364161850.09369044240.0832091195Vasto50.9120.912

Vulcano116000000.3580.1117019973651739102330877260.0094.76438356163.50007695863.0005643631.2643066030.49951259560.629790680.06846153850.05029415670.85728525360.04311643890.9910.629790681095.20599250940.06846153850.05029415670.06846153850.05075091490.90675

Vasto80000000.51001.5879219973651708973458.5635359128809800.294.67945205482.66301524032.41002879242.01643681450.25298644780.51502371740.11391037310.06482491030.9050.05866654380.710.5150237174879.66050923610.11391037310.06482491030.11391037310.0913026905

Vasto80000000.51001.58792199836516671126853.6853685410243100.154.56712328773.08264640132.80212557881.48447688640.28052082250.61354279320.11391037310.07688546590.9090.06988888850.850.61354279321022.77583624560.11391037310.07688546590.11391037310.0904534892

Vasto80000000.51001.58792199936516881299251.9422863511706260.034.62465753423.5542629683.20239093411.07039456630.35187203380.6924601250.11391037310.08754538420.9010.07887839120.970.6924601251168.87269096360.11391037310.08754538420.11391037310.0902529734

Vasto80000000.51001.58792200036616601296144.73684211118208404.53551912573.536074953.22490035440.99944417570.31117459560.71103224680.11391037310.08880915410.9120.080993948510.71103224681177.08862935110.11391037310.08880915410.11391037310.0888091541

0.5084708611819.24225603680.0902045768

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

80%

60%

eta=ea/hi/sup

Nominal array efficiency (%)

Mean array efficiency (%)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

eta corre

Nominal array efficiency (%)

Mean array efficiency (%)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

eta inv=ei/ea

aaaa

efficiency (%)

operational efficienci of inverters

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

efficiency (%)

Mean operational efficiency of inverters

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

mean eff.

R

mean efficiency (%)

mean eff. / nominal eff.

Mean array efficiency

pnomsupYeart_MAHiEAEIOOYr,dYA,dYf,dLc,dLs,dLtot,dPReta Aeta inveta totYr=hi/tmaYa=ea/tma/pYf=eio/tma/pLc=yr-yaLs=ya-yfPr=yf/yreta=ea/hi/supeta inv=ei/eaetot=eta*etiOavail= 1-OPr=yf/yrYfannualYfxYfyPRxPRyYr=hi/tmaYf=eio/tma/pYfPR

Casaccia100.386519923661352100848923000.0513.692.752.510.950.231.180.6810.0860.9150.0793.692.752.510.950.230.6810.0860.9150.0790.0510.9490.681917.724967175500a3.6939890712.5143149786176.45290179750.112

100.3865199336515081093701007000.0184.132.992.751.140.241.380.6660.0840.9210.0774.132.992.751.140.240.6660.0840.9210.0770.0180.9820.6661003.988035892315020.10004.13150684932.7506521531192.61344251110.113

100.38651994365145999917929000.02742.732.541.270.191.460.6350.0790.930.0744.002.732.541.270.190.6350.0790.9300.0740.0270.9730.635926.22133599225010.15033.9972602742.5375927013241.78724507010.142

100.38651995335115377952715000.1813.162.131.951.030.181.210.6180.0780.9170.0723.442.322.131.120.190.6180.0780.9170.0720.1810.8190.618776.699751491835000.20003.44179104482.1279445246496.18720678930.300

100.38651996366132787404801000.063.632.382.181.250.21.440.6020.0760.9160.073.632.382.181.240.200.6020.0760.9160.0700.060.9400.602796.422208783545010.25003.62568306012.1819786542509.07198908220.311

100.38651997365143463758591270.3373.931.741.622.190.132.310.4110.0510.9270.0483.931.741.622.190.130.4110.0510.9270.0480.3370.6630.411589.501495513555050.30013.92876712331.6150725904519.01672033080.328

100.38651998365144073380671000.243.9421.831.940.172.110.4650.0590.9140.0543.952.001.831.940.170.4650.0590.9140.0540.240.7600.465668.993020937265040.35023.94520547951.8328575916546.99678456590.350

100.3865199936514541103401017800.0033.983.012.780.970.231.20.6980.0880.9220.0813.983.012.780.970.230.6980.0880.9220.0810.0030.9970.6981014.755732801675050.40033.98356164382.7801526926564.69131063510.366

100.38652000366148557390522000.3484.061.561.422.490.142.640.350.0450.910.0414.061.561.422.490.140.3500.0450.9100.0410.3480.6520.350519.0167203308850100.45044.05737704921.4219636173589.50149551350.389

