Pumps and Machines1

8/3/2019 Pumps and Machines1

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Deep well pump

A pump capable of pumping water from wells where the water ismore than 7m below the ground level

They are motor driven pumps

Maximum pumping depth is 300m

Types:

1. Submerged piston pump

2. Submersible pump

3. Line shaft turbine

4. Jet action pump

5. Piston pumps


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11/10/10 Sectional view of a well with an iron cylinder pump,placed for deep-well pumping.


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Deep-Well Pumps

The piston and valves are enclosed in the cylinder C, placed below the surface

of the water in the well.

The operation of this pump is identical to that of the lift pump, but the addition

of an air chamber gives it the necessary facility to produce a continuous flow

of water.

In order to prevent the air in the air chamber from escaping, the pump rod is

surrounded with the necessary stuffing-box which is usually packed withcandle wicking to assure a good joint.

In deep wells the tube is elongated sufficiently to place the cylinder C below

the surface of the water in the well. Such pumps are operated either by hand or

by power.


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The principle of operation as in the lift pump takes advantage of theatmospheric pressure to lift the water above the first valve.

The limiting distance to which water can be lifted by the atmosphericpressure will depend on the altitude and the atmospheric pressure.

The pump is usually placed within 10 or 12 feet of the water and 20 feet isabout the limit of distance. The reason for this is because of theimpossibility of keeping the joints tight in the valve and tubing.

Where water is to be raised from a deep well, the cylinder with its piston isplaced near the water and the tube and rod, connects the cylinder with thepump stock.

After the water has passed the valve in the piston, it may be readily liftedto the pump stock. In this way water is raised from wells of great depth.


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Tubular-Well Cylinders

Tubular wells that are cased with iron pipe are provided

with a special type of pump cylinder that admits of deep-well operation.

The casing of the well being in place, the cylinder shown

in Fig. is forced down the casing to its proper place, the

spring S holding it in place until it is firmly secured.

A special seating tool is now lowered into the casing and

attaches at T to the coupling; as the tool is turned, rubber

packing R is expanded, locking the cylinder firmly to thecasing.

This makes a complete pump cylinder, which with the

piston P in place is operated as any other pump.

.


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Types of deep well


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Submerged Piston pump

It consists of a cylinder containing a piston called positive displacementpump bcoz it displaces amt of water equal to the distance the pistonmoves.

Cylinder may be located above or in the water. When cylinder is locatedabove water, suction is reqd to lift water to the piston. They requirepriming.

Amt of water lifted depends on suction lift if cylinder is above water,diameter of the piston, length of piston travels, no. of times the pistonmoves in a given time.

When the cylinder is in water, a sucker (steel) rod is reqd. this connectsthe drive mechanism to cylinder.

Due to the steel wt, max pumping depth for hand pump is 60-80m and300m for motor driven pump.


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Submerged Piston pump

It consists of a cylinder containing a piston called positive displacementpump bcoz it displaces amt of water equal to the distance the pistonmoves.

Cylinder may be located above or in the water. When cylinder is locatedabove water, suction is reqd to lift water to the piston. They requirepriming.

Amt of water lifted depends on suction lift if cylinder is above water,diameter of the piston, length of piston travels, no. of times the pistonmoves in a given time.

When the cylinder is in water, a sucker (steel) rod is reqd. this connectsthe drive mechanism to cylinder.

Due to the steel wt, max pumping depth for hand pump is 60-80m and300m for motor driven pump.


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Click to edit the outlinetext format

Second Outline

Level Third Outline

Level

FourthOutline Level

FifthOutlineLevel

Sixth

Line shaft turbine

It has the motor at the surface. Drive shaft connects motor to the pump

Deeper the well, the more shaft guide reqd along the drive shaft and greater

possibility of guide failure

The pumping depth in small diameter wells (12-24mm) are limited to 12-35mand for large dia wells (>30mm) has great depth

These pump can pump against high head and high volume.


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Property Submersible pump Line shaft turbine

Capacity l/min 40-240 & high 120-360 & high

Lift from water to pump

-m

- medium

Lift from pump to

higher levels -m

30-400 & high 5-500

Dia of well reqd -cm 12 12

efficiency 65-85% 65-80%

Relative cost Reasonable but high atgreater depths

higher

Operation and

maintenance

Simple, needs attention More difficult, needs

const skilled attention

Advantages Pump and motor in well

less subject to vandalism

Can be operated by

alternate power sources,high volume

Disadvantages Difficult to pull, needs

special electrical cablefor wells

Difficult to repair if

bearings fail


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Submersible pumps


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Submersible Pumps

A submersible pump is a device which has a hermetically sealed motorclose-coupled to the pump body.

The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped.

The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pumpcavitations, a problem associated with a high elevation difference betweenpump and the fluid surface.

Submersible pumps push water to the surface as opposed to jet andcentrifugal pumps having to pull water. Submersibles are more efficient.


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They are usable in less plumb wells and can be kept at great depths

Since the electric motor is below the pump, the whole unit is pulled for repairs.

The installation is not complicated. Operation and maintenance is reduced.

Greater the depth, larger the motor and electric cable to motor. Hence expensive.For the above reason, the upper limit for depth is kept as 150m. At this depth,

special pump pulling equipment is required.


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Submersible well pumps, as their name imply, are used underwater in

wells.

A small electric motor (called a driver) is installed in the well shaft,usually below the pump itself, and an electric cable is attached to the

motor.

Piping is then fitted from the pump, through the length of the shaft andinto the home. Unlike their shallow-end counterparts, submersible well

pumps may be set hundreds of feet beneath the water in a well.

When the pump is activated, the motor, which consists of a number of

impellers and diffusers which spin on a common shaft (called stages),

pushes water up out of the well.


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11- submersible pump

12-charge pump13- centrifugal pump14-seal section16-electric motor

18- well f luid19- gas separator20- casing24-impeller26,42-vanes28,51-exit angle30,58-balance hole32-concave side

34- convex side

40-impeller42- split vane44,46-inner&outer radialmember

48,50-concave side of inner radialmember &convex side of outerone52-flow passage61-housing62-shaft64-diffuser68- bore65- diffuser passage


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Most conventional well pumps work on a centrifugal basis-- that is to say that theywork by using their impellers' rotation to push water outward, and then upwardthrough the well shaft

.

As we have already seen, the motors in submersible well pumps are usually locatedbelow the pump itself. These motors, which are long and quite small in diameter,drive the pumps through relatively short shafts with seal sections which protect the

motors from water damage.

Because the diameter of wells is restrictive, the impellers have to be stacked on topof each other to exert enough pressure to force the water up through the pipe. This iswhy submersible well pumps are very long.

A standard 4" submersible pump measures between 24" to 48" in length, 3.9" indiameter, and spins at 3600 rpm. The 3" submersible pump measures 2.9" indiameter and spins at about 8000 rpm. The number of impellers and diffusers apump has determines the head (or pressure) the pump exerts.

How Do Submersible Well Pumps

Work?


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Applications

Submersible pumps are found in many applications.

Single stage pumps are used for

drainage, sewage pumping,

general industrial pumping

slurry pumping.

They are also popular with aquarium filters.

Multiple stage submersible pumps are typically lowered down a borehole

and used for water abstraction or in water wells.


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Esp in Oil wells

Submersible pumps are also used in oil wells. By decreasing the pressure atthe bottom of the well, significantly more oil can be produced from the wellcompared to natural production

.

This makes Electric Submersible Pumping (ESP) a form of "artificial lift"along with Gas Lift, Beam Pumping, Plunger Lift and Progressive cavitypump. New varieties of ESP can include a water/oil separator which permitsthe water to be reinjected into the reservoir without the need to lift it to thesurface.

Major brands are Flygt, Grundfos, KSB, ABS, Goulds. Until recently, ESPshad been highly costly to install due to the requirement of an electric cabledownhole. This cable had to be wrapped around jointed tubing andconnected at each joint. New coiled tubing umbilicals allow for both thepiping and electric cable to deployed with a single conventional coiledtubing unit.


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The ESP system consists of a number of components that turn a stagedseries of centrifugal pumps to increase the pressure of the well fluid and

push it to the surface.

The energy to turn the pump comes from a high-voltage (3 to 5 kV)

alternating-current source to drive a special motor that can work at high

temperatures of up to 300 F (149 C) and high pressures of up to 5,000psi (34 MPa), from deep wells of up to 12,000 feet (3.7 km) deep with

high energy requirements of up to about 1000 horsepower (750 kW).

ESPs have dramatically lower efficiencies with significant fractions of

gas, greater than about 10% volume at the pump intake. Given theirhigh rotational speed of up to 4000 rpm (67 Hz) and tight clearances,

they are not very tolerant of solids such as sand.

Working


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Special attention to the type of ESP is required when using certain types of liquids.

ESP's commonly used on board naval vessels cannot be used to dewater

contaminated flooded spaces.

These use a 440 volt A/C motor that operates a small centrifugal pump. It can also

be used out of the water, taking suction with a 2-1/2 inch non-collapsible hose.

The pumped liquid is circulated around the motor for cooling purposes.

There is a possibility that the gasoline will leak into the pump causing a fire or

destroying the pump, so hot water and flammable liquids should be avoided.


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Jet Pumps


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Jet Pumps

Deep well jet pumps consist of two main parts: a pump and a motor section.These pieces are lowered into your well until they are submerged underwater. The pump is generally located above the motor by sections of pipe.Because the pump is located beneath the surface of the water, it is always ina primed state and ready for use.

Advantages to deep well jet pumps

First, because the working sections of the pump are lowered into the welland settled below the surface of the water, noise is practically nonexistent incomparison to their above ground counterparts.

Second, because this particular type of pump is manufactured especially for

deep wells all its working parts are located below the ground surfacefreezing level, thereby ensuring that the flow of water from the well to itsdestination will not be compromised by freezing temperatures.

Not easily clogged like submersible pumps


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Applications

Jet pumps are often used in applications where the material that is pumpedassists in the creating the motive force needed to move through the pump.For example, in marine applications, jet pumps are used to transfer seawater.

Rural and Urban Drinking Water Installations.

Water Supplies for High Rise Buildings.

Lawn & Garden Watering, Water Circulating Systems.

Agricultural - Lift, Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation.

Industrial Service Water Supply Schemes.

As mixers or circulators since the intake combines fluids.

as ejector pumps, are used to move wastewater up to the sewer line.


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JET PUMPS


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JET PUMPS

A Jet Pump is a type of impeller-diffuser pump. Unlikeother pumps, a jet pump has no moving parts. Asimple jet pump, illustrated in figure, consists of a jet

supply line, a jet or nozzle, a suction line, a suctionchamber, a diffuser, and a discharge line.

In a jet pump, pumping action is created as a fluid(water, steam, or air) passes at a high pressure and

velocity through a nozzle and into a chamber that hasan inlet and outlet opening.


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Jet Pumps A Jet Pump is a type of impeller-diffuser pump that is used to draw water from wells into

residences. It can be used for both shallow (25 feet or less) and deep wells (up to about 200 feet.)

The pump is fitted into a secondary casing which contains water at. discharge pressure

,A proportion of the water from this chamber is fed back to a nozzle fitted into the suction end ofthe pump casing and directed into the eye of the impeller.

Once the pump has been used once (having been manually primed initially) it remains full of waterso that on start up the pump circulates water from the discharge through the jet and back into the

suction side.

As before, air is sucked through and bubbles out of the discharge, while (until the pump primes) thewater falls back and recirculates.

The jet causes low pressure in the suction line and entrains air which goes through the impeller andis discharged, hence water is gradually drawn up the suction line.

As soon as all the air is expelled from the system, most of the discharge goes up the discharge line,but a proportion is fed back to the nozzle and increases the suction considerably compared with theeffect of a centrifugal impeller on its own.

Therefore, this kind of pump not only pulls a higher suction lift than normal, but the pump canreliably run on "snore" (i.e. sucking a mixture of air and water without losing its prime).


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Jet pumps are capable of handling all forms of motive fluid including gas, steam, or liquid.

They are typically inserted vertically into the process media, but can be mounted horizontally as well.

Multiple inlets are used to draw in a constant stream of fluid, using pressure to create lift through suction.The combination of intake pressure and velocity of the liquid or gas jets the media up from a well, tank, orpit through the pump to the discharge point.

Jet pumps function based upon the Bernoulli theorem; pressure and velocity measured at points in thenozzle, diffuser, or suction chamber along with the specific gravity of the fluids transferred can yield theoperating head and/or discharge velocity.

The net positive suction head (NPSH) is the relationship using the distance from the intended centerline ofthe jet pump and the depth of the storage area, the specific gravity of the fluid, and the pressure at thespecified temperature.

There are four main types of jet pumps; deep well, shallow well, multi-stage, and mini.

Deep well jet pumps are used in high volume applications, such as oil wells, which range from 800-15,000

feet in depth. Shallow well pumps are used in applications where the media is close to the surface, such asresidential wells.

Convertible jet pumps can be used for either deep or shallow well applications. Miniature jet pumps areused for smaller applications, such as aquariums.


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. