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© Danish Management Group
Putra Specialist Hospital
Putra Specialist Hospital,
169, Jalan Bendahara,
75100 Melaka
Building Description and FunctionPutra Specialist Hospital, a private hospital owned by the Melaka State Government,
was commissioned in year
building is a combination of 3 blocks.
Putra Sp Hospital
Figure 1 Location of the building
Project Ref: 101568
Putra Specialist Hospital
Year:
Size:
Electricity Consumption:
and Function Putra Specialist Hospital, a private hospital owned by the Melaka State Government,
year 1995 and city centre, along Jalan Bendahara.
building is a combination of 3 blocks.
Putra Sp Hospital
p Hospital
Location of the building
Project Ref: 101568-01
1995
31,716 Sqm
7.1 GWh/year
Putra Specialist Hospital, a private hospital owned by the Melaka State Government,
city centre, along Jalan Bendahara. The 12 storey
Putra Sp Hospital
© Danish Management Group
Floor Function
Ground floor Main lobby
1st
Floor Car Park
2nd
Floor Car Park
3rd
Floor Consultant Suites
4th
Floor Laboratories (Podium Block)
Chilled/Hot Water Pump Room (Rooftop
5th
Floor Operation Theatres
5s Service
6th
Floor (Tower Block) Maternity
7th
Floor General Wards
8th
– 12th
Floor General Wards (extended floor area )
Administartive Office: 11
The hospital operates on 24
Outdoor lighting is lit overnight from 19:00 to 07:00.
The building complex is a combination of the podium block, main tower and the annex
block. The podium block is a 6 storey block, ground level up. The main tower, which is
ANNEX BLOCK
GROUND FLOOR
ANNEX BLOCK
1ST - 4TH FLOOR
2
Function
Main lobby
Car Park
Car Park
Consultant Suites
Laboratories (Podium Block)
Chilled/Hot Water Pump Room (Rooftop-Annex Block)
Operation Theatres
Service Floor (OT Ducting Floor)
Maternity
General Wards
General Wards (extended floor area )
Administartive Office: 11th
Floor
hospital operates on 24-hours basis. The same is applicable for the air
is lit overnight from 19:00 to 07:00.
The building complex is a combination of the podium block, main tower and the annex
block. The podium block is a 6 storey block, ground level up. The main tower, which is
GROUND FLOOR
HOSPITAL
1ST FLOOR
HOSPITAL
2ND - 12TH FLOOR
HOSPITAL
5TH FLOOR
HOSPITAL
6TH FLOOR
HOSPITAL
7TH FLOOR
HOSPITAL
8 - 12TH FLOOR
HOSPITAL
Energy Screening
hours basis. The same is applicable for the air-conditioning.
The building complex is a combination of the podium block, main tower and the annex
block. The podium block is a 6 storey block, ground level up. The main tower, which is
6TH FLOOR
HOSPITAL
ROOF
ROOF
7TH FLOOR
HOSPITAL
ROOF
8 - 12TH FLOOR
HOSPITAL
© Danish Management Group
6 storeys, starts from the 6
building, including the basement car park.
The gross floor area for the building is 31,716 s
26,367 sqm.
Floor
Gross
Podium Annex
B 946
G 2,333 1,169
1 2,333 1,169
2 2,333 1,169
3 2,333 1,169
4 2,333
5 2,333
5S 2,420
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Total 16,418 4,675
3
6 storeys, starts from the 6th floor up to the 12
th floor. The annex block, is a 5 st
building, including the basement car park.
r area for the building is 31,716 sqm., while the air-conditioned area is
Air-conditioned
Annex Tower Gross Total Podium Annex
946 851
1,169 3,502 2,100 1,052
1,169 3,502 2,100 1,052
1,169 3,502 2,100 1,052
1,169 3,502 2,100 1,052
2,333 2,100
2,333 2,100
2,420
1,882 1,882
1,075 1,075
1,344 1,344
1,344 1,344
1,344 1,344
1,344 1,344
1,344 1,344
4,675 9,677 31,716 12,599 5,059
Energy Screening
floor. The annex block, is a 5 storey
conditioned area is
Tower Gross Total
851
3152
3152
3152
3152
2100
2100
1,694 1694
968 968
1,210 1210
1,210 1210
1,210 1210
1,210 1210
1,210 1210
8,709 26,367
© Danish Management Group
Indoor Comfort LevelsDuring the preliminary audit the indoor climate was surveyed by measuring the lux,
temperature, CO2 and relative humidity levels throughout the building. This survey
provides information about the indoor climate quality of the building as well as
providing indications of potential energy wastages in the use of the building.
The diagrams below shows th
providing the average value as well as the maximum and minimum values registered. As
the measurements have been made throughout the building the measured values are from
various rooms and locations
category. The results are compared to the recommended levels set by either standards or
best practices.
Chart 1 Measured illuminance levels. The average of the measured values
maximum and minimum levels. The green area shows the recommended levels.
The lux levels are compared with the
energy efficiency. However, places especially office
Some of the areas especially emergency
having high variation of lux level
of daylight. In some of these spaces there may be sufficient daylight during the
and artificial lighting may not be required.
0
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Lux
4
Indoor Comfort Levels During the preliminary audit the indoor climate was surveyed by measuring the lux,
and relative humidity levels throughout the building. This survey
provides information about the indoor climate quality of the building as well as
providing indications of potential energy wastages in the use of the building.
The diagrams below shows the results of the survey, and shows the measur
age value as well as the maximum and minimum values registered. As
the measurements have been made throughout the building the measured values are from
various rooms and locations, and the diagrams provide the results for each room
category. The results are compared to the recommended levels set by either standards or
Measured illuminance levels. The average of the measured values are shown in blue, with the
maximum and minimum levels. The green area shows the recommended levels.
compared with the required levels set by the MS 1525
However, places especially office are under lit.
the areas especially emergency rooms, meeting rooms, lobbies and wards are
lux levels. This can be due to both artificial lighting and influx
n some of these spaces there may be sufficient daylight during the
and artificial lighting may not be required.
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Lux Levels
Energy Screening
During the preliminary audit the indoor climate was surveyed by measuring the lux,
and relative humidity levels throughout the building. This survey
provides information about the indoor climate quality of the building as well as
providing indications of potential energy wastages in the use of the building.
e results of the survey, and shows the measured values by
age value as well as the maximum and minimum values registered. As
the measurements have been made throughout the building the measured values are from
, and the diagrams provide the results for each room
category. The results are compared to the recommended levels set by either standards or
are shown in blue, with the
required levels set by the MS 1525 guidelines for
lobbies and wards are
both artificial lighting and influx
n some of these spaces there may be sufficient daylight during the day time,
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© Danish Management Group
Chart 2 Measured temperature levels. The average measured temperature is shown in blue, with the maximum
and minimum levels. The green area shows the recommended levels.
Temperature levels are in general too low. In most air
temperatures are between 2
conditioned areas is general
area, except for server room and Operation Theater
required. However, the temperature of operati
below the recommended level of 19
Hospital Bath.
The temperature variation in
rooms are high. Temperatures have been registered
and as high as 29°C for store rooms.
Low temperatures of 14°C
air in as a mean to increase the temperature. This will lead to energy wastage in terms of
increased cooling loads.
13.014.015.016.017.018.019.020.021.022.023.024.025.026.027.028.029.030.0
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Measured temperature levels. The average measured temperature is shown in blue, with the maximum
and minimum levels. The green area shows the recommended levels.
Temperature levels are in general too low. In most air-conditioned areas, average
temperatures are between 22 and 24°C. The recommended temperature level for air
general between 24-26°C, depending on the activity level in t
ept for server room and Operation Theater where low temperatures are
However, the temperature of operation theater is as low as 16°C, which is
below the recommended level of 19-21°C from Theatre Practice Policy by Royal United
e temperature variation in kitchen and pantries, lobbies, store rooms and treatment
Temperatures have been registered as low as 14°C for treatment rooms
for store rooms. This shows that the system is not proper balanced.
°C could often lead to opening of windows to allow warm, fresh
air in as a mean to increase the temperature. This will lead to energy wastage in terms of
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Temperature Levels
Energy Screening
Measured temperature levels. The average measured temperature is shown in blue, with the maximum
conditioned areas, average
and 24°C. The recommended temperature level for air-
26°C, depending on the activity level in the
where low temperatures are
theater is as low as 16°C, which is
Theatre Practice Policy by Royal United
kitchen and pantries, lobbies, store rooms and treatment
treatment rooms
shows that the system is not proper balanced.
often lead to opening of windows to allow warm, fresh
air in as a mean to increase the temperature. This will lead to energy wastage in terms of
Se
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© Danish Management Group
Chart 3 Measured CO2 Levels. The average CO
levels. The green area shows the recommended level.