Delphos13113801198736516002224331935170.50047513464.381.961.702.420.250.3890.0370.8700.0320.50047513460.5000.389622.241157556395030.50064.38356164381.7047702947622.24115755630.404

3113801198836616001700411547370.60057016154.371.491.362.880.130.3110.0280.9100.0250.60057016150.3990.311496.1872067893105060.55064.37158469951.3594170049653.77004435350.411

3113801198936516123065282758750.2177522354.422.702.431.720.270.5500.0500.9000.0450.2177522350.7820.550887.0578778135115050.60024.41686575342.4302955557656.17653260240.423

3113801199036516933096392724820.27517387364.642.732.401.910.330.5180.0480.8800.0420.27517387360.7250.518876.1479099678125020.65074.63834794522.4004052328668.99302093720.427

3113801199136516072748872391520.44252873564.402.422.111.980.310.4780.0450.8700.0390.44252873560.5570.478768.9774919614135000.70094.40370684932.1067876492738.72398498810.465

3113801199236615402407412046300.53550921734.212.111.802.090.320.4270.0410.8500.0350.53550921730.4640.427656.17653260240.75014.20704098361.7977439249768.97749196140.475

3113801199336514951911421701160.58079945344.101.681.502.410.190.3660.0340.8900.0300.58079945340.4190.366546.99678456590.80004.09592054791.4986213276776.69975149180.478

3113801199436515932897312568640.2844.362.552.011.810.542.350.460.0480.8870.0384.362.552.261.810.290.5180.0480.8870.0420.2840.7160.518825.92960833160.85004.36438356162.2628208447795.329966330.490

3113801199536517222919632631380.3364.722.571.952.150.622.770.4140.0450.9010.0344.722.572.322.150.250.4910.0450.9010.0400.3360.6640.491846.10430312010.90004.71780821922.3180939812796.42220878350.491

3113801199627513122215552000970.3644.772.592.142.180.452.630.4490.0440.9030.0374.772.592.342.180.250.4900.0440.9030.0400.3640.6360.490853.96520323954.77090909092.3396306938825.92960833160.496

3113801199736517373007712680120.344.762.652.152.110.52.610.4520.0460.8910.0374.762.652.362.110.290.4960.0460.8910.0410.340.6600.496861.77444029934.75890410962.3610258638835.24152035990.505

3113801199836516633035442610810.3214.562.672.021.880.662.540.4420.0480.860.0364.562.672.301.880.370.5050.0480.8600.0410.3210.6790.505839.49007088184.55616438362.2999727969839.49007088180.509

3113801199936517222195241756190.4254.721.931.532.780.413.190.3240.0340.80.0274.721.931.552.780.390.3280.0340.8000.0270.4250.5750.328564.69131063514.71780821921.5470994812846.10430312010.515

31138012000366157268784550270.7924.30.60.473.690.133.830.1090.0120.80.0094.300.600.483.690.120.1130.0120.8000.0090.7920.2080.113176.45290179754.29508196720.4834326077853.96520323950.518

Delphos2293.12561199236616002672462454800.3654.372.492.291.880.22.080.5240.0650.920.064.372.492.291.880.200.5230.0650.9190.0600.3650.6350.523835.24152035994.37158469952.2883329325861.77444029930.518

293.12561199336515803173822952400.2294.332.972.761.360.211.570.6370.0780.9310.0734.332.972.761.360.210.6380.0780.9300.0730.2290.7710.6381007.3012623678a4.32876712332.7597294859876.14790996780.523

293.12561199436516202071441916200.4844.441.941.792.50.152.650.4030.050.9250.0464.441.941.792.500.150.4040.0500.9250.0460.4840.5160.404653.7700443535.1004.43835616441.7911508064879.66050923610.550

293.12561199536517462339272165200.454.782.192.022.60.162.760.4230.0520.9260.0484.782.192.022.600.160.4230.0520.9260.0480.450.5500.423738.7239849881.1534.78356164382.0239013287881.47389969290.563

293.12561199636616253240792949800.2454.443.022.751.420.271.690.6190.0780.9110.0714.443.022.751.420.270.6190.0780.9100.0710.2450.7550.6191003.6644275532.2004.43989071042.7497655549887.05787781350.602

293.12561199736517312782112583600.4264.742.62.412.140.192.330.5090.0630.9290.0584.742.602.412.140.190.5090.0630.9290.0580.4260.5740.509881.4738996929.2504.74246575342.4149969855914.54730417090.614

293.12561199836516971627961492090.6634.651.521.393.130.133.250.30.0370.9170.0344.651.521.393.130.130.3000.0370.9170.0340.6630.3370.300509.0719890822.3014.64931506851.3947177783917.7249671750.618

293.125611999365172470569564550.8514.720.660.534.060.134.20.1120.0160.80.0134.720.660.534.060.130.1120.0160.8000.0130.8510.1490.112192.6134425111.3524.72328767120.5277080617926.2213359920.619

293.125612000366170588828710620.784.660.830.663.830.1740.1420.020.80.0164.660.830.663.830.170.1420.0200.8000.0160.780.2200.142241.7872450701.4034.65846994540.66243080841003.66442755320.630

Serre29702664619953651673266193723621300.3354.582.462.182.130.282.40.4750.0540.8870.0484.582.462.182.130.280.4750.0600.8870.0530.3350.6650.475795.32996633.4544.58356164382.17898620911003.98803589230.635

29702664619963661738363019834043140.0354.753.343.131.410.211.620.660.070.9380.0664.753.343.131.410.210.6600.0780.9380.0740.0350.9650.6601143.10188405.5064.74863387983.13178598371007.30126236780.638

29702664619973651783376293036259400.0434.893.473.341.410.131.540.6850.0710.9640.0694.883.473.341.410.130.6850.0790.9640.0760.0430.9570.6851220.8552188552.5564.88493150683.34480881881014.75573280160.660

29702664619983651705369714034428400.054.673.413.181.260.231.490.680.0730.9310.0684.673.413.181.260.230.6800.0810.9310.0760.050.9500.6801159.2053872054.6024.67123287673.17590517041022.77583624560.666

29702664619993651729373267034755000.0374.743.443.211.290.241.530.6770.0730.9310.0684.743.443.211.290.240.6770.0810.9310.0750.0370.9630.6771170.202020202.6574.73698630143.20603293211095.20599250940.677

297026646200036617333798480357570004.733.493.291.240.21.450.6950.0740.9410.074.733.493.291.240.200.6950.0820.9410.07701.0000.6951200.6499420434.7094.73497267763.2894518961143.101884050.680

Altanurra98.38651997365162397991899000.2554.452.732.511.720.231.940.5630.070.9170.0644.452.732.511.720.230.5630.0700.9170.0640.2550.7450.563914.5473041709.7514.44657534252.50560905251159.20538720540.681

Vulcano80.1117019973651739102330877260.0094.763.531.260.51.760.630.050.8570.0434.763.503.001.260.500.6300.0500.8570.0430.0090.9910.6301095.2059925094.8004.76438356163.0005643631168.87269096360.685

Vasto1001.58792199736517089734598809800.294.682.662.412.020.250.5150.0650.9050.0590.290.7100.515879.6605092361.8504.67945205482.41002879241170.2020202020.692

1001.58792199836516671126853.6853685410243100.154.573.082.801.480.280.6140.0770.9090.0700.150.8500.6141022.77583624564.56712328772.80212557881177.08862935110.695

1001.58792199936516881299251.9422863511706260.034.623.553.201.070.350.6920.0880.9010.0790.030.9700.6921168.87269096364.62465753423.20239093411200.64994204340.698

1001.58792200036616601296144.73684211118208404.543.543.221.000.310.7110.0890.9120.08101.0000.7111177.08862935114.53551912573.22490035441220.85521885520.711

0.508819.2422560368

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Yfy

annual final yield (h/y)

annual datasete

Frequency distribution of annual final yields for 7 grid connected systems with a total of 44 years of operation (1987 - 2000) (Average annual final yield: 820 h/y)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

a

Performance ratio

annual datasets

Frequency distribution of annual performance ratio for 7 grid-connected systems with a total of 44 years of operation (1987 - 2000)(Average value: 0.51)


casaccia100.386519923661352100848923000.0513.6942.7472.5140.9470.2330.6810.08620.9150.07890.949920.2

100.3865199336515081093701007000.0184.1322.9872.7511.1440.2370.6660.08380.9210.07720.9821004.0

100.38651994365145999917929000.0273.9972.7292.5381.2680.1920.6350.07920.9300.07360.973926.2

100.38651995335115377952715000.1813.4422.3202.1281.1220.1920.6180.07820.9170.07170.819712.9

100.38651996366132787404801000.063.6262.3812.1821.2450.1990.6020.07610.9160.06980.940798.6

100.38651997365143463758591270.3373.9291.7421.6152.1870.1260.4110.05140.9270.04770.663589.5

100.38651998365144073380671000.243.9452.0041.8331.9410.1720.4650.05890.9140.05390.760669.0

100.3865199936514541103401017800.0033.9843.0142.7800.9700.2340.6980.08770.9220.08090.9971014.8

100.38652000366148557390522000.3484.0571.5631.4222.4940.1410.3500.04470.9100.04060.652520.4

delphos13113801198736516002224331935170.54.3841.9601.7052.4240.2550.3890.03660.8700.03180.500622.2

3113801198836616001700411547370.6014.3721.4941.3592.8780.1340.3110.02800.9100.02540.399497.5

3113801198936516123065282758750.2184.4162.7002.4301.7160.2700.5500.05000.9000.04500.782887.1

3113801199036516933096392724820.2754.6382.7282.4001.9110.3270.5180.04810.8800.04230.725876.1

3113801199136516072748872391520.4434.4032.4222.1071.9810.3150.4790.04500.8700.03920.557769.0

3113801199236615402407412046300.5364.2082.1151.7982.0930.3170.4270.04110.8500.03500.464658.0

3113801199336514951911421701160.5814.0961.6841.4992.4120.1850.3660.03360.8900.02990.419547.0

3113801199436515932897312568640.2844.3642.5522.2631.8120.2900.5180.04780.8870.04240.716825.9

3113801199536517222919632631380.3364.7182.5722.3182.1460.2540.4910.04460.9010.04020.664846.1

3113801199627513122215552000970.3644.7712.5912.3402.1800.2510.4900.04440.9030.04010.636643.4

3113801199736517373007712680120.344.7592.6502.3612.1090.2890.4960.04560.8910.04060.660861.8

3113801199836516633035442610810.3214.5562.6742.3001.8820.3740.5050.04800.8600.04130.679839.5

3113801199936517222195241756190.4254.7181.9341.5472.7840.3870.3280.03350.8000.02680.575564.7

31138012000366157268784550270.7924.2950.6040.4833.6910.1210.1130.01150.8000.00920.208176.9

delphos2293.12561199236616002672462454800.3654.3722.4912.2881.8800.2030.5230.06520.9190.05990.635837.5

293.12561199336515803173822952400.2294.3292.9672.7601.3620.2070.6380.07840.9300.07300.7711007.3

293.12561199436516202071441916200.4844.4381.9361.7912.5020.1450.4040.04990.9250.04620.516653.8

293.12561199536517462339272165200.454.7842.1872.0242.5970.1630.4230.05230.9260.04840.550738.7

293.12561199636616253240792949800.2454.4403.0212.7501.4190.2710.6190.07790.9100.07090.7551006.4

293.12561199736517312782112583600.4264.7422.6012.4152.1420.1860.5090.06280.9290.05830.574881.5

293.12561199836516971627961492090.6634.6491.5221.3953.1280.1270.3000.03750.9170.03430.337509.1

293.125611999365172470569564550.8514.7230.6600.5284.0640.1320.1120.01600.8000.01280.149192.6

293.125612000366170588828710620.784.6580.8280.6623.8300.1660.1420.02030.8000.01630.220242.4

serre29702664619953651673266193723621300.3354.5842.4562.1792.1280.2770.4750.05970.8870.05300.665795.3

29702664619963661738363019834043140.0354.7493.3403.1321.4090.2080.6600.07840.9380.07350.9651146.2

29702664619973651783376293036259400.0434.8853.4713.3451.4140.1260.6850.07920.9640.07630.9571220.9

29702664619983651705369714034428400.054.6713.4103.1761.2610.2350.6800.08140.9310.07580.9501159.2

29702664619993651729373267034755000.0374.7373.4433.2061.2940.2370.6770.08100.9310.07540.9631170.2

297026646200036617333798480357570004.7353.4943.2891.2410.2050.6950.08230.9410.07741.0001203.9

altanurra98.38651997365162397991899000.2554.4472.7312.5061.7150.2260.5630.06980.9170.06400.745914.5

vulcano180.1117019973651739102330877260.0094.7643.5003.0011.2640.5000.6300.05030.8570.04310.9911095.2

elio10028792199736517089734598809800.294.6792.6622.4092.0180.2530.5150.06480.9050.05870.710879.2

1002879219983651667112685410243100.154.5673.0812.8011.4860.2800.6130.07690.9090.06990.8501022.3

1002879219993651688129925211706260.034.6253.5523.2011.0720.3520.6920.08750.9010.07890.9701168.3

10028792200036616601296145118208404.5363.5343.2231.0010.3110.7110.08880.9120.08101.0001179.7

off-grid domesticoff-gri non-domesticon-grid distributedon-grid centralised

19848080vulcano1

198580

1986380300delphos1

1987380

1988380

1989380

1990380

1991780300casaccia, delphos2

off-grid domesticoff-gri non-domesticon-grid distributedon-grid centralised

199239503750100680680780

199343504150100348028002650elio, serre1-5

199447004650150459011101320serre 6-9

199548304780335585012601286leonori, lamezia, carloforte

19964962479240458500100altanurra

1997505248146776166316310mandatoriccio, autosole

1998521051007806590424430vulcano2, serre10

19995220564090567151250

2000524058901155671500

67156876

The cumulative installed PV power

off-gridon-grid distributedon-grid centralised

1984100008080vulcano180

19851500080

198640200380300delphos1300

198753500380

198857000380

198961000380

199068000380

1991730050780400casaccia, delphos2100+300

19927700100780680780

19938500100343026502650elio, serre1-51000+1650

19949350150475013201320serre 6-91320

19959610335603612861286leonori, lamezia, carloforte86+600+600

199697544046136100100altanurra100

199798666776446310310mandatoriccio, autosole216+94

1998103107806876430430vulcano2, serre10100+330

199910860905687600

2000111301155687600

67766876

off-gridon-grid distributedon-grid centralised

1984100.08

19851.500.08

19864.0200.38

19875.3500.38

19885.700.38

19896.100.38

19906.800.38

19917.30.050.78

19927.70.10.78

19938.50.13.43

19949.350.154.75

19959.610.3356.036

19969.7540.4046.136

19979.8660.6776.446

199810.310.786.876

199910.860.9056.876

200011.131.1556.876

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

off-grid

on-grid distributed

on-grid centralised

MW

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

off-grid

on-grid distributed

on-grid centralised

MW

Vulcano_1 (S.A.)Vulcano_1 (G.C.)Vulcano_2 (G.C.)

198566.670.000.0066.6666

198643.7626.500.00136.92294

198727.3570.090.00234.35874

198835.0425.640.00295.04244

198923.4230.770.00349.23042

19909.4076.070.00434.70042

19912.5688.030.00525.29862

199234.190.000.00559.48662

199355.560.000.00615.04212

199446.1521.370.00682.56342

199533.333.420.00719.31552

19969.4070.090.00798.80262

19970.6887.180.00886.66578

199812.8273.500.00972.99048

199950.4327.8689.741141.0245

20000.0040.1759.831241.0244

450.77640.68149.57

YearMontht_MAOHiEAEIIEIOYr=Hi/tmaYa=Ea/tma/PYf=Eio/tma/PLc=Yr-YaLs=Ya-YfPr=Yf/Yrefa=Ea/hi/sefi=Eio/Eaeft=efa*efiavail=1-OYf annualYearMontht_MAHiEAEIOEL

19971310.3110.67155155253.570.06242197250.01006806013.50757802750.05235391240.00282018490.001197060.16129032260.7sumsumsumsum

19972280.01127.684928492843804.562.19725343321.95291599792.36274656680.24433743530.42827105220.0329884540.88879870130.99dkWh/mkWhkWh

19973310.01163.379486948682125.273.82022471913.30715637711.44977528090.5130683420.62754390460.04962779160.86569681640.99F200F202F215F216

19974300152.41149011490105785.084.78152309614.40199750310.29847690390.3795255930.86653494160.06443906050.92062663191

19975310202.741488014880139726.545.99250936335.6268374210.54749063670.36567194230.86037269430.0627303380.93897849461198613092.383782011470

19976300.01175.87500750061945.863.12109862672.57761131922.73890137330.54348730750.43986541280.0364633470.82586666670.991986228100.241708012432

19977310193.441286512865119866.245.18102372034.82703072771.05897627970.35399299260.77356261660.05684308570.931675087411986331138.88582809331

19978310172.67104471044798595.574.20724094883.97044017561.36275905120.23680077320.71282588430.05171170340.943715899311986428171600006840

19979300.01144105301053081114.84.38202247193.37536412820.41797752811.00665834370.703200860.06250.77027540360.991986525155.31430905549

199710310.02133.927688768850534.323.09612983772.03495630461.22387016231.06117353310.47105470010.04906616020.65725806450.981986630180.6441004440

