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Commas•Use commas to separate items in a series. Use a comma BEFORE conjunctions.•Red, white, and blue

PunctuationPunctuation• Short independent clauses in a

series are separated by commas.•We swam, we jogged, and we

exercised.• Independent clauses are usually

separated by a semicolon.• To prepare for the race, we swam…

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1. Hispanic culture is complex diverse and rich in many historical traditions.

2. Preheat the oven beat the eggs and sift the flour.

3. The movie was long dull and humorless.

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4. Alicia opened the door for the dog and the cat ran out.

5. It has been a vibrant vital part of American life.

6. They have traveled on land by sea and in the air.

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•Use commas to set off nonessential clauses and nonessential participial phrases.•Emilia Ortiz, who lives across the street, won a scholarship.

•The capital of Alabama is Montgomery, which is in the center of the state.

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Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun.

• I’ve had a long, hectic, tiring day.Use a comma before conjunctions

when they join independent clauses.

We got there on time, but Jeff was late.

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• Rule 3/4 practice

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• Use a comma after introductory elements. (p. 800)•No, I haven’t had the exam yet.

• Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase.•Calling for a timeout, the ref blew

his whistle.

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• Use commas to set off “interrupters,” or elements that interrupt a sentence. Direct address. Mother, will you…

• To separate items in dates and addresses.• Saturday, June 21, 1991, Dad…

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• Rule 5/6 practice

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Colons and Semicolons• Use semis b/w two complete

sentences if they are not joined by a conjunction.

• Use semi b/w independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions.

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• Ex. Leo is planning to be an engineer; however, he is also interested in art.

• Can also be used to separate two sentences joined by a conjunction if there are other commas.

• B/w items in series if there are other commas.

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• semicolon

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Colons• Use a colon to mean “note what

follows.” • Before a list of items (“as follows”)• Before a long, formal statement.• B/w hour and minute 9:55• B/w chapter and verse in biblical

references. Psalms 8:9

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• colon

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Apostrophes• To form the possessive case of

singular nouns, add an apostrophe and an s. (boy’s)

• Possessive of plural ending in s, add only the apostrophe. (boys’)

• Indefinite pronouns in possessive case require ‘ and s. (anyone’s)

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Apostrophe• Two or more people possess

something individually, each name is possessive.•Katlin’s and Whitney’s books

• Contractions: use apostrophe to show where letters, words, or numerals have been omitted.

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ContractionsWho is=who’s she will=she’llOf the clock=o’clock I am=I’m• As a rule, only an –s is added to

form plural of most letters and words referred to as words. Ws, ands BUT s’s and i’s

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• apostrophe

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Hyphens • Divide words at end of the line• Compound words from twenty-one

to ninety-nine and with fractions used as adjectives. Two-thirds majority

• With prefixes ex-, self-, and all- and the suffix -elect.

• With all prefixes before proper nouns or adjectives.

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Hyphens• Compound adjective that

precedes the noun it modifies. •Well-organized paper

• Do not use hyphen if one of modifiers ends in –ly.

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• hyphen

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Dashes • Indicates an abrupt break in

thought or speech or unfinished statement.

Parentheses • To enclose material of minor

importance in a sentence.

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• Dash/parenthesis

Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to enclose a

direct quotation—someone’s exact words.

Place at beginning and end of a direct quotation

A direct quote is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point.

Quotation Marks

Use a single quotation mark to enclose a quote within a quote.

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• Quotation marks

Italics

Use italics for titles of books, plays, films, periodicals, works of art, record albums, long musical compositions, TV programs, ships and aircraft.

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• italics