Punctuation. End Marks A statement is followed by a period. – Barb needed a ride home. A direct question is followed by a question mark. – Did you drive

Punctuation

End Marks

• A statement is followed by a period.– Barb needed a ride home.

• A direct question is followed by a question mark.– Did you drive her home?

• An exclamation point follows an exclamation.– What an exciting game that was!

1. Did you know that Teresa is moving2. Yikes A rattlesnake3. Alexander the Great was born more than two thousand years ago4. I read an article about chuckwallas5. Wow Great shot6. Can you tell me the way to Prater Park7. Generally, the green chili is spicier than the red8. St. Stephen’s Cathedral is certainly a beautiful sight9. Did you know that Paul McCartney is actual Sir Paul10.Gloria wakes up early every day to go for a walk11.Irene asked whether the student named most likely to succeed was Phil

Assad12.Will you be able to meet us at the Bristol Hotel13.The master of ceremonies was Joel Bourgeois14.The author Laura Ingalls Wilder was born in Wisconsin15.When did the Harts move to San Marcos16.Have you ever heard the music of Theseus Flatow17.Ask Tonya whether Kennedy is one of her favorite presidents18.How exciting the first moonwalk must have been19.Did you know that the world’s most venomous snakes are found in

Australia20.Boy I’d love to be a veterinarian

Other uses for periods

• Personal (J.F. Kennedy) • Titles (Mr. Laval)• Geographical terms (Oxnard, Calif., CA does

not take a period)• Time (B.C., Oct., P.M.)• Note: Units of measurement except in. do not

take periods (tbsp, 6 ft)• Note: Acronyms don’t take periods (NATO)

Commas with items in a series

• Commas separate items in a series.• The camp counselor distributed baseballs,

bats, volleyballs, tennis rackets, and bandages.• The entertainers sang, danced, and juggled.

Commas with items in a series

• Use commas to separate two more adjectives preceding a noun.

• If the nouns can switch order AND you can use and between them, you need a comma.

• I’ve had a long, tiring day.• For lunch we had smooth, creamy broccoli

soup.

Complete exercise 3 on p. 320

Cooperative learning

• After you have finished, compare your answers to those of a partner sitting near you.

• Are the answers the same? If not, which answer is better. Discuss this until you come to a consensus.

Commas and independent clauses

• Use a comma before the FANBOY conjunctions when combining independent clauses.

• What is the difference in the sentences below?

• Han brought charcoal and lighter fluid, but she forgot matches.

• Han brought charcoal and lighter fluid but forgot matches.


Nonessential clauses and phrases

• What are these?

• Use a comma to set off nonessential subordinate clauses and nonessential participle phrases.

Modeling Nonessential

• Emilia Ortiz, who lives across the street from me, won a scholarship to Stanford University.

• The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is sometimes called the Athens of America.

• Born in Detroit, Robert Hayden was educated at the University of Michigan and later became a distinguished professor there.

Modeling Essential

• Library books that are lost or damaged must be replaced.

• The sophomores who made the Honor Roll were listed in the school newspaper.

You decide

• Marla’s sister who attends Stanford University sent her a sweatshirt.





Introductory Elements

• Use a comma to set off mild exclamations.– Sure, I’ll go with you.– Oh, look at that car!

• Use a comma after an introductory participle or participle phrase.– Calling for a time out, the referee blew his whistle.– Shivering, the couple hurried into the warm lobby.

Introductory elements

• Use a comma after and introductory prepositional phrase if the phrase is long or if two or more phrases appear together.– During the long bus ride home, we sang songs

and told stories to amuse ourselves.– By the light of the harvest moon in September,

we went on an old-fashioned hayride.

Exceptions

• A single, short introductory prepositional phrase is not followed by a comma unless the sentence is awkward without the comma.

• In the book the writer develops a clever plot.• In the book, review page 236.• In the book review, the critic praised the writer’s

clever plot.• By the way, do you have a copy of the book?

Introductory Elements

• Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause.– When you’ve gone to this school for a while, you’ll

know your way around.– After we claim our victory, we’ll celebrate at Darci’s

Deli.• Note: An adverb clause at the end does not

require a comma.– We’ll celebrate at Darci’s Deli after we claim our

victory.


Interrupters

• Use commas to set off nonessential appositives and appositive phrases.– A former senator from Kansas, Nancy Landon

Kassenbaum, was the principle speaker.– Do you know him, the boy wearing the blue shirt?

Place the commas if necessary

• Have you read At Home in India a book by Cynthia Bowles?• On July 20 1969 Neil Armstrong one of the three astronauts

on the Apollo 11 mission became the first person to walk on the moon.

• My friend James helped me.• Speaking of movies have you seen the animated film The

Prince of Egypt? • My brother Ben helped me.• My brother-in-law Reid lives with me.• Reid my brother-in-law lives with me.


