PUNJABI UNIVERSITY PATIALApupdepartments.ac.in/syllabi/Academic Session 2017... · 3. Propagation methods and use of rootstocks. Methods of training and pruning. 4. Use of growth

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PUNJABI UNIVERSITY PATIALA

Scheme of Studies and Examinations for the

Session : 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20

B.Sc. AGRICULTURE (Hons) IIIrd

Semester

PAPER NO. SUBJECT THEORY PRACTICAL TOTAL

EXTERNAL INTERNAL

ENTO-201 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY 45 15

40 100

HORT-201 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FRUIT

CROPS

45 15 40 100

AGRON-201 CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY -I

(KHARIF CROPS)

45 15 40 100

GPB-201 PRINCIPLE OF PLANT BREEDING 45 15

40 100

AGRI ENG -

201

FARM MACHINERY AND POWER 45 15 40 100

SOIL-201 MANURES, FERTILIZERS AND SOIL

FERTILITY MANAGEMENT

45 15 40 100

BOT-201 FUNDAMENTALS OF CROP PHYSIOLOGY 45 15

40 100

PUN-201/

PUNJABI COMPULSORY(FOR PUNJAB

STATE STUDENT)/PUNJABI

75 25 - 100

BPB-201 MUDLAGYAN (FOR OTHER STATE

STUDENTS)

75 25 -

PEP-201 ELEMENTARY PUNJABI (FOR OTHER STATE STUDENTS /FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS)

50 20 30

Total 800

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B.Sc. AGRICULTURE (Hons) IVth

Semester

PAPER NO. SUBJECT THEORY PRACTICAL TOTAL

EXTERNAL INTERNAL

AGRON- 202 CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY –II

(RABI CROPS)

45 15 40 100

GPB -202 PRINCIPLES OF SEED TECHNOLOGY 45 15

40 100

ENT-202 PESTS OF CROPS AND STORED GRAIN

AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

45 15 40 100

LPM-201 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND POULTRY

MANAGEMENT

45 15 40 100

AGRI ENG -

202

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

ENGINEERING

45 15 40 100

HORT-202 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR

VEGETABLE CROPS

45 15 40 100

PATH-202 DISEASE OF FIELD CROPS AND THEIR

MANAGEMENT

45 15 40 100

PUN-202/

PUNJABI COMPULSORY

(FOR PUNJAB STATE STUDENT)

75 25 - 100

BPB-202 PUNJABI MUDLAGYAN

(FOR OTHER STATE STUDENTS)

75 25 -

PEP-202 ELEMENTARY PUNJABI (FOR OTHER STATE STUDENTS /FOR FOREIGN

STUDENTS)

50 20 30

EVS-202 ENVIRONMENTAL & ROAD SAFETY

AWARENESS (QUALIFYING PAPER)

70 30 -

100

(QUALIFYING

PAPER)

Total 800

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,

SYLLABI AND COURSE OF READING FOR

B.Sc. AGRICULTURE (HONS) PART — II

ENTO-201: Fundamentals of Entomology

Max Marks: 100 Duration of the Paper: 3 Hour

Theory: 45 Practical: 40

Internal Assessment: 15 Pass Marks: 40%

INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER SETTER

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Section A and B will have four

questions from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 9 marks each. Section C will

consist of 9 short-answer type questions of 1 mark each which will cover the entire syllabus

uniformly and will carry 9 marks in all.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES

The Candidates are required to attempt two questions from each section A and B and the entire

section C.

SECTION A

1. History of Entomology in India. Factors for insect’s abundance.

2. Major points related to dominance of Insecta in Animal kingdom. Classification of

phylum Arthropoda upto classes.

3. Systematics: Taxonomy –importance, history and development and binomial

nomenclature. Definitions of Biotype, Sub-species, Species, Genus, Family and Order.

4. Effect of abiotic factors–temperature, moisture, humidity, rainfall, light, atmospheric

pressure and air currents.Effect of biotic factors – food competition, natural and

environmental resistance. Concepts of Balance of life in nature, biotic potential and

environmental resistance and causes for outbreak of pests in agro-ecosystem.

SECTION B

1. Morphology: Structure and functions of insect cuticle and molting.

2. Body segmentation. Structure of Head, thorax and abdomen. Structure and modifications

of insect antennae, mouth parts, legs, Wing venation, modifications and wing coupling

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apparatus. Structure of male and female genital organ. Major sensory organs like simple

and compound eyes, chemoreceptor.

3. Metamorphosis and diapause in insects. Types of larvae and pupae.

4. Structure and functions of digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, nervous, secretary

(Endocrine) and reproductive system, in insects. Types of reproduction in insects.

PRACTICAL

Max. Marks: 40 Time allowed: 3 Hours

Practical

1. Methods of collection and preservation of insects including immature stages.

2. External features of Grasshopper/Blister beetle; Types of insect antennae,

mouthparts and egs; Wing venation, types of wings and wing coupling

apparatus.

3. Types of insect larvae and pupae.

4. Dissection of digestive system in insects (Grasshopper.

5. Dissection of male and female reproductive systems in insects (Grasshopper).

6. Study of characters of orders Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Odonata, Isoptera,

Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera,

Diptera and their families of agricutural importance.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

Mani, M.S. : General Entomology, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi

Ross, H.H. : A text book of Entomology, John Willen and Sons

Imms. A.D. : Outlines of Entomology, Chapman & Hall London

Atwal A.S. : Insect Pests of South East Asia, Kalyani Publishers,

New delhi

Narayan, K.K. : General & Applied Entomology, Tata McGraw Hill,

New Delhi

: Insects Structure and Function, English

Chapman R.F. : Language Books Society

Pruthi. H.S. : A Text Book of Entomology

Metcalf, R.H. : Destructive and Useful Insect, Mc Graw Hill Book

Comp.

