Puro

Derived from a Sulod (also known

as Bukidnon) word settlement. Used here to represent kindred

type of social organization. Generally composed of related

persons who occupy a particular settlement and who are in close interaction with each other.

Puro

Northern Luzon

- Ibanag, Ikalahan, Ilongot, Itawis, I’wak, Kalanguya, and Yogad.

Georaphical Location

The I’wak, Ikalahan, and Ilongot inhabit the contigous upland terrain of northern Nueva Viscaya, Western Isabela, and Southern Ifugao.

In Mindoro, the groups with Puro type of social organization include the Hanunoo, Buhid, Alangan, Iraya, Batangan, Tadyawan, and Ratagnon.

In Palawan, there are three Puro groups: Tau’t Bato, Palawanen, and Ke-ney.

Sulod

Magahats

Subanun

T’boli and Tiruray

In any case, most of the

settlements are established on valley slopes, rolling hillsides, and close to swidden and accessible to water supply.

Settlement Pattern

On the whole, almost all indigenous ethnic communities with Puro type of social organization share the Hanunoo basic settlement types:

(a) Minor settlement:

(b) Simple settlement:

(c) Complex settlement:

(d) Compound settlement:

(a) Minor settlement: single cluster with at least two houses (i.e., roof structures) but only one resident family.

(b) Simple settlement: single cluster with at least three houses and two or more resident families, but with only one spouse set in the oldest generation.

(c) Complex settlement: single cluster with at least four houses and three or more resident families, including at least two siblings or cousins (other than spouses) in the oldest generation.

(d) Compound settlement: linked cluster comprising two separate but close house cluster (not more than a few hundred meters apart) of the types listed above in the following combinations: ab, ac, bb, be, cc, but not aa (which according to Hanunoo principles of nucleation, would always become simple b).

Economic Pattern

- Most ethnic communities integrated at the Puro level of social organization are dry-rice agriculturists, practicing shifting cultivation.

Tiruray’s eight types of Landforms

1) Datar – plain of flat land.2) Li’ung – plateau of flatland surrounded by slopes.3) Keseligan – hillside.4) Uruk – mountain top.5) Kebak – cliff.6) Lefak – creek bed.7) Layasan – seasonal swamp.8) Luwoluwon – swamp.

Hanunoo’s 4 categories for potential swidden

sites1) Durungsulan – irregular because of rocky outcrops or boulders.2) Ma’agwad – irregular because of several close/often parallel/valleys and ridges.3) Tagudtud – slightly irregular due to the presence of at least two slopes resulting from a ridge-top location.4) Ma’ambak – slightly irregular because of a dividing ravine or sharp change of slope direction.

The examples above show the concreteness of ethnic knowledge about the site where major crops are grown.

- Farming technology is simple. Tools for clearing the sites consists of bolos, axes, and knives of different types and manufacture.

Economic Pattern

- In addition to food crops, livestock is raised for home consumption, ritual sacrifices, and trade. - Hunting and gathering and inland fishin are carried to supplement food production.