The levels of CO2 are well within the recommended best practice levels set by DOSH.
In general the levels are about half of the required ceiling level for best practice, and the
amount of fresh air is very high in the building. This indicates that fresh, warm outside
air may be introduced to the building through open windows, doors or leak
building envelope and thus increases the cooling load and leads to energy wastage.
0
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200
300
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500
600
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800
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1200
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Levels. The average CO2 level is shown in blue, with the maximum and minimum
levels. The green area shows the recommended level.
are well within the recommended best practice levels set by DOSH.
n general the levels are about half of the required ceiling level for best practice, and the
amount of fresh air is very high in the building. This indicates that fresh, warm outside
air may be introduced to the building through open windows, doors or leak
building envelope and thus increases the cooling load and leads to energy wastage.
Kit
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CO2 Levels
Energy Screening
level is shown in blue, with the maximum and minimum
are well within the recommended best practice levels set by DOSH.
n general the levels are about half of the required ceiling level for best practice, and the
amount of fresh air is very high in the building. This indicates that fresh, warm outside
air may be introduced to the building through open windows, doors or leaks in the
building envelope and thus increases the cooling load and leads to energy wastage.
Sto
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© Danish Management Group
Chart 4 Measured relative humidity. The average relative humidity levels are shown in blue, with the
maximum and minimum values. The green area shows the recommended level.
Relative humidity is well within the requi
value over the ceiling limit is recorded.
windows, where outside, humid air is introduced. Limiting the amount of outside air into
the building would reduce the humidity and thus the energy requirement for
dehumidification of the air.
Equipment Inventory The preliminary audit included a survey of installed equipment in the building. The
inventory of main equipment for cooling, lighting and other equipment
plug load has been compiled.
Cooling system
The main cooling system comprises of 4 air
units in operation and 1 stand
order. In total, there are 37 AHU, located on floors G, 3, 3A, 5S, 6, 7, 8 9 and 10.
rest of the floors are either non
located on the utility floor, i.e. Level 3S.
Also, there are 5 x 22 kW chilled water pumps which are also cycled with 3 in operation
and 2 on stand-by. At the time of audit, 1 of the stand
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Measured relative humidity. The average relative humidity levels are shown in blue, with the
maximum and minimum values. The green area shows the recommended level.
Relative humidity is well within the required level. However in some wards
ver the ceiling limit is recorded. High RH in wards can be due to opening of
, where outside, humid air is introduced. Limiting the amount of outside air into
the building would reduce the humidity and thus the energy requirement for
n of the air.
The preliminary audit included a survey of installed equipment in the building. The
inventory of main equipment for cooling, lighting and other equipment
has been compiled.
main cooling system comprises of 4 air-cooled chiller units, which are cycled with 3
units in operation and 1 stand-by. At the time of audit, the stand-by unit was out of
order. In total, there are 37 AHU, located on floors G, 3, 3A, 5S, 6, 7, 8 9 and 10.
rest of the floors are either non-air conditioned or use only split units. The chillers are
located on the utility floor, i.e. Level 3S.
Also, there are 5 x 22 kW chilled water pumps which are also cycled with 3 in operation
time of audit, 1 of the stand-by units was out of order.
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Relative Humidity
Energy Screening
Measured relative humidity. The average relative humidity levels are shown in blue, with the
red level. However in some wards high RH
can be due to opening of
, where outside, humid air is introduced. Limiting the amount of outside air into
the building would reduce the humidity and thus the energy requirement for
The preliminary audit included a survey of installed equipment in the building. The
inventory of main equipment for cooling, lighting and other equipment contributed to
cooled chiller units, which are cycled with 3
by unit was out of
order. In total, there are 37 AHU, located on floors G, 3, 3A, 5S, 6, 7, 8 9 and 10. The
air conditioned or use only split units. The chillers are
Also, there are 5 x 22 kW chilled water pumps which are also cycled with 3 in operation
by units was out of order.
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© Danish Management Group
In addition are 154 air-conditioning split units installed on almost all floors where
central cooling is unavailable and under conditions where additional cooling is required.
The ACSUs have a combined power capacity of 141.7 kW.