Mishra, R.C : Honey bees and their Management, ICAR

Publication, New Delhi

Gatoria G.S and Goyal Tarun : A Practical manual on Agri-Zoo. And Entomology

for B.Sc Agriculture BFC Deon, Bathinda

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



HORT-201: PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FRUIT CROPS











section C.

Theory:

SECTION A

1. Definition, importance and divisions of horticulture. Climatic zones of India, area and

production of different fruit crops in India.

2. Selection of site for orchard, use of fencing and wind break. Planting systems, high

density planting, planning and establishment of an orchard.

3. Propagation methods and use of rootstocks. Methods of training and pruning.

4. Use of growth regulators in increasing of fruit production.

SECTION B

1. Package of practices for the cultivation of – Major fruits –mango, banana, citrus, grapes,

Guava,

2. Package of practices for the cultivation of Sapota, apple, litchi and papaya.

3. Package of practices for the cultivation of Minor fruits – pineapple, pomegranate, ber,

fig, jackfruit.

5. Package of practices for the cultivation of pear, plum, peaches, apricot and cherry.

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PRACTICAL


Practical:

1. Horticultural tools and their uses.

2. Containers and potting mixtures. Plant and seed propagation,

3. Layout and planting systems. Methods of pruning and training.

4. Training of ber, grape and pomegranate. Pruning of ber, grape,

5. Identification of important species and varieties of fruits.

6. Methods of irrigation including drip and micro irrigation.

7. Methods of fertilizer application. Preparation of growth regulators for fruit production

8. Application of growth regulators for improving fruit set, fruit size, quality, delaying and

hastening ripening.

9. Visit to local commercial orchards.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

Hayes, W.P. : Fruits Growing in India, Kitabstan, Allahabad

Singh Ranjit : Fruits

Lal Girdhari & Siddappe : Preservation of Fruits & Vegetables, ICRA, New Delhi

Tandon

Nagi Malkiat : Home Preservation of Fruits & Vegetables, PAU, Ludhiana

Bal, J.S : Fruit Growing

Chatopadhie, T.K. : A Text Book of Pomology (Vol.I)

Jitender Singh : Horticultural Terminology

Chadha, K.L. : Handbook of Horticulture (ICAR)

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



AGRON-201: Crop Production Technology-I (Kharif Crops)











section C.

SECTION A

1. Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements,

varieties, cultural practices and yield of Cereals – Rice and Maize


varieties, cultural practices and yield of Pearl millet and Finger millet


varieties, cultural practices and yield pulses - Pigeon pea, Moongbean and Urdbean


varieties, cultural practices and yield- oilseeds- Groundnut, and Soybean

SECTION B


varieties, cultural practices and yield fiber crops- Cotton and Jute


varieties, cultural practices and yield of forage crops- Napier and Sorghum

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varieties, cultural practices and yield of Cowpea and Cluster bean


varieties, cultural practices and yield of Kodo.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. To study the major season field crops.

2. Name of field crop books, authors and publishers.

3. Scientific name and family of kharif crops.

4. To study about the growth stages and morphology of Rice crop.

5. Identification of weeds in kharif season.

6. To find out the seed rate of kharif crops.

7. To calculate the yield of Rice, Maize, Pigeon pea and Groundnut.

8. To calculate dose of fertilizer in Kharif crop.

9. Study of crop varieties and important agronomic experiments at experimental farm.

10. Visit to research centers of related crops.

Books Recommended

1. Prasad, R. Field crops Vol.I &II publisher by ICAR

2. Pearson : Handbook of Agriculture ICAR, New Delhi.

3. Fugh B.M : Production of field Crops in India, Kitabistan, Allabhabad

4. Harlison C.M : Field Crops, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New Delhi.

5. P.A.U Bulletin: Package of practices for Rabi Crops.

6. P.A.U Bulletin: Package of practices for Kharif Crops.

7. Chhidda Singh, Prem Singh &: Modern techniques of rasing field Crops.

8. Rajbir Singh Reddy S.R: Agronomy of Field Crops

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



GPB-201: Principles of Plant Breeding











section C.

SECTION A

THEORY

1. Historical development, concept, nature and role of plant breeding, major achievements

and future prospects

2. Genetics in relation to plant breeding, modes of reproduction and apomixes, self –

incompatibility male sterility and their uses and system of mating.

3. Domestication, Acclimatization, introduction; Centre of origin, component of Genetic

variation, Genetic basis and breeding methods in self- pollinated crops mass and pure line

selection bulk, pedigree and back cross method, hybridization techniques.

4. Concepts of population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Law, Genetic basis and methods of

breeding cross pollinated crops; Heterosis and inbreeding depression, development of

inbred lines and hybrids, composite and synthetic varieties

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SECTION B

1. Breeding methods in asexually propagated crops, clonal selection and hybridization,

Wide hybridization and pre-breeding;

2. Polyploidy in relation to plant breeding, mutation breeding for crop improvement

3. Breeding biotic (disease resistance) and abiotic stresses (drought resistance)

Biotechnological tools-DNA markers and marker assisted selection.

4. Participatory plant breeding; Plant Breeders and Farmer’s Rights. Collaboration of Plant

Breeders/ farmers with private breeders/farmers.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Study of Plant Breeder’s kit.

2. Study of floral structure of self-pollinated and cross pollinated crops.

3. Emasculation and hybridization techniques in self & cross pollinated crops.

4. Consequences of inbreeding on genetic structure of resulting populations.

5. Study of male sterility system.

6. Handing of segregation populations.

7. Methods of calculating mean, range, variance, standard deviation.

8. Designs used in plant breeding experiment, analysis of Randomized Block Design.

9. To work out the mode of pollination in a given crop and extent of natural out crossing.

10. Prediction of performance of double cross hybrids.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Hayes, Immar & Smith : Methods of Plant Breeding

2. Poelhhlman J.M. & Borthakur : Breeding of Asian Field Crops

3. Singh B.D. : Plant Breeding- Principles and Methods

4. Singh B.D : A Text book of Plant Breeding

5. Singh Phundan : Essentials of Plant Breeding

6. Chahal G.S and Gosal S.S :Principles and procedure of Plant Breeding,

Biotechnological and conventional approaches

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



AGRIENG-201: Farm Machinery and Power











section C.