199711300.0583.76750675055602.792.8089887642.3137744486-0.0189887640.49521431540.82930983820.06892748830.82370370370.951986724193.75691306913

19971231078.125611561150062.522.25967540572.01602835170.26032459430.24364705410.80001125070.06138922810.892176082711986829190.657812010106

1738.51102330889361986930170.7978009780

19861018106.02325503255

Irr horizontalIrr on planePV array prodSys not availEldcEiiEio = Etu1986113095.7396003960

kWh/m2/dkWh/m2/dkWh/d%kWhkWhkWh1986123182.465580010385

Year 1997198713098.273782011470

Jan3.57530.51592531110.671551997131110.6715525198722884.561708012432

Feb4.5617614926438028127.6849281997228127.68492843801987331138.88582809331

Mar5.273061.39471821231163.3794861997331163.37948682121987428171600006840

Apr5.083830115001057830152.4114901997430152.411490105781987525155.31430905549

May6.544800.3148801397231202.74148801997531202.7414880139721987630175.5441004440

Jun5.8625017506619430175.875001997630175.8750061941987724197.78691306913

Jul6.244150128731198631193.44128651997731193.4412865119861987829202.127812010106

Aug5.57337010447985931172.67104471997831172.671044798591987930177.6978009780

Sep4.835111053981113014410530199793014410530811119871018163.99325503255

Oct4.322482.97685505331133.92768819971031133.927688505319871130105.3396003960

Nov2.792255.4676045523083.767501997113083.7675045521987123198.585580010385

Dec2.521810.3559948043178.1256111997123178.12561148041994117101.68381303317

1994226104.16733605740

1994331173.911063308246

1994425148.2975007650

1994530181.971072608835

1994627184.5993007440

1994719182.99920011904

1994826201.51016808866

1994920176.747700570

19941031149.111060204650

1994112198.1687001950

1994123199.269130248

1997131110.6715525

1997228127.6849284380

1997331163.3794868212

1997430152.41149010578

1997531202.741488013972

1997630175.875006194

1997731193.441286511986

1997831172.67104479859

1997930144105308111

19971031133.9276885053

1997113083.767504552

1997123178.1256114804

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Vulcano_1 (S.A.)

Vulcano_1 (G.C.)

Vulcano_2 (G.C.)

MWh

Grafico10

5.10.74

6.80.83

8.280.71

8.80.77

90.79

8.320.74

9.370.82

mean eff.

R

efficiency (%)

mean eff. / nominal eff.

PV genearator efficiency

en cas

9230092300

100700193000

92900285900

71500357400

80100437500

59127496627

67100563727

101780665507

52200717707

82293800000

&A

Page &P

Energy produced

Cumulated energy

Energy produced in annual steps (MWh)

Cumulate energy (MWh)

ENERGY PRODUCED BY CASACCIA PLANT

avail cas

0.652

0.997

0.76

0.663

0.94

0.819

0.973

0.982

0.949

JAN: control software bugs; MAY: 2 modules glass cracking; OCT: by pass diode failure

MAR: filtering system uprading; DEC: signal conditioner failure

FEB: ground fault; MAR dc switch failure

MAY-JUN: inverter control board failure; NOV: p.f.capacitor failure

FEB: tyristor replacement; MAY-JUN: 1 array box failure

APR-MAY: 1 array box failure; MAY-JUN: inverter failure;JUL: ac switch gear repair; AUG-SEP: 1 array box failure

JAN: ground fault in 4 modules; MAR-SEP: 2 array boxes fire

MAY: ground fault in 5 modules

JAN: ground fault in 3 modules: APR: ac switch gear repair;JUN-SEP: acswitch gear replacement

availability

CASACCIA PLANT: AVAILABILITY AND EVENTS

casacc


casaccia100.38651992366135210084892300923000.0513.6939890712.74716833112.51431497860.946820740.23285335250.68065035660.08623319770.91523877520.07892396620.949920.2392821535

100.3865199336515081093701007001930000.0184.13150684932.98747592842.75065215311.14403092090.23682377520.66577455960.08384569390.92072780470.07719906170.9821003.9880358923

100.38651994365145999917929002859000.0273.9972602742.7292642622.53759270131.2679960120.19167156070.63483299250.07917133840.92977171050.07361127070.973926.221335992

100.38651995335115377952715003574000.1813.44179104482.31996547672.12794452461.12182556810.19202095210.61826662250.07815951350.91723111660.07169033780.819712.8614157527