Lighting
The hospital is equipped with a total number of 4540 unit lamps to provide lighting
requiment of the building. The T8 Fluuorescent type accounts the major portion of the
numbers which is about 68% or 3089 units. It
Fluorescent Light (CFL) which account for 30% of the total unit. There are other
lighting types were installed i.e. incandescent and LED type which acount for 1%
respectivley.
Chart 5 Breakdown of types of lamps
Other Equipment
In addition to the cooling and lighting equipment, the hospital also used some other
electrical equipment for medical treatment (X
etc), office equipment such as computer, fax, printers as well as TV
Florescent
Tube (T8)
68%
Incandescent
Lamp 1%
LED
1%
8
conditioning split units installed on almost all floors where
central cooling is unavailable and under conditions where additional cooling is required.
ned power capacity of 141.7 kW.
The hospital is equipped with a total number of 4540 unit lamps to provide lighting
requiment of the building. The T8 Fluuorescent type accounts the major portion of the
numbers which is about 68% or 3089 units. It was then follwed by the Compact
Fluorescent Light (CFL) which account for 30% of the total unit. There are other
lighting types were installed i.e. incandescent and LED type which acount for 1%
Chart 5 Breakdown of types of lamps
In addition to the cooling and lighting equipment, the hospital also used some other
electrical equipment for medical treatment (X-ray, haemodialysis machine,
such as computer, fax, printers as well as TVs and fridge
CFL
30%
Energy Screening
conditioning split units installed on almost all floors where
central cooling is unavailable and under conditions where additional cooling is required.
The hospital is equipped with a total number of 4540 unit lamps to provide lighting
requiment of the building. The T8 Fluuorescent type accounts the major portion of the
was then follwed by the Compact
Fluorescent Light (CFL) which account for 30% of the total unit. There are other
lighting types were installed i.e. incandescent and LED type which acount for 1%
In addition to the cooling and lighting equipment, the hospital also used some other
ray, haemodialysis machine, scanners
and fridges.
© Danish Management Group
Energy Usage Profile The building consumes a total of
consumed by the cooling system which accounts for
amounts to 10%, while others such as plug loads account
Chart 6 Breakdown of the Electricity Consumption
Item
Cooling
Lighting
Others
Total
Lighting
10%
Others
16%
9
The building consumes a total of 7,100,000 kWh per year. The highest portion is
consumed by the cooling system which accounts for 74% of the consumption. Lighting
%, while others such as plug loads accounts for 16%.
Chart 6 Breakdown of the Electricity Consumption
Energy Consumption (KWh)
5,222,786
732,654
1,144,560
7,100,000
Cooling
74%
Energy Screening
0,000 kWh per year. The highest portion is
% of the consumption. Lighting
Pct.
74%
10%
16%
100%
© Danish Management Group
Cooling System
The energy requirement for the cooling system can be divided into the consumption of
the air-cooled chillers, AHUs, the chilled water pumps
from the chart, at about 72
Chart 7 Breakdown of the cooling system energy consumption
No. Item
1 Chillers
2 Air Handling Units
3 Chilled Water Pumps
4 ACSU (Splits)
Cooling Total
Air Handling
Units 12%
Chilled
Water
Pumps
9%
ACSU
(Splits)
7%
10
The energy requirement for the cooling system can be divided into the consumption of
cooled chillers, AHUs, the chilled water pumps and the ACSUs. As can be seen
2%, the major portion is consumed by the air-
Chart 7 Breakdown of the cooling system energy consumption
Maximum Demand (kW) Energy Consumption (kWh)
229
97
48
34
Cooling Total 408
Chillers
72%
Energy Screening
The energy requirement for the cooling system can be divided into the consumption of
and the ACSUs. As can be seen
-cooled chillers.
Energy Consumption (kWh)
3,758,040
609,827
462,528
392,390
5,222,786
© Danish Management Group
Lighting
The chart shows that 52% of the lighting energy consumption is consumed at the lobbies
and corridors. This is due to its longer operating hour (24 hours) served at these areas.
The consultant rooms consumed 11% of the consumption followed by ward areas which
accounts for 9%. Wards consume about
stairs, office/ meeting rooms and treatment rooms/ Operation Theater
5% and 4% respectively.
Chart 8 Distribution of electricity consumption for lighting by room category.