Interrupters

• Use commas to set off words used in direct address.– Did you call me, Mother?– David, please close the door.– Yes, Mr. Ramos, I turned in my paper.

Interrupters

• Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions, side remarks that add information or show a relationship between ideas. (SEE BOX ON P. 331).– In fact, Emily Dickinson is my favorite poet.– You are, I hope, planning to arrive on time.– Emile Bronte, not her sister Charlotte, wrote

Wuthering Heights.

Conventional commas

• Separate items in dates and addresses – On Saturday, June 21, 2005, Robert moved to Miami, Florida,

with his parents.– See p. 359 for exceptions

• Use after the salutation in a personal letter and after the closing– Dear Mark,– Sincerely,

• Use to set off an abbreviation such as Jr., Sr., or M.D., that follows a person’s name.– Elena Moreno, M.D.

Don’t use too many commas

• Remember, on the ACT you will have to take out as many commas as you put in.

• Every comma has to have a reason for being there.


• With a partner, complete Review E on p. 334. Be sure to discuss each comma rule before including a comma in the sentence.

Writing

• Choose 4 comma rules. Write a sentence that utilizes each.

Ready for a comma quiz?

Semicolons

• Use a semicolon between independent clauses that are closely related in thought and that are not joined by FANBOYS conjunctions.– Everyone else in my family excels in a particular

sport; I seem to be the only exception.– The river is rising rapidly; it is expected to crest by

noon.

Semicolons

• Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or a transitional expression. – Leonor is planning to become an engineer;

however, she is also interested in graphic design.– Only two people registered for pottery lessons; as

a result, the class was cancelled.

Commonly Used Conjunctive Adverbsp. 344

• Accordingly• Also• Indeed• Otherwise• However• Nevertheless• Next• Furthermore• Moreover

• Consequently• Still• Meanwhile• Besides• Instead• Then• Therefore

Transitional Expressionsp. 344

• As a result• For example• In spite of• In conclusion• For instance• In other words• In fact• That is

Exceptions

• Use a comma when one of these expressions comes within a clause– Ralph Ellison is best known for his 1952 novel,

Invisible Man; he also, however, wrote short stories and essays.

– In this case it is an interrupter.

Other uses for semicolons

• You may need to use a semi-colon (rather than a comma) before a FANBOYS conjunction to join independent clauses that contain commas.– Confusing: June sat with Tony, Pat, and me, and

Josh sat with Flora, Zack, and Geraldo.– June sat with Tony, Pat, and me; and Josh sat with

Flora, Zack, and Geraldo.

Other uses for semicolons

• Use a semicolon between items in a series if the items contain commas.– Confusing: In 1990, the three largest cities in the

United States were New York, New York, Los Angeles, California, and Chicago, Illinois.

– In 1990, the three largest cities in the United States were New York, New York; Los Angeles, California; and Chicago, Illinois.

Individual practice

• Complete review A on p. 346.




Colons

• Use a colon before a list of items, especially after expressions such as the following and as follows . What comes before the colon must be a complete thought.– The only articles allowed in the examination area are

as follows: pencils, compasses, rulers, and protractors.– In Washington, D.C., we visited four important national

sites: the White House, the Washington Monument, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and the Lincoln Memorial.

Colons

• Use a colon before a formal statement or quotation. – Katniss shows her love for her family by trading

her life for her sister: “I volunteer!” (Collins 22).– Thomas Paine’s first pamphlet in the series The

American Crisis starts with these famous words:These are the times that try men’s

souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in crisis, shrink from the service of their country.

Colons

• Use a colon before a statement that explains or clarifies a preceding statement. – He deserves a raise: He completed the project on

schedule and under budget.– Preston slapped his forehead: He had forgotten to

put oregano in the sauce.

Conventional Uses of Colons

• Time• Biblical References• Between a title and

subtitle• After the salutation in

a business letter

• 6:15• Psalms 8:9• I like Jazz: The essence

of Billie Holiday• Dear Ms. Weinberg:

Individual practice

• Page 351, Ex. 3• We will take these one at a time.• Take out your white boards. Write the word or

number that precedes the missing or incorrect punctuation.

• When I tell you to hold up your answers, hold them up, and we will discuss them.

Cooperative Learning

• Complete chapter review A (1-20), p. 353 with a partner.

• Make sure you agree on every answer.

Individual writing

• Look at your comma rules and semicolon and colon rule handout.

• Choose four colon and semicolon rules. Write a sentence that follows each rule.

Italics

• Use italics (underlining) for titles and subtitles of books, plays, long poems, periodicals, works of art, movies, TV series, and long musical works and recordings.

• Example: The Hunger Games has become a worldwide success.

• See chart on p. 358

Italics

• Use italics (underlining) for the names of ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft.

• See chart on p. 359

Italics

• Use italics (underlining) for words, letters, symbols, and numerals referred to as such and for foreign words that have not been adopted into English.

• Example: The first o in zoology is pronounced with a long o sound.

• I bid you au revoir.

Modeling Italics

• I read an article in Sports Illustrated while I waited. I learned that the e in equestrian is actually pronounced with a short i sound.

Individual practice

• Complete exercise 1 on p. 360




Quotation Marks

• Use to enclose a direct quote, a person’s exact words.

• Example: Joan said, “My legs are sore from jogging.”

Special rules with quotation marks

• Rule 1• A directly quoted sentence begins with a

capital letter. When an interrupting expression divides a quoted sentence into two parts, the second part begins with a lowercase letter.

• “I hope,” said Diego, “that it doesn’t rain during the fiesta.”


• Rule 2• A direct quotation can be set off from the

rest of the sentence by a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point, but not by a period.

• “That’s easy!” Dot exclaimed.

Special rules with quotation marks• Rule 3• When used with quotation marks, other

marks of punctuation are placed according to the following rules.– Commas and periods are placed inside the closing

quotation marks.• “The concert tickets are sold out,” Mary said, “and I had

really hoped to go.”

– Colons and semicolons are placed outside the closing quotation marks.• The following students have been named “most likely

to succeed”: Corey Brown and Sally Ling.

Discuss with a partner

Look at Note 3, bullet point 3. Discuss with a partner the difference between the final two sentences. Why are the question marks in different places?

• “What time is the game tomorrow?” Mary asked.• Why did you shout, “It doesn’t matter”?

Answer

• A question mark or exclamation point is placed inside the closing quotation marks if the quotation itself is a question or exclamation. Otherwise, a question mark or exclamation point is placed outside the closing quotation marks.

• “What time is the game tomorrow?” Mary asked.• Why did you shout, “It doesn’t matter”?

Punctuate the dialogue

What was that for he says, aghast.You had no right! No right to go saying those

things about me I shout at him.Now the elevators open and the whole crew

is there: Effie, Haymitch, Cinna and Portia.What’s going on says Effie, a note of hysteria

in her voice. Did you fallAfter she Peeta paused shoved me.

Individual practice

• Complete exercise 2 p. 363


• Rule 4• When you write dialogue (a conversation), begin a new

paragraph every time the speaker changes, and enclose each speaker’s words with quotation marks.

A man of Merv, well known as the home of complicated thinkers, ran shouting one night though the city’s streets. “Thief, Thief!” he cried.

The people surrounded him, and when he was a little calmer asked, “Where was the thief?”

“In my house.”“Did you see him?”“No.”


• Rule 5• When a quoted passage consists of more than one

paragraph, put quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the entire passage. Do not put quotation marks after any paragraph but the last.

“ Now this car is one of our hottest sellers. It has bucket seats, a great stereo, and alloy wheels.

“It’s also one of the safest cars on the road because of its heavy suspension and antilock brake system. It gets good gas milage too.

“All in all, I think this would be the perfect car for you.”

Quotation marks

• Use quotation marks to enclose titles (including subtitles) of short works such as short stories, poems, essays, articles, songs, episodes of a TV series, and chapters and other parts of books or periodicals.

• Example: “Jerry’s High School Reunion” is my favorite episode of Seinfeld.

Quotation Marks

• Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation or title within a quotation.

• Example: Ron said, “Dad yelled, ‘No way!’”• Val asked, “Did you like my rendition of

‘America the Beautiful’?”

Quotation Marks

• Use quotation marks to enclose slang words, technical terms, and unusual uses of words.

• Example: My oldest brother said my eyebrows are “on fleek.”


• Complete review B on p. 367.• Discuss each answer with your partner to

make sure you are correct.




Ellipsis Points

• Use ellipsis points to mark omissions from quoted material.• • Example: “The room overlooking the square had . . . a view

of the chateau.”• • When you omit words from the beginning of a sentence

within a quoted passage, keep the previous sentence’s end punctuation and follow it with the points of the ellipsis.

• • Example: “The building was partly encircled by the old city

walls. . . .[N]ext to the chateau was the town hall.”

Ellipsis Points

• When you omit words at the end of a sentence within a quoted passage, keep the sentence’s end punctuation and follow it with the points of the ellipsis.

• • Example: “That building was an early-Renaissance confection of

towers and turrets. . . .I remember that next to the chateau was the town hall.”

• • Use three ellipsis points to indicate a pause in written

dialogue.• • Example: “Yes, but . . . oh, well, all right,” she said.

Group practice with literature

• Read the first paragraph.• Choose a sentence from which you can omit

words. Use ellipsis points to illustrate your understanding of rule number 1.

• Read the second paragraph.• Omit words based on ellipsis points rule number 2.• Repeat directions with the third and fourth

paragraphs and the third and fourth ellipsis points rules.

Now let’s discuss the literature

Documents

Punctuation. End Marks A statement is followed by a period. – Barb needed a ride home. A direct question is followed by a question mark. – Did you drive