100.38651996366132787404801004375000.063.62568306012.38094459792.18197865421.24473846220.19896594370.60181174640.07614550620.91643403050.06978233310.94798.6041874377

100.38651997365143463758591274966270.3373.92876712331.74156981111.61507259042.18719731220.12649722070.4110889090.05140074650.92736597760.04766730360.663589.5014955135

100.38651998365144073380671005637270.243.94520547952.00439776561.83285759161.94080771380.1715401740.46457848680.0589113680.91441809760.05386962110.76668.9930209372

100.3865199936514541103401017806655070.0033.98356164383.01397178332.78015269260.96958986060.23381909070.69790628120.0877308760.92242160590.08092485550.9971014.7557328016

100.38652000366148557390522007177070.3484.05737704921.56334275861.42196361732.49403429060.14137914130.35046376020.04467799380.90956612650.04063758980.652520.4386839482

8000000.1405555556

Energy producedCumulated energy

19929230092300YfLcLsPRav.availability

199310070019300019922.51431497860.946820740.232853352519920.680650356694.920000.652

19949290028590019932.75065215311.14403092090.236823775219930.665774559698.219990.997

19957150035740019942.53759270131.2679960120.191671560719940.634832992597.319980.76

19968010043750019952.12794452461.12182556810.192020952119950.618266622581.919970.663

19975912749662719962.18197865421.24473846220.198965943719960.60181174649419960.94

19986710056372719971.61507259042.18719731220.126497220719970.41108890966.319950.819

199910178066550719981.83285759161.94080771380.17154017419980.46457848687619940.973

20005220071770719992.78015269260.96958986060.233819090719990.697906281299.719930.982

2001 (7)8229380000020001.42196361732.49403429060.141379141320000.350463760265.219920.949

19.7625295039

casacc

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Yf

Lc

Ls

aa

delph1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

PR

av.

Performance ratio

Availability (%)

delph2


delphos13113801198736516002224331935170.54.3841.9601.7052.4240.2550.3890.03660.8700.03180.500622.2

3113801198836616001700411547370.6014.3721.4941.3592.8780.1340.3110.02800.9100.02540.399497.5

3113801198936516123065282758750.2184.4162.7002.4301.7160.2700.5500.05000.9000.04500.782887.1

3113801199036516933096392724820.2754.6382.7282.4001.9110.3270.5180.04810.8800.04230.725876.1

3113801199136516072748872391520.4434.4032.4222.1071.9810.3150.4790.04500.8700.03920.557769.0

3113801199236615402407412046300.5364.2082.1151.7982.0930.3170.4270.04110.8500.03500.464658.0

3113801199336514951911421701160.5814.0961.6841.4992.4120.1850.3660.03360.8900.02990.419547.0

3113801199436515932897312568640.2844.3642.5522.2631.8120.2900.5180.04780.8870.04240.716825.9

3113801199536517222919632631380.3364.7182.5722.3182.1460.2540.4910.04460.9010.04020.664846.1

3113801199627513122215552000970.3644.7712.5912.3402.1800.2510.4900.04440.9030.04010.636643.4

3113801199736517373007712680120.344.7592.6502.3612.1090.2890.4960.04560.8910.04060.660861.8

3113801199836516633035442610810.3214.5562.6742.3001.8820.3740.5050.04800.8600.04130.679839.5

3113801199936517222195241756190.4254.7181.9341.5472.7840.3870.3280.03350.8000.02680.575564.7

31138012000366157268784550270.7924.2950.6040.4833.6910.1210.1130.01150.8000.00920.208176.9

2990347

3113801199436515932897312280500.2844.3642.5522.0091.8120.5430.4600.04780.7870.03770.716733.3

3113801199536517222919632215600.3364.7182.5721.9522.1460.6200.4140.04460.7590.03390.664712.4

3113801199627513122215551830500.3644.7712.5912.1402.1800.4500.4490.04440.8260.03670.636588.6

3113801199736517373007712443340.344.7592.6502.1522.1090.4970.4520.04560.8120.03700.660785.6

3113801199836516633035442287920.3214.5562.6742.0161.8820.6590.4420.04800.7540.03620.679735.7

3113801199936517222195241735430.4254.7181.9341.5292.7840.4050.3240.03350.7910.02650.575558.0

31138012000366157268784535360.7924.2950.6040.4703.6910.1340.1100.01150.7780.00900.208172.1

Yeart_MAHiEAEldcEIIEIOYr,dYA,dYf,dLc,dLs,dLtot,dPReta Aeta inveta totOYf,dPRO

Delphos11987365160022243302224331935170.500475135

1988366160017004101700411547370.600570162

1989365161230652803065282758750.217752235

1990365169330963903096392724820.275173874

1991365160727488702748872391520.442528736

1992366154024074102407412046300.535509217

1993365149519114201911421701160.580799453

19943651593289731325012572302280504.362.552.011.810.542.350.460.0480.8870.0380.2842.010.460.284

19953651722291963461332458302215604.722.571.952.150.622.770.4140.0450.9010.0340.3361.950.4140.336

19962751312221555188752026801830504.772.592.142.180.452.630.4490.0440.9030.0370.3642.140.4490.364

19973651737300771265722741992443344.762.652.152.110.52.610.4520.0460.8910.0370.342.150.4520.34

19983651663303544375412660032287924.562.672.021.880.662.540.4420.0480.860.0360.3212.020.4420.321

1999365172221952425952169291735434.721.931.532.780.413.190.3240.0340.80.0270.4251.530.3240.425

2000366157268784186466920535364.30.60.473.690.133.830.1090.0120.80.0090.7920.470.1090.792

YfLcLsPrav.Pr=Yf/Yrefa=Ea/hi/sefi=Eio/Eaeft=efa*efiavail=1-OYf annual

19871.70477029472.42405849450.254732854719870.3889007235500.38890072350.03657475010.87000130380.03182008020.5622.2411575563

19881.35941700492.87771686610.134450828519880.310966639939.90.31096663990.02795991190.90999817690.02544346880.399497.5466237942

19892.43029555571.71610800330.270034797219890.550284043378.20.55028404330.05002732070.89999934750.0450245560.782887.0578778135

19902.40040523281.91061974190.327331189719900.517512055572.50.51751205550.04811725330.87999896650.04234313320.725876.1479099678

19912.10678764921.98114786590.314804210919910.478517418855.70.47851741880.04500289530.87000112770.03915256960.557768.9774919614

19921.79774392492.09265897070.317247377619920.427256023746.40.42725602370.04112742030.85000062310.03495833290.464657.9742765273

19931.49862132762.41204246130.18522662219930.365884136841.90.36588413680.03363698520.88999801190.02993684990.419546.9967845659

19942.26281989161.81202484250.289538827519940.51847411271.60.5184741120.04784993150.88656029210.04242184920.716825.9292604502

19952.31809012022.14578690040.253931198519950.491348951266.40.49134895120.04460636160.90127173650.0402024530.664846.1028938907

19962.33963168662.18038000580.250897398419960.490395361163.60.49039536110.04442729290.90314820250.04012442970.636643.3987138264

19972.3610271772.10928952120.288587411419970.496128336660.4961283360.04555523290.89108324940.0405935050.66861.7749196141

19982.29996916711.88212130560.374073910919980.50480381667.90.5048038160.0480210370.86010924280.04130333770.679839.4887459807

19991.54709950232.7839316390.386777077919990.327927594857.50.32792759480.03353906810.79999908890.02683122390.575564.691318328

20000.48343085063.69079120760.12085990920000.11255451120.80.1125545110.01151163510.79999709230.00920927460.208176.9356913183

YfLcLsPRav.YfLcLsPrav.

19871.70477029472.42405849450.254732854719870.388900723550

19881.35941700492.87771686610.134450828519880.310966639939.9

19892.43029555571.71610800330.270034797219890.550284043378.2

19902.40040523281.91061974190.327331189719900.517512055572.5

19912.10678764921.98114786590.314804210919910.478517418855.7

19921.79774392492.09265897070.317247377619920.427256023746.419921.79774392492.09265897070.317247377619920.427256023746.4

19931.49862132762.41204246130.18522662219930.365884136841.919931.49862132762.41204246130.18522662219930.365884136841.9

19942.26281989161.81202484250.289538827519940.51847411271.619942.26281989161.81202484250.289538827519940.51847411271.6

19952.31809012022.14578690040.253931198519950.491348951266.419952.31809012022.14578690040.253931198519950.491348951266.4

19962.33963168662.18038000580.250897398419960.490395361163.619962.33963168662.18038000580.250897398419960.490395361163.6

19972.3610271772.10928952120.288587411419970.4961283366619972.3610271772.10928952120.288587411419970.49612833666

19982.29996916711.88212130560.374073910919980.50480381667.919982.29996916711

Documents

PV Castello