Location
Lobby & Counter
Consultant Room
Ward
Parking
Toilet/Stairs
Office/Meeting Room
Treatment Room/
Operation Theater
Others
Lighting Total
Consultant
Room 11%
Ward
9%
Parking
6%
Toilet/
Stairs 5%
Office/Meeting
Room
5%
Treatment
Room/Operation
Theater
4%
Others
8%
11
The chart shows that 52% of the lighting energy consumption is consumed at the lobbies
and corridors. This is due to its longer operating hour (24 hours) served at these areas.
consumed 11% of the consumption followed by ward areas which
for 9%. Wards consume about 9% of total energy, whereas parking, toilet/
stairs, office/ meeting rooms and treatment rooms/ Operation Theater consume 6%,
Chart 8 Distribution of electricity consumption for lighting by room category.
Maximum Demand (kW) Energy Consumption (kWh)
53
38
12
10
4
13
15
16
161
Lobby & Counter
52%
Consultant
Room 11%
Others
8%
Energy Screening
The chart shows that 52% of the lighting energy consumption is consumed at the lobbies
and corridors. This is due to its longer operating hour (24 hours) served at these areas.
consumed 11% of the consumption followed by ward areas which
, whereas parking, toilet/
consume 6%, 5%,
Energy Consumption (kWh)
378,423
83,035
63,903
40,820
39,122
38,366
33,371
55,613
732,654
© Danish Management Group
Baseline Energy ConsumptionThe historic energy consumption is derived from the utility bills for the period January
2012 to November 2013. As the period is too short to provide a full year
development, the monthly consumption is presented below. It shows that the monthly
consumption is fluctuating between 650,000 kWh/month and 500,000 kWh/month, with
a monthly average of about 590,000 kWh/month. The maximum demand fluctuates
between 1322kW and 1133kW with an average of 1210kW.
Chart 9 Electricity consumption
As the months vary with the number of days, a more precise comparison is to compare
the daily average for the months. The daily average is about 19,400 kWh/day.
Chart 10 Electricity consumption per day
The total yearly consumption is estimated to be ab
there is no linear correlation between the months.
The electricity cost for the period 2012
prevailing in the period. The diagram below shows what the cost will be with the
increased tariff rates effective from 1
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
Ma
r-1
2
Ap
r-1
2
Ma
y-1
2
Jun
-12
Jul-
12
kWh
13,000
14,000
15,000
16,000
17,000
18,000
19,000
20,000
21,000
22,000
Ma
r-1
2
Ap
r-1
2
Ma
y-1
2
Jun
-12
Jul-
12
kW
h/d
ay
12
Baseline Energy Consumption consumption is derived from the utility bills for the period January
2012 to November 2013. As the period is too short to provide a full year
development, the monthly consumption is presented below. It shows that the monthly
ing between 650,000 kWh/month and 500,000 kWh/month, with
a monthly average of about 590,000 kWh/month. The maximum demand fluctuates
between 1322kW and 1133kW with an average of 1210kW.
Chart 9 Electricity consumption and maximum demand per month
As the months vary with the number of days, a more precise comparison is to compare
the daily average for the months. The daily average is about 19,400 kWh/day.
Electricity consumption per day
The total yearly consumption is estimated to be about 7,100,000 kWh/year. However
there is no linear correlation between the months.
The electricity cost for the period 2012-2013 is based on the electricity tariff that was
prevailing in the period. The diagram below shows what the cost will be with the
increased tariff rates effective from 1st January 2014, where the average monthly
Au
g-1
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Oct
-12
No
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De
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Jan
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Energy Consumption with Max Demand
Energy Max Demand
Jul-
12
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Ap
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Jun
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Jul-
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Avg. Electricity Consump on per Day
Energy Screening
consumption is derived from the utility bills for the period January
2012 to November 2013. As the period is too short to provide a full year-on-year
development, the monthly consumption is presented below. It shows that the monthly
ing between 650,000 kWh/month and 500,000 kWh/month, with
a monthly average of about 590,000 kWh/month. The maximum demand fluctuates
As the months vary with the number of days, a more precise comparison is to compare
the daily average for the months. The daily average is about 19,400 kWh/day.
00 kWh/year. However
2013 is based on the electricity tariff that was
prevailing in the period. The diagram below shows what the cost will be with the
January 2014, where the average monthly
500
700
900
1,100
1,300
1,500
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Oct
-13
No
v-1
3
De
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kW
Au
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Se
p-1
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Oct
-13
No
v-1
3
De
c-1
3
© Danish Management Group
electricity cost will increase from RM 232,000 to RM 252,000. The yearly electricity
cost is expected to be around RM 3.00 Mill. with the new tariff.