SECTION A

1. Status of Farm Power in India, Sources of Farm Power, Internal Combustion (I.C).

Engines, working principles of I C engines technology.

2. Comparison of two stroke and four stroke cycle engines, Study of different components

of I.C. engine, I.C. engine terminology and solved problems.

3. Familiarization with different systems of I.C. engines: Air cleaning, cooling, lubrication,

fuel supply and hydraulic control system of a tractor

4. Familiarization with Power transmission system: clutch, gear box, differential and final

drive of a tractor, Tractor types, Cost analysis of tractor power and attached implement.

SECTION B

1. Familiarization with Primary and Secondary Tillage implements, Implements for hill

agriculture, implements for intercultural operations

2. Familiarization with sowing and planting equipment, calibration of a seed drill and

solved examples

3. Familiarization with Plant Protection equipments. Familiarization with harvesting and

threshing equipment.

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4. Implements for intercultural operations, seed drills, paddy tranplanters, their calibrations.

Plant protection. Harvesting and threshing equipment. Cost of operation of tractor and

machinery.

PRACTICAL


Practicals

1. Study of different components of I.C. engine.

2. To study air cleaning and cooling system of engine.

3. Familiarization with clutch, transmission, differential and final drives of a tractor.

4. Familiarization with lubrication and fuel supply system of engine.

5. Familiarization with brake, steering, hydraulic control system of engine, learning of

tractor driving.

6. Familiarization with operation of power tiller, Implements for hill agriculture.

7. Familiarization with different types of primary and secondary tillage implements: mould

plough, disc plough and disc harrow.

8. Familiarization with seed-cum-fertilizer drills their seed metering mechanism and

calibration, planters and transplanter Familiarization with different types of sprayers and

dusters Familiarization with different inter-cultivation equipment.

9. Familiarization with harvesting and threshing machinery.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. OJha, T.P : Principles of Agri. Vol. –I Jain Brothers, Publishers, New Delhi

2. . Michale, A.M : Farm Power and Machinery, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad.

3. Smith Kanis Person : Farm Machinery and Equipments; Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing

Co. New Delhi. Wills L. Hang : Agri. Engg. Land Surveying, Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co. New Delhi.

4. Jain,S.C. and Rai,C.R. : Tractor Engine.

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



SOIL-201: Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management











section C.

Theory

SECTION A

1. Introduction and importance of organic manures, properties and methods of preparation

of bulky and concentrated manures.

2. Green/ leaf manuring. Compost from farm and town refuse. Methods of composting,

vermicompost and biofertilizers. Integrated nutrient management.

3. Chemical fertilizers: classification, composition and properties of major nitrogenous,

phosphatic, potassic fertilizers.

4. Secondary & micronutrient fertilizers, Complex fertilizers, methods of fertilizers

application, Soil amendments, Fertilizer Storage, Fertilizer Control Order.

SECTION B

1. History of soil fertility and plant nutrition. Criteria of essentiality.

2. Role, deficiency and toxicity symptoms of essential plant nutrients, Mechanisms of

nutrient transport to plants, factors affecting nutrient availability to plants. Factor

influencing nutrient use efficiency (NUE)

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3. Chemistry of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur and

micronutrients.

4. Soil fertility evaluation, Soil testing. Critical levels of different nutrients in soil. Forms of

nutrients in soil, plant analysis, and rapid plant tissue tests. Indicator plants. Methods of

fertilizer recommendations to crops.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Methods of composting,

2. Methods of vermicompost

3. Methods of fertilizers application,

4. Introduction of analytical instruments. and their principles

5. Estimation of available N in soils.

6. Estimation of available P in soils.

7. Estimation of available K in soil.

8. Estimation of N in plants.

9. Estimation of P in plants.

10. Estimation of K in plants.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Brady, Nyle CC: The Nature and Properties of Soil .McMillan Publishing Co., New

Delhi.

2. Tenhane R.V. Motiramani, : Soil Theory Chemistry and Fertility

3. D.P., Bali V.P & in Tropical Asia. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.

4. Roth, H.D., and Truk L.H. : Fundamentals of Soil Science. Wiley Eastern

Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.

5. Yawlkar, K.S. Aggarwal, J.P : Manures & Fertilizer-Agri/ KA Balkele S. Pulishing

Co.Nagpur.

6. Ranjan Kumar Basak : Fertilizers: A Text Book

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SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



BOT-201: Fundamentals of Crop Physiology











section C.

Theory

SECTION A

1. Introduction to crop physiology and its importance in Agriculture.

2. Plant cell: an Overview, water relations in plants: role of water in plant metabolism,

osmosis, water potential and its components, absorption of water, mechanisms of

absorption, ascent of sap.

3. Stomata, structure, distribution, classification, mechanism of opening and closing of

stomata, guttation, transpiration, and factors affecting transpiration.

4. Different types of stresses, water, heat and cold tolerance, mechanism of tolerance.

Mineral nutrition of Plants: Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients, nutrient

uptake mechanism.

SECTION B

1. Photosynthesis: importance of photosynthesis, factors affecting the photosynthesis. Light

and Dark reactions, C3, C4 and CAM plants.

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2. Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron transport chain, ATP synthesis and

factors affecting the respiration.

3. Fat Metabolism: Fatty acid synthesis and breakdown; Plant growth regulators:

Physiological roles and agricultural uses.

