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CHAPTER 14 OVERVIEW
• THE HOPES OF IMMIGRANTS•AMERICAN LITERATURE &
ART• REFORMING AMERICAN
SOCIETY• ABOLITION & WOMEN’S
RIGHTS
The Hopes of Immigrants :
Immigration between 1820 & 1860
39
31
16
4
1 9
Immigration Sources
IrelandGermanyGreat BritainThe AmericasScandinaviaOther
Who came?
Push Factors
Population GrowthAgricultural ChangesCrop FailuresIndustrial RevolutionReligious & Political
Turmoil
FreedomEconomic
OpportunityAbundant Land
Push-Pull Factors (Why did they come?)
Pull Factors
Train & Co. Boston Packets Advertisement, 1855Courtesy of the Bostonian Society/Old State House
http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/2_3.html
How did they get here?
O is for Overview. Conduct a brief overview of the main subject of the visual.
P is for Parts. Scrutinize the parts of the visual. Note any elements or details that seem important.
T is for Title or Theme. Read the title or caption of the visual (if present) for added information.
I is for Interrelationships. Use the words in the title or caption and the individual parts of the visual to
determine connections and relationships within the graphic.
C is for Conclusion. Draw a conclusion about the meaning of the visual as a whole. Summarize the message in one or two sentences.
OPTIC
OPTIC
Steerage class ticket
View of passenger quarters
Port cities (Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City)
Midwest & TexasMidwest – mainly Minnesota &
Wisconsin
Where did they settle?
• Irish• Germans• Scandinavia
ns
Street with some businesses started by German immigrants
Some German
artisans opens
businesses as
bakers, butchers,
carpenters,
printers,
shoemakers, and
tailors. Many
were very
successful. In
1853, John Jacob
Bausch and
Henry Lomb
started a
company that is
still in business,
today.
• Writers & artists drew inspiration from nature and democratic ideals
• Romanticism – emphasized the individual, imagination, creativity & emotion
• Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne & Henry David Thoreau laid the foundation for American literature
American Literature & Art:
Writers:Washington IrvingJames Fenimore CooperFrancis ParkmanNoah WebsterHenry Wadsworth
LongfellowRalph Waldo EmersonHenry David ThoreauMargaret FullerWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman Melville
Artists:
Hudson River SchoolAlbert BierstadtJohn James Audubon
• Second Great Awakening• Temperance Movement• Labor Unions & Strikes• Horace Mann• Private Colleges• Alexander Twilight (1823) & John Russworm (1826)• Mary Jane Patterson • Dorothea Dix•“Penny Papers”
Reforming American Society:
Abolition & Women's Rights:
“... such is the horrible idea that I entertain respecting a life of servitude, that if I conceived of there being no possibility of my rising above the condition of servant, I would gladly hail death as a welcome messenger.”
Maria Stewart
... this nation is rotten at the heart, and ... nothing but the most tremendous blows with the sledge-hammer of abolition truth, could ever have broken the false rest which we had taken up for ourselves on the very brink of ruin.
Angelina Grimke
“Forced from home, and all its pleasures,Afric’s coast I left forlorn;To increase a stranger’s treasures,O’er the raging billows borne.Men from England bought and sold me,Paid my price in paltry gold;But, though theirs they have enroll’d me,Minds are never to be sold.”
William Cowper
Slavery
200 slave uprisings in the U.S. between 1776 and 1869
Uprisings were one way to rebel, the other was escape, most along the…
Underground Railroad
Informal network of people aiding escaped slavesOffered shelter/hiding, food, and directions to
the next friendly spotHarriet Tubman
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Cupboard with a secret compartment
Routes
Different escape routes of Slaves.
Notice all of the red in Ohio!
Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist (name of
someone wanting to
abolish slavery) abolish
= end
Mostly work of
American women
Abolitionist MovementFaced opposition from slave holders in the
southAttack on, “livelihood, way of life, and religion”Economic argumentJob competition
The radical abolition movement had the greatest impact on women’s rights.
Changes in American life during the Industrial Revolution
Division between work and home
Education for women
The demand for women suffrage emerged in the first half of the 19th century from within other reform movements.
Susan B. Anthony and Amelia Bloomer attended the New York Men’s State Temperance Society meeting while wearing short hair and bloomers.
Women in the abolition movement recognized parallels between the legal condition of slaves and that of women.
Participation in the Anti-Slavery movement helped women develop public-speaking and argumentative skills that carried over into the women’s rights movement.
Clarina Irene Howard Nichols, Abolitionist and First Feminist of the Kansas Territory
Both white and black women were excluded from full membership in the American Anti-Slavery Society until 1840.
Women responded by forming their own separate female auxiliaries—by 1838, over 100 existed.
Marie Stewart, early African-American abolitionist speaker
“What if I am a woman? . . . Females [should] strive by their example, both in public and in private, to assist those who are endeavoring to stop the strong current of prejudice that flows so profusely against us at present.”
Marie Stewart, 1833
Angelina and Sarah Grimké
The Grimké sisters, nationally prominent abolitionists, connected the inequalities of women, both white and black, with slavery.
“. . . We are placed very unexpectedly in a very trying situation, in the forefront of an entirely new contest—a contest for the rights of women as a moral, intelligent, and responsible being. . . . It is a woman’s right to have a voice in all the laws and regulations by which she is to be governed.”
Angelina Grimké, 1838
1840: The World Anti-Slavery Society denied women delegates the right to speak.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended the 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention and her experience led her into the struggle for women’s rights.
"We resolved to hold a convention as soon as we returned home, and form a society to advocate the rights of women."
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott met in 1848 to organize a convention to promote “the social, civil, and religious rights of women.”
The Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention, 1848
The first signatures on the Declaration of
Sentiments.
“. . . The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. . . . He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she has no voice. . .”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
The Declaration of Sentiments
Frederick Douglass demanded the vote for women in 1848.
Before the Civil War, black and white men and women worked together for women’s rights and the abolition of slavery.
Venn Diagram
Abolition MovementWomen’s Rights Movement