Chart 11 Historic Monthly electricity cost is shown in blue colour. The cost for the same consumption with the
2014 tariff applied is shown in red colour.
Building Energy Performance
The energy performance of the building can be illustrated by the building energy index
(BEI). This is based on the ratio between the annual electricity consumption and the air
conditioned floor area. The BEI is presented below with the annual equivalent BEI
based on monthly electricity consumption, in order to show the variations in the BEI and
the average BEI, which is the annual BEI. The average annual BEI is around
269kWh/m2-year.
Chart 12 Building Energy Index based on monthly electricity consumption
180,000
190,000
200,000
210,000
220,000
230,000
240,000
250,000
260,000
270,000
280,000
Ma
r-1
2
Ap
r-1
2
Ma
y-1
2
Jun
-12
Jul-
12
RM
/mo
nth
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
Ma
r-1
2
Ap
r-1
2
Ma
y-1
2
Jun
-12
Jul-
12
Eq
uiv
ale
nt
kW
h/m
2-y
ea
r
13
electricity cost will increase from RM 232,000 to RM 252,000. The yearly electricity
cost is expected to be around RM 3.00 Mill. with the new tariff.
thly electricity cost is shown in blue colour. The cost for the same consumption with the
2014 tariff applied is shown in red colour.
uilding Energy Performance
The energy performance of the building can be illustrated by the building energy index
This is based on the ratio between the annual electricity consumption and the air
conditioned floor area. The BEI is presented below with the annual equivalent BEI
based on monthly electricity consumption, in order to show the variations in the BEI and
e average BEI, which is the annual BEI. The average annual BEI is around
Building Energy Index based on monthly electricity consumption
Jul-
12
Au
g-1
2
Se
p-1
2
Oct
-12
No
v-1
2
De
c-1
2
Jan
-13
Fe
b-1
3
Ma
r-1
3
Ap
r-1
3
Ma
y-1
3
Jun
-13
Jul-
13
Au
g-1
3
Electricity Cost per Month
Au
g-1
2
Se
p-1
2
Oct
-12
No
v-1
2
De
c-1
2
Jan
-13
Fe
b-1
3
Ma
r-1
3
Ap
r-1
3
Ma
y-1
3
Jun
-13
Jul-
13
Au
g-1
3
BEI calculated monthly
Energy Screening
electricity cost will increase from RM 232,000 to RM 252,000. The yearly electricity
thly electricity cost is shown in blue colour. The cost for the same consumption with the
The energy performance of the building can be illustrated by the building energy index
This is based on the ratio between the annual electricity consumption and the air-
conditioned floor area. The BEI is presented below with the annual equivalent BEI
based on monthly electricity consumption, in order to show the variations in the BEI and
e average BEI, which is the annual BEI. The average annual BEI is around
Au
g-1
3
Se
p-1
3
Oct
-13
No
v-1
3
De
c-1
3
Au
g-1
3
Se
p-1
3
Oct
-13
No
v-1
3
De
c-1
3
© Danish Management Group
Preliminary Findings
Based on the initial investigations in the preliminary audit the
been identified for further assessment in the detailed audit phase.
Building Envelope
The low CO2 levels indicate that there is a high amount of fresh air infiltration into the
building. The fresh air intakes in the AHU rooms are mostly closed, so the fresh air is
infiltrating through open doors, windows and leaks in the building envelope. Increasing
the air tightness on the building envelope could reduce the cooling load for the building
as well as the need for dehumidification. Potential measures are to seal leakages and
ensure doors are closed.
Open windows are often an indication that the room te
that some office room temperatures are as low as 19°C, and this could encourage
occupants to open the windows to allow warmer air in. This problem can be solved by
better air distributions in the air
temperatures to occur.
Some office rooms are found to have a high room temperature. These are mainly rooms
exposed to direct sunlight along the perimeter of the building. Installing shading devices
or better heat reflective film on th
sunlight.
Cooling
The cooling system is primarily based on chillers and AHUs providing centralised air
conditioning for specific zones. The system is based on constant air volume flow, which
does not control the air-distribution within each zone. Better distribution of air within
the zones will balance the temperature levels and avoid excessive cooling in parts of the
zone and reduce the problem with high temperatures in other parts of the zone. This
would in most cases lead to reduced cooling load for the AHUs and chillers. Installation
of dampers in the air ducting system can improve the air distribution.
The AHUs are providing a constant air
motors. Installation of variable speed drives would enable the fans to modulate the air
flow to the zone according the requirements. Improving efficiency of the fans and
motors will also leads to lower energy consumption.
The chillers are operated by staging the comp
compressor by frequency converter could improve the efficiency by operating the
compressors according to the required load.
The cooling tower fans are non
power consumption by installing variable speed drives on the fan motors or replacing
the fans and motors with new energy efficient models.
14
on the initial investigations in the preliminary audit the following measures have
been identified for further assessment in the detailed audit phase.
levels indicate that there is a high amount of fresh air infiltration into the
building. The fresh air intakes in the AHU rooms are mostly closed, so the fresh air is
infiltrating through open doors, windows and leaks in the building envelope. Increasing
the air tightness on the building envelope could reduce the cooling load for the building
as well as the need for dehumidification. Potential measures are to seal leakages and
Open windows are often an indication that the room temperature is low. It was found
that some office room temperatures are as low as 19°C, and this could encourage
occupants to open the windows to allow warmer air in. This problem can be solved by
better air distributions in the air-conditioned zones, and thus avoiding the low
Some office rooms are found to have a high room temperature. These are mainly rooms
exposed to direct sunlight along the perimeter of the building. Installing shading devices
or better heat reflective film on the windowpanes can reduce heat radiation from direct
The cooling system is primarily based on chillers and AHUs providing centralised air
conditioning for specific zones. The system is based on constant air volume flow, which
distribution within each zone. Better distribution of air within
the zones will balance the temperature levels and avoid excessive cooling in parts of the
zone and reduce the problem with high temperatures in other parts of the zone. This
uld in most cases lead to reduced cooling load for the AHUs and chillers. Installation
of dampers in the air ducting system can improve the air distribution.
The AHUs are providing a constant air-flow as there is no speed control on the fan
llation of variable speed drives would enable the fans to modulate the air
flow to the zone according the requirements. Improving efficiency of the fans and
motors will also leads to lower energy consumption.
The chillers are operated by staging the compressors, whereas modulating the base
compressor by frequency converter could improve the efficiency by operating the
compressors according to the required load.
The cooling tower fans are non-modulated and there are opportunities for reducing the
onsumption by installing variable speed drives on the fan motors or replacing
the fans and motors with new energy efficient models.
Energy Screening
following measures have
levels indicate that there is a high amount of fresh air infiltration into the
building. The fresh air intakes in the AHU rooms are mostly closed, so the fresh air is
infiltrating through open doors, windows and leaks in the building envelope. Increasing
the air tightness on the building envelope could reduce the cooling load for the building
as well as the need for dehumidification. Potential measures are to seal leakages and
mperature is low. It was found
that some office room temperatures are as low as 19°C, and this could encourage
occupants to open the windows to allow warmer air in. This problem can be solved by
us avoiding the low
Some office rooms are found to have a high room temperature. These are mainly rooms
exposed to direct sunlight along the perimeter of the building. Installing shading devices
e windowpanes can reduce heat radiation from direct
The cooling system is primarily based on chillers and AHUs providing centralised air-
conditioning for specific zones. The system is based on constant air volume flow, which
distribution within each zone. Better distribution of air within
the zones will balance the temperature levels and avoid excessive cooling in parts of the
zone and reduce the problem with high temperatures in other parts of the zone. This
uld in most cases lead to reduced cooling load for the AHUs and chillers. Installation
flow as there is no speed control on the fan
llation of variable speed drives would enable the fans to modulate the air-
flow to the zone according the requirements. Improving efficiency of the fans and
ressors, whereas modulating the base
compressor by frequency converter could improve the efficiency by operating the
modulated and there are opportunities for reducing the
onsumption by installing variable speed drives on the fan motors or replacing
© Danish Management Group
Chilled water pumps are also not modulated and could be fitted with variable speed
drives, so the pumps are operated accor
As the whole cooling system is
replacement of parts of the chiller and AHU system is the best option for reducing the
energy consumption.
Lighting
The vast majority of lamps are ceiling recessed fluorescent tubes type T8
fluorescent lamp. These lamps can be replaced by either the more efficient T5 or LED
tubes/lamps, which will bring the energy consumption for lighting significantly down.
This will also lead to less heat load in the building, which will reduce the required
cooling load. New lamp technologies are also more long
requirement for maintenance.
Controlling the light usage by installation of motion and/or daylight sensor
can reduce the energy consumption for lighting in areas such as toilets, stairwells and
other infrequent used areas, where the light is switched on currently.
Summary
The above mentioned measures are to be analysed in more details during the detail
audit phase, in order to assess their potential savings and cost effectiveness.
Below is a table of the measures
ID Group
A1 Automation
B2 Building envelope
C1 Cooling
C2 Cooling
C5 Cooling
C6 Cooling
E1 Electricity
L1 Lighting
L2 Lighting
L3 Lighting
L5 Lighting
15
Chilled water pumps are also not modulated and could be fitted with variable speed
drives, so the pumps are operated according to the required pressure.
As the whole cooling system is 19 years old, it will be considered whether retrofitting or
replacement of parts of the chiller and AHU system is the best option for reducing the
ity of lamps are ceiling recessed fluorescent tubes type T8
. These lamps can be replaced by either the more efficient T5 or LED
, which will bring the energy consumption for lighting significantly down.
o lead to less heat load in the building, which will reduce the required
cooling load. New lamp technologies are also more long-lasting reducing the
requirement for maintenance.
Controlling the light usage by installation of motion and/or daylight sensor
can reduce the energy consumption for lighting in areas such as toilets, stairwells and
other infrequent used areas, where the light is switched on currently.
The above mentioned measures are to be analysed in more details during the detail
audit phase, in order to assess their potential savings and cost effectiveness.
of the measures that has been identified as potentials for the building.
Title Remarks
Control system
Decentralized automatic
AHUs/WCPs
Infiltration
Seal leakages, optimize entrance doors,
open/close
Air handling
Replacement of fans+blower, dampers,
air distribution
Chilled and condensed water
system Pumps, dynamic pressure
Resign of chillerplant Complete redesign.
Split units Replacement 1:1
Voltage stabilizer / cut off
control
Reduce voltage by 10%. Reduce standby
consumption
Occupancy sensor
Installation of sensors to reduce
operation
Offices, lighting Retrofit to energy efficient lighting
Outside lighting
Retrofit to energy efficient lighting and
change of operation
Retrofit in recessed ceiling
Retrofit to energy efficient lighting and
change of operation
Energy Screening
Chilled water pumps are also not modulated and could be fitted with variable speed
years old, it will be considered whether retrofitting or
replacement of parts of the chiller and AHU system is the best option for reducing the
ity of lamps are ceiling recessed fluorescent tubes type T8 and compact
. These lamps can be replaced by either the more efficient T5 or LED
, which will bring the energy consumption for lighting significantly down.
o lead to less heat load in the building, which will reduce the required
lasting reducing the
Controlling the light usage by installation of motion and/or daylight sensors and timers
can reduce the energy consumption for lighting in areas such as toilets, stairwells and
The above mentioned measures are to be analysed in more details during the detailed
audit phase, in order to assess their potential savings and cost effectiveness.
that has been identified as potentials for the building.
Decentralized automatic system for
Seal leakages, optimize entrance doors,
Replacement of fans+blower, dampers,
Pumps, dynamic pressure valves, etc
Complete redesign.
Reduce voltage by 10%. Reduce standby
sensors to reduce
Retrofit to energy efficient lighting
Retrofit to energy efficient lighting and
change of operation
efficient lighting and
change of operation
© Danish Management Group
ID Group
L6 Lighting
L7 Lighting
O1 Others
O2 Others
O3 Others
W2 Water
16
Title Remarks
Staircases, lighting
Retrofit to energy efficient lighting and
change of operation
Toilets, lighting
Retrofit to energy efficient lighting and
change of operation
Compressed air
Reduce pressure according to the
requirement for the equipment
Escalators/lifts Moving sensors. Soft start.
Space management
Optimize interior design in regards to
AHU zones
Hot water Heat pumps or solar panels
Energy Screening
Retrofit to energy efficient lighting and
change of operation
Retrofit to energy efficient lighting and
change of operation
Reduce pressure according to the
requirement for the equipment
Moving sensors. Soft start.
Optimize interior design in regards to
Heat pumps or solar panels