4. Physiological aspects of growth and development of major crops: Growth analysis, Role

of Physiological growth parameters in crop productivity.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Study of structure and distribution of stomata.

2. Osmosis demonstration, Plasmolysis-demonstration.

3. Determination of diffusion pressure deficit of losses.

4. Measurement of root pressure, rate of transpiration.

5. Separation of photosynthetic pigments through paper chromatography.

6. Rate of transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration, tissue test for mineral nutrients.

7. Estimation of relative water content, Measurement of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation by

Infra Red Gas Analyser (IRGA).

Books Recommended

1. J.B. Salisbury and L.W. Ross . Plant physiology. Wadswar Ppublisher Company.

Belmont.

2. H.N. Srivastava : Plant Physiology.

3. K.N. Bhatia & M.P. Tyagi : Elementary Biology.

4. V.K. Jain : Fundamentals of Plant Physiology.

5. V.Verma : Text Book of Plant Physiology.

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19

B.Sc. Agriculture (Hons) Part-II-Sem-III Paper No. BPB-201 (Punjabi Mudhlya Gyan)

For the session 2017-18

ਸਮੁਸਟਰ ਤਜ

ਕਾ ਅੰਕ : 100 ਸ ਹੂਣ ਈ ਅੰਕ : 35 ਅੰਦਰਿਨ ਮਾਾਂਕਣ : 25 ਅੰਕ ਅੰਦਰਿਨ ਮਾਾਂਕਣ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਸ ਹੂਣ ਈ ਅੰਕ : 09 ਬਹਰ ਰ਼ਖਆ: 75 ਅੰਕ ਬਹਰ ਰ਼ਖਆ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਸ ਹੂਣ ਈ ਅੰਕ : 26 ਸਮਾਂ : 3 ਘੰਟੀ (ਅ਼ਧਆਨ: 50 ਰਅਡ,)

ਠਕਰਮ ਅਤੀ ਪ੍ਰ਼ਸ਼ਨ-ੱਤਰ ਦ ਰਿ-ਰੀਖ ਭਗ-ੳ

਼ਨਰਧਰਤ ਾਸਤਕ: ੰਜਬ ਦ ਠ ਾਸਤਕ, ਬਦੀਿ ਼ਸੰਘ ਚਮ, ਬਕੀਸ਼ਨ ਼ਬਊਰੂ, ੰਜਬ ਯਿਨਿਰ਼ਸਟ, ਼ਟਆ (ਇਸ ਾਸਤਕ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਕੀਿ ਕ਼ਿਤ ਿ ਭਗ ਇਸ ਸਮੁਸਟਰ ਦੀ ਼ਸੀਬਸ ਿਜੋਂ ਼ਹਿਆ ਜਣ ਹੁ।

ਭਗ- ਅ ਅ-1 ਼ਿਸ਼ਰਮ ਼ਚੰਨ ਦ ਿਰਤ ੂ ਅ-2 ਸਬਦ ਜੂਹਾਂ ਦ ਸਾਧਈ ਅ-3 ੁਰ ਰਚਨ: ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਕ ਜਾਂ ਸੈਂਰ ਸਟੀ ਨ ਸਬੰਧਤ

ਭਗ-ੲ

ਉਰੂਕਤ ਠਕਰਮ ਤੀ ਆਧਰਤ ਸੰਖੀ ਉੱਤਰਾਂ ਿੀ ਰਸ਼ਨ।

ਅੰਕ ਿੰਡ ਤੀ ੀਰ ਸੁੱਟਰ/ ਰ਼ਖਆਰਥ ਈ ਹਦਇਤਾਂ

1. ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂ ਨੇ ੰਜਬ ਭਸ਼ ਅਤੀ ਗਾਰਮਾਖ ਼ ਦ ਮਾਢ ਼ਗਆਨ ਰਤ ਕਤ ਹੁ। ਇਸ ਈ ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂ

ਦੀ ਭਸ਼ ਅਤੀ ਼ ਦੀ ਼ਗਆਨ ਨਿੰ ਼ਧਆਨ ਼ਿਚ ਰਖ਼ਦਆ ਂਸਰ, ਸਸ਼ਟ ਅਤੀ ਛੂਟੀ ਉੱਤਰਾਂ ਿੀ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਹ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

2. ਸਰੀ ਭਗਾਂ ਼ਿੱਚੋਂ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

3. ਸਰ ਤੀ ਸਸ਼ਟ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

4. ਿਰਣਤਮਕ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣ।

5. ੂਹ ਅਨਾਸਰ ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂਨਿੰ ਛੂਟ ਜਾਂ ਚੂਣ ਦੀਣ ਜ਼ਮ ਹੁ। 6. ਭਗ ੳ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਼ਕਸੀ ਕ਼ਿਤ ਦੀ ਸਰ ਅਰਥ ਜਾਂ ਸਰ (ੰਜ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਦੂ) 2x05=10 ਅੰਕ

20

7. ਼ਕਸੀ ਕ਼ਿ ਟਾਕਹੀ ਤੀ ਭਿ ਅਰਥ (਼ਤੰਨ ਼ਿਚੋਂ ਇਕ) 05 ਅੰਕ 8. 15 ਸਬਦ ਦੀ ਕੀ 10 ਸਬਦਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਬਦ ਜੂਹ ਸਾਧ ਕਰਨੇ 10 ਅੰਕ 9. ਼ਕਸੀ ਼ਦੱਤੀ ੁਰੀ ਜਾਂ ਿਕਾਂ ਼ਿਚ ਼ਿਸ਼ਰਮ ਼ਚੰਨਾਂ ਦ ਿਰਤ ੂ 10 ਅੰਕ 10. ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥਆ ਂਦੀ ਜਿਨ ਦੀ ਼ਕਸੀ ਆਮ ਼ਿਸ਼ੀ ਨ ਸਬੰਧਤ ੁਰ ਰਚਨ 10 ਅੰਕ 11.ਭਗ ੲ ਼ਿਚ ਠ ਾਸਤਕ(ਕ਼ਿਤਿਾਂ) ਤੀ ਆਧਰਤ ਸੰਖੀ ਉੱਤਰਾਂ ਿੀ 15 ਰਸ਼ਨ ਾੱਛੀ ਜਣਗੀ। ਼ਿ਼ਦਆਰਥ ਨੇ ਸਰੀ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਕਰਨੇ ਹੂਣਗੀ। ਹਰੀਕ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਦ ਉਤਰ 3-4 ਸਤਰਾਂ ਼ਿਚ ਦੀਣ ਹੂਿੀਗ। ਹਰੀਕ ਰਸ਼ਨ ਦੀ 2 ਅੰਕ ਹੂਣਗੀ। 15x2=30 ਅੰਕ

