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OPTIMIZATION OF INK SAMPLE CONDUCTIVITY UNDER PRESSURE VARIATIONS Robert W. Raines

Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

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Page 1: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

OPTIMIZATION OF INK SAMPLE CONDUCTIVITY

UNDER PRESSURE VARIATIONS

Robert W. Raines

Page 2: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

Purpose and Rationale

• Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also provide an understanding of the effects a certain force attributes to. By maximizing effectiveness and understanding optimum conditions for exceptional performance, there may be facilitation in higher usage for the modern world.

• Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to see if the conductive characteristics of graphene were significantly affected by varying pressures.

Page 3: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

Background• Ohm’s law states that the current flowing through a conductor will be directly proportional to

the conductor. The energy of the current after flowing through the conductor can be calculated by taking the voltage of the beginning current and dividing it by the resistance of the conductor.

• Electrical resistance states that an object that has high electrical resistance would not be a good conductor because it blocks the flow of electrons (Ghosh, 2008).

• Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov experimented with simple processes to obtain graphene and found that it was possible to retrieve particles using scotch tape. (Graphene: World-leading research, 2012).

• Graphene is more conductive than copper, creating use for electronics or even nanoelectronics if needed (Kshirsagar, 2010) (Raza, 2012).

• Band gaps is the specific term for the inability for an electron state to exist, with larger band gaps yielding less conductive characteristics and generally producing insulators such as diamonds, which even being a carbon structure, have small intermolecular distances and large band gaps making diamonds insulators and graphene a great conductor (Jones, 2001).

Page 4: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

Hypothesis

• The hypotheses of the experiment were as follows: “There will be significant differences in conductivity (resistance values) between the pressure levels, and the lower pressure levels will yield the greatest conductivity.”

Page 5: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

EDD

Pressure (Psi) Resistance (Ohm)

5 6 trials

10 6 trials

… 6 trials

50 6 trials

Hypothesis: “There will be significant differences in conductivity (resistance values) between the pressure levels, and the lower pressure levels will yield the greatest conductivity.”

IV: Pressure levelDV: Conductive performanceConstants: Sample, chamber

Page 6: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

Procedures• Creation of Pressure Chamber

• Formation of graphene sample

• Experimental Testing

1. The slide with the ink is inserted into the chamber with the

voltmeter connected from the outside

2. Chamber is resealed and air compressor is attached to the valve

3. Desired pressure level (psi) is set and the chamber exposes the ink

sample to the pressure

4. Changes in conductivity measure in Ohms (resistance) is recorded

5. Different levels are set and results compared

6. Repeat trials for each pressure level (psi)

Page 7: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also
Page 8: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

Data Analysis

• Regression testing was used for inferential analysis• .01 confidence level• F=133.86, P<.01, and R2=69.8%. • Significant on a .01 confidence level

Page 9: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

Data Analysis

Figure 1: The graph above displays a relationship between the level of pressure and the resistance of the ink sample. There is a strong positive correlation of the data. Shown by the clear trend, the graph states that with increasing pressure levels resistance increases as well.

Page 10: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

Data Analysis

Figure 2: The graph displays a relationship similar to that of Figure 1. However, the graph also shows variation in the resistances obtained for the sample at each pressure level. This defines that the procedures did not involve a closed system and had heavy variation during some IV levels. The graph shows relationships between points more so than the overall data.

Page 11: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

Conclusion• Regression testing resulted in evidence supporting the research

hypothesis stating, “Pressure variations will yield significant differences in conductivity (resistance values), and lower pressure levels will yield the greatest conductivity (lower resistance values).”

• F=133.86, P<.01, and R2=69.8%. • Statistical significance at .01 confidence level• Trends observed were expected• Error may have been present due to inability to maintain a closed

system• Not believed to have significant effects on results• Future research on better chamber designs and the creation of

various samples as an additional IV

Page 12: Purpose and Rationale Rationale: The rationale of this experiment is that it would open up many opportunities and applications for construction and also

Acknowledgements

• Recognition is given to Dave Bonar for helping formulate the experiment. • Recognition is given to Jill Beach for information on research and guidance. • Recognition is given to Amanda Baskett for advice and recommendations for

setup. • Recognition is given to Diana Kennen for assistance with chemistry portions of the

experiment.• Recognition is given to Scott Bolen for overall guidance of the project and the

location of materials and equipment. • Recognition is given to Robert and Christie Raines for tolerating materials

requested and transportation purposes. • Recognition is given to Gabe Waddell for assistance with experimental set-up and

assistance with air compressor maintenance.• Recognition is given to Sean Keeler for assistance regarding the formulation of the

independent variable tested and overall project theme.

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Bibliography• Bramble, L. (2012). Conductivity and Water. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/facts_6046193_conductivity-water.html• Edwards, L. (2011, November 25). Graphene ink created for ink-jet printing of electronic components. Retrieved from http

://www.physorg.com/new/2011-11-graphene-ink-ink-jet-electronic-components.html• Kshirsagar, C. (2010). Graphene: electronic transport properties and ac conductivity. University of California, Santa Babara.

Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=y8wdcgAACAAJ&dq=Graphene&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CMJrT4h-osuxAoqriYwG&ved=OCFYQ6AEwAg

• Raza, H. (2012). Graphene nanoelectronics: Metrology, synthesis, properties and applications. Springer. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=XBjXpLwWCEsC&printsec=copyright&source=bgs pub info r

• Ghosh, S. (2008). Extremely high thermal conductivity of graphene: Prospects for thermal management applications in nanoelectronic circuits. Retrieved from http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v92/i15/p151911s1?bypassSSO=1

• Berger, C. (2004) Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics. In School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0410240.pdf

• Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Dommett, G. H. B., Kohlhass, K. M., Zimney, E. J., Stach, E. A., Piner, R. D., Nguyen, S. T., & Ruoff, R. S. (2006). Graphene-based composite materials. nature, 442, 282-285. Retrieved from http://www.fisica.uniroma2.it/~marsili/Grafene/Graphene/stankovich06_materials.pdf

• Graphene: World-leading research and development. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk/story• Water treatment solutions. (2008). Retrieved from http://

www.lenntech.com/applications/ultrapure/conductivity/water-conductivity.htm• ESRF. 2013. Pressure turns simplicity into complexity - High-pressure experiments at the ESRF are rewriting the phase

diagrams of the elements, revealing surprising complexity and new material behaviour. Retrieved from http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/Experiments/DynExtrCond/news/high-pressure-experiment

• Jones, R. (2001). Electronic Devices and Circuits - Engineering Sciences 154 - Energy (Band) Gap Retrieved from http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/es154/lectures/lecture_2/energy_gap/energy_gap.html

• Pressure Chamber Construction, Retrieved from 1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClOwpE9I6H0

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Thank You