21

B.Sc. Agriculture (Hons) Part-II Sem-III Paper No. PEP-201 (Elementary Punjabi) (For other State/ForForeign Students)

23

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



AGRON-202: Crop Production Technology-II (Rabi crops)











section C.

Theory

SECTION A


varieties, cultural practices and yield of crops; cereals –wheat and barley.


varieties, cultural practices and yield of crops pulses-chickpea, lentil and peas.


varieties, cultural practices and yield of crops, oilseeds-rapeseed, mustard and sunflower.


varieties, cultural practices and yield of crop Safflower and Linseed.

SECTION B


varieties, cultural practices and yield of Niger Crop.


varieties, cultural practices and yield of crops sugar crops-sugarcane and Sugar beet.

24


varieties, cultural practices and yield of crops Forage crops-berseem, Lucerne and oat.


varieties, cultural practices and yield of crop - tobacco.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Scientific name and family of Rabi crops.

2. To study about the growth stages and morphology of Wheat crop.

3. Identification of weeds in Rabi season.

4. To find out the seed rate of Rabi crops.

5. To calculate the yield and its attributes of Wheat, chickpea, Mustard and Sugarcane.

6. To calculate dose of fertilizer in Rabi crop.

7. Study of crop varieties and important agronomic experiments at experimental farm.

8. Visit to research centers of related crops.

9. Identification of important verities of rabi crops.

Books Recommended

1. Prasad, R. Field crops Vol.I &II publisher by ICAR

2. Pearson : Handbook of Agriculture ICAR, New Delhi.

3. Fugh B.M : Production of field Crops in India, Kitabistan, Allabhabad

4. Harlison C.M : Field Crops, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New Delhi.

5. P.A.U Bulletin: Package of practices for Rabi Crops.

6. P.A.U Bulletin: Package of practices for Kharif Crops.

7. Chhidda Singh, Prem Singh &: Modern techniques of rasing field Crops.

8. Rajbir Singh Reddy S.R: Agronomy of Field Crops

25

. SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



GPB-202: Principles of Seed Technology

Theory











section C.

SECTION A

1. Seed and seed technology: introduction, definition and importance. Deterioration causes

of crop varieties and their control; Maintenance of genetic purity during seed production

and seed quality.

2. Definition and Characters of good quality seed, different classes of seed. Foundation and

certified seeds production of important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fodder and vegetables.

3. Seed certification, phases of certification, procedure for seed certification, field

inspection. Seed Act and Seed Act enforcement. Duty and powers of seed inspector,

offences and penalties. Seeds Control Order 1983.

4. Varietal Identification through Grow out Test. Detection of genetically modified crops,

transgenic contamination in non-GM crops, GM crops and organic seed production.

26

SECTION B

1. Seed drying, processing and their steps, seed testing for quality assessment, seed

treatment, its importance.

2. Method of application and seed packing. Seed storage; general principles, stages and

factors affecting seed longevity during storage.

3. Measures for pest and disease control during storage. Seed marketing: structure and

organization, sales generation activities, promotional media.

4. Factors affecting seed marketing, Role of WTO and OECD in seed marketing.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Seed production in major cereals: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sorghum and Bajra.

2. Seed production in major pulses: Urd, Mung, Pigeonpea, Lentil, Gram, Fieldpea.

3. Seed production in major oilseeds: Soybean, Rapeseed and Mustard.

4. Seed production in vegetable crops. Seed sampling and testing: Physical purity,

germination, viability, etc. Seed and seedling vigour test.

5. Genetic purity test: Grow out test and electrophoresis.

6. Seed certification: Procedure, Field inspection.

7. Preparation of field inspection report.

8. Visit to seed production farms, seed testing laboratories and seed processing plant.

Recommended books

1. Agrawal RL. 1997. Seed Technology.

2. Oxford & IBH

3. Desai BB, Katecha PM & Salunkhe DK. 1997. Seed Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing and

Storage.

4. Marcel Dekker. Kelly A. 1988. Seed Production of Agricultural Crops.

5. Longman. McDonald MB Jr. & Copeland LO. 1997. Seed Production: Principles and Practices.

6. Chapman & Hall. Thompson JR. 1979. An Introduction to Seed Technology. Leonard Hill.

27

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



ENT-202: Pests of Crops & Stored Grains & their Management











section C.

Theory

SECTION A

1. General account on nature and type of damage by different arthropods pests.

2. Scientific name, order, family, host range, distribution, biology, symptoms of damage

and management strategies of important insect pests of rice, maize and wheat.


and management strategies of important insect pests of sorghum and pulses: chickpea and

pigeon pea.


and management strategies of important insect pests of groundnut, mustard, cotton and

sugarcane.

SECTION B


and management strategies of important insect pests of vegetable crop: bhindi, tomato,

potato, chillies and cucurbitaceous vegetables: bottle gourd, round gourd and pumpkin.

28


and management strategies of important insect pests of fruit crops: mango, citrus, banana,

pomegranate, guava, sapota, ber, apple.

3. Stored grain pests–their biology damage and management. Factors affecting losses of

stored grain and role of physical, biological, mechanical and chemical factors in

deterioration of grain.

4. Insect pests, mites, rodents, birds and microorganisms associated with stored grain and

their management. Storage structure and methods of grain storage and fundamental

principles of grain store management.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Identification of different types of damage.

2. Identification and study of life cycle and seasonal history of various insect pests attacking

crops and their produce: Field Crops.


crops and their produce: Vegetable Crops.


crops and their produce: Fruit Crops.

5. Identification of insect pests and Mites associated with stored grain.

6. Determination of insect infestation by different methods.

7. Assessment of losses due to insects.

8. Calculations on the doses of insecticides application technique.

9. Fumigation of grain store / godown.

10. Identification of rodents and rodent control operations in godowns.

11. Identification of birds and bird control operations in godowns.

12. Determination of moisture content of grain.

13. Methods of grain sampling under storage condition.

14. Visit to Indian Storage Management and Research Institute.Visit to nearest FCI godowns.

29

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Mani, M.S. : General Entomology, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi

2. Ross, H.H. : A text book of Entomology, John Willen and Sons

3. Imms. A.D. : Outlines of Entomology, Chapman & Hall London

4. Atwal A.S. : Insect Pests of South East Asia, Kalyani Publishers,

New delhi

5. Narayan, K.K. : General & Applied Entomology, Tata McGraw Hill,

New Delhi

6. : Insects Structure and Function, English

7. Chapman R.F. : Language Books Society

8. Pruthi. H.S. : A Text Book of Entomology

9. Metcalf, R.H. : Destructive and Useful Insect, Mc Graw Hill Book Comp.

10. Mishra, R.C : Honey bees and their Management, ICAR Publication, New

Delhi

11. Gatoria G.S and Goyal Tarun : A Practical manual on Agri-Zoo. And Entomology for B.Sc

Agriculture BFC Deon, Bathinda

30

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



LPM-201: Livestock Production and Poultry Management











section C.

Theory

SECTION A

1. Role of livestock and Poultry in the national economy. Livestock and poultry

development programmes of Govt. of India and State Govt.

2. Housing principles, space requirements for different species of livestock and poultry.

3. Reproduction in farm animals and poultry. Incubation, hatching and brooding.

Management of growers and layers.

4. Management of calves, growing heifers and milch animals. Management of sheep, goat

and swine.

SECTION B

1. Important Indian and exotic breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, swine and poultry.

Improvement techniques for farm animals and poultry.

31

2. Digestion in livestock and poultry. Classification of feedstuffs. Proximate principles of

feed. Nutrients and their functions. Yield/ methods of improve yield.

3. Feed ingredients for ration for livestock and poultry. Feed supplements and feed

additives. Feeding of livestock and poultry.

4. Introduction of livestock and poultry diseases. Prevention (including vaccination

schedule) and control of important diseases of livestock and poultry.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. External body parts of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, swine and poultry.

2. Handling and restraining of livestock.

3. Identification methods of farm animals and poultry.

4. Visit to IDF and IPF to study breeds of livestock and poultry and daily routine farm

operations and farm records.

5. Judging of cattle, buffalo and poultry.

6. Culling of livestock and poultry.

7. Planning and layout of housing for different types of livestock.

8. Computation of rations for livestock. Formulation of concentrate mixtures.

9. Clean milk production, milking methods.

10. Hatchery operations, incubation and hatching equipments.

11. Management of chicks, growers and layers. Debeaking, dusting and vaccination.

12. Economics of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, swine and poultry production.

32

Books Recommended

1. Singh, H : Hand Book of Animal Husbandary, ICAR, New Delhi.

2. Harbans and Moore : Livestock and Poultry Production, Prentice Hall of India

Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi.

3. Juergensens E.M. & Mortenson W.P: Approved practices in Dairying, Oxford I.B.U.

Publishing,NewDelhi.

4. Eigan, W.M. Reeges Paul : Dairy Cattle Feed john Wiley & Sons, New York.

5. Morning & Williamson G.K. Payre : Management Animal Husbandary in the Tropic

London & Co. London.

6. W.J.A., G.S. Banerjee :An Introduction Text-Book of Animal Husbandary,

Oxford I.B.H. New Delhi.

7. Dev, D.S. : Poultry Farming, P.A.U. Bulletine.

33

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



AGRIENG-202: Soil and Water Conservation Engineering











section C.

Theory

SECTION A

1. Surveying-survey equipments, chain survey, Plotting procedure. Calculations of area of

regular and irregular fields.

2. Levelling-equipment, terminology, methods of calculation. Types of levelling and

contouring.

3. Irrigation-classification of projects, flow irrigation and lift irrigation. Water sources.

Water lifting devices-pumps, their capacity and power calculations.

4. Irrigation water measurement-weirs, flumes and orifices.

SECTION B

1. Introduction to soil and water conservation, causes of soil erosion. Definition and agents

of soil erosion, water erosion, forms of water erosion.

2. Gully classification and control measures. Soil loss estimation by universal soil loss

equation. Soil loss measurement techniques. Principles of erosion control.

3. Introduction to contouring, strip cropping, contour bund, graded bund and bench

terracing, grassed water ways and their design.

34

4. Water harvesting and its techniques. Wind erosion: mechanics of wind erosion, types of

soil movement. Principles of wind erosion control and its control measures.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Acquaintance with chain survey equipment. Ranging and measurement of offsets. Chain

triangulation and plotting.

2. Levelling equipment. Differential leveling, profile levelling. Contour survey and plotting

3. Surface irrigation methods.

4. Study of different components of sprinkler and drip irrigation systems.

5. Uniformity of water application in drip and sprinkler systems.

6. Study of soil and water conservation measures.

7. Preparation of contour maps.

8. Design of grassed water ways. And contour bunds.

9. Design of graded bunds and bench terracing system.

10. Problem on wind erosion.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

Baver, L.D. : Soil Physics (Ch. 8, 9 & 12 only), John Willey & Sons,

New Delhi

Iraelson : Irrigation Principles, John Willey & Sons, New Delhi

Rama Rao : Soil Conservation ICAR, New Delhi, A Manual on

Conservation of Soil and Water, USDA, Oxford Book

Comp., New Delhi.

Gandhi R.T., Gupta P.C., Handbook of Irrigation – Water Management

Joseph A.P. and Rage N.I.

Dastane N.G., Singh M., Review of Work done on Water

Hukeri S.B. : Requirement of Crops in India

Mickael A.M. and Ojha T.P. : Principles of Agricultural Engg., Volume II

Mickael, A.M. : Irrigation: Theory and Practices

Paliwal, K.V. : Irrigation with Saline Water, IARI, New Delhi.

Reddie, T.Y. and Reddy G.H.S.: Efficient use of irrigation water

35

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



HORT-202: Production Technology for Vegetable Crops











section C.

SECTION A

1. Importance of vegetables & spices in human nutrition and national economy.

2. Brief account about origin, area, production, improved varieties and cultivation practices

of- tomato, brinjal, chillies and okra.

3. Brief about origin, area, production, improved varieties and cultivation practices of

Cucurbitaceous vegetables- cucumber, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd and melons.

4. Brief about origin, area, production, improved varieties and cultivation practices of Cole

crops – cabbage, cauliflower and knol–khol.

SECTION B

1. Brief about origin, area, production, improved varieties and cultivation practices of Bulb

crops – onion and garlic. Beans and peas, French beans, cluster beans, peas and cowpea.

2. Brief about origin, area, production, improved varieties and cultivation practices of

Tuber- crops : potato, sweet potato,

3. Brief about origin, area, production, improved varieties and cultivation practices of Root

crops – carrot, radish, turnip and beet root.

36

4. Brief about origin, area, production, improved varieties and cultivation practices of leafy

vegetables – amaranthus, palak, and methi.

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Identification of vegetables crops and their seeds.

2. Nursery raising of vegetables, direct seed sowing and transplanting.

3. Study of morphological characters of different vegetables.

4. Methods of Fertilizers applications.

5. Seed extraction of tomato and brinjal.

6. Harvesting & preparation for market.

7. Economics of vegetables cultivation.

8. Visit to commercial vegetable farms.

Books Recommended

1. M.S. Dhaliwal : Hand Book of Vegetable crops.

2. G.S. Sani : Text Book of vegetable production.

3. PAU Lud : Package of practices for cultivation of vegetables.

4. Yawlkar : Vegetable crops.

5. Vishnu Swarup : Vegetable science and technology in India.

6. Prem Nath, S. Velayudhan : Vegetables for Tropical Regions.

7. D.P. Singh M.K. Rana : Scientific Cultivation of Vegetables.

8. Chadha,K.L. : Handbook of Horticulture (ICAR)

37

SYLLABUS

OUTLINES OF TEST,



PATH-202: Disease of Field Crops & their Management











section C.

SECTION A

1. Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of major diseases of Rice: blast,

brown spot, bacterial blight and khaira.

2. Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of major disease of Maize: stalk rots

and downy mildew. Sorghum: smuts and anthracnose. Bajra: downy mildew and ergot.

Groundnut: early and late leaf spots.

3. Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of major disease of Soybean:

Rhizoctonia blight, bacterial spot and mosaic. Pigeonpea: Phytophthora blight, wilt and

sterility mosaic

4. Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of major disease of Finger millet:

Blast and leaf spot. Tobacco: black shank, black root rot and mosaic.

SECTION B

1. Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of following diseases of wheat

crops: rusts, loose smut, karnal bunt and ear cockle.

38

2. Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of following diseases of Sugarcane:

red rot, smut, and ratoon stunting.

3. Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of following diseases of Mustard:

Alternaria blight, white rust, downy mildew.

4. Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of following diseases of Potato:

early and late blight, black scurf, leaf roll, and mosaic

PRACTICAL


Practical

1. Identification and histopathological studies of selected diseases of field crops covered in

theory

2. Field visit for the diagnosis of field problems.

3. Collection and preservation of plant diseased specimens for herbarium.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Alexopolues : Introductory Mycology

2. Mundkur, C.T. B.B. & Chattopadhyaya, SB : Fungi and Plant Diseases

3. Singh, RS : Plant Diseases

4. R.P. Singh :Plant Pathology

5. G.L. Chopra :Fungi

6. B.P. Pandey :Plant Pathology

39

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40

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41

B.Sc. Agriculture (Hons) Part-II, Sem-IV

Paper No. BPB-202 Punjabi Mudhla Gyan

2017-18 ਸੁਸ਼ਨ ਈ ਸਮੁਸਟਰ ਚਥ

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42

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43

B.Sc. Agriculture (Hons) Part-II Sem-IV Paper No. PEP-202 (Elementary Punjabi) (For other State/For Foreign Students)

45

All UG Courses - II Year(Annual & 4th Semester)

Environmental and Road Safety Awareness

Session: 2017-18, 2018-19 & 2019-20

Total Marks : 100 Max Time: 3 hrs.

Theory : 70 marks Lectures per week 5

Internal Assessment: 30 Total Credit : 50

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTERS

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Each of sections A and B will have

four questions from the respective sections of the syllabus. Each question shall carry 11 marks.

Section C will consist of 13 short answer type questions of 2 marks each.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES

Candidates are required to attempt any two questions from each section A and B. Section C is

compulsory.

PRIVATE STUDENTS

Max Marks: 100 Max Time: 3hrs.

Lectures per week 5

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTERS

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Each of sections A and B will have

four questions from the respective sections of the syllabus. Each question shall carry 15 marks.

Section C will consist of 20 short answer type questions of 2 marks each.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES

Candidates are required to attempt any two questions from each section A and B. Section C is

compulsory.

SECTION-A

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:

The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies. Definition, scope and importance

Concept of Biosphere – Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere. (Credit -2)

46

ECOSYSTEM & BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Ecosystem and its components, Types of Ecosystems

Biodiversity - Definition and Value, Threats to biodiversity and its conservation

Level of biological diversity: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity; biogeographic zones of

India; biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots.

India as Mega-biodiversity nation;Endangered and endemic species of India.

Ecosystem and biodiversity services: Ecological, economic, social, ethical, aesthetic and

informational value.

(Credit -6)

NATURAL RESOURCES–RENEWABLE AND NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Land resources and landuse change; land degradation, soil erosion and desertification.

Deforestation: causes and impacts due to mining, dam building on environment, Forests,

Biodiversity and tribal populations.

Water: Use and over-exploitation of surface and ground water, Floods, droughts, conflicts over

water (international & inter-state)

Energy resources: renewable and nonrenewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources,

growing energy needs, case studies.

(Credit -8)

Environmental Pollution

Environmental Pollution : types,causes,effects and controls; Air, Water, Soil and noise

pollution. Nuclear hazards and human health risks Solid waste management : Control measures

of urban and Industrial waste. Pollution case studies.

(Credit -6)

SECTION-B

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LAWS IN INDIA

Environmental protection act for; Air (Prevention and control of pollution), Water (Prevention

and Control of pollution), Wild life, Forest Conservation, Issues involved in the enforcement of

environmental legislation.Role of an individual in prevention of pollution.

Environmental policies & Practices; Climate change, global warming, ozone layer depletion,

acid rain and imapcts on human communities and agriculture.

(Credit -5)

47

Human Communities and the Environment

Human population growth: Impacts on environment, human health and welfare. Resettlement

and rehabilitation of project affected persons; case studies. Disaster management: floods,

earthquake, cyclones and landslides. Environment movements: Chipko, Silent valley, Bishnois

of Rajasthan. Environmental ethics: Role of Indian and other religions and cultures in

environmental conservation.

Environmental communication and public awareness, case studies (e.g., CNG vehicles in Delhi)

(Credit -5)

ROAD SAFETY AWARENESS

Concept and significance of Road safety, Traffic signs,Traffic rules,Traffic Offences and

penalties, How to obtain license, Role of first aid in Road Safety.

(Credit -5)

Stubble Burning

Its meaning : Why Stubble burning ,Alternatives to Stubble Burning,

Environmental and Health effects/Hazards, Policies to control Stubble burning.

(Credit -4)

Field Work

Visit to an area to document environmental assets: river/Forest/Flora/Fauna, etc.

Visit to Local polluted site –urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural.

Study of common Plants, Insects, Birds and basic principles of identification.

Study of simple ecosystems-pond, river, Delhi Ridge, etc.

(Credit -5)

Prevalence

1. Extent and management of crop stubble

2. Impact on Health and Environment.

3. Alternative uses of crop stubble.

4. Environmental Legislations and Policies for Restriction of Agriculture Residue Burning

in Punjab.

(Credit -4)

48

Suggested Readings :

1. Carson,R.2002. Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

2. Gadgil.M., & Guha,R.1993. This Fissured Land : An Ecological History of India.Univ. of

California Press.

3. Gleeson, B. and Low, N.(eds.)1999. Global Ethics and Environment, London, Routledge.

4. Gleick,P.H.1993. Water in Crisis.Pacific Institute for Studies in Dev. Environment &

Security .Stockholam Env. Institute,Oxford Univ.Press.

5. Groom , Martha J., Gary K. Meffe, and Carl Ronald Carroll.Principles of Conservation

Biology.Sunderland : Sinauer Associates, 2006.

6. Grumbine,R.Edward, and Pandit,M.K.2013. Threats from India's Himalays dams.

Science,339:36-37.

7. McCully,P.1996. Rivers no more: the environmetal effects of dams (pp.29-64). Zed

Books.

8. McNeill,John R. 2000. Something New Under the Sun : An Environmental History of the

Twentieth Century.

9. Odum, E.P., H.T & Andrews, J.1971. Fundamentals of Ecology.Philadelphia : Saunders.

10. Pepper,I.L., Gerba ,C.P & Brusseau,M.L.2011. Environmental and Pollution

Sciences.Academic Press.

11. Rao, M.N. & Datta,A.K.1987. Waste Water Treatment.Oxford and IBH Publishing

Co.Pvt.Ltd.

12. Raven, P.H., Hassenzahl, D.M. & Berg, L.R.2012,Environment. 8Th edition. John Wiles

& Sons.

13. Rosencranz, A., Divan, S., & Nobie, M.L. 2001. Environmental law and policy in India.

Tripathi 1992

14. Sengupta, R. 2003. Ecology and economics: An approach to sustainable development.

OUP.

15. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2014. Ecology, Environmental Science and

Conservation. S. Chand Publishing, New Delhi.

16. Sodhi, N.S. Gibson, L. & Raven, P.H. (eds). 2013. Conservation Biology: Voices from

the Tropics. John Wiley & Sons.

17. Thapar, V. 1998. Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent.

18. Warren, C.E. 1971. Biology and Water Pollution Control. WB Saunders.

19. Wilson, E.O. 2006. The Creation: An appeal to save life on earth. New York:Norton.

20. World commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our Common Future.

Oxford University Press.

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PUNJABI UNIVERSITY PATIALApupdepartments.ac.in/syllabi/Academic Session 2017... · 3. Propagation methods and use of rootstocks. Methods of training and pruning. 4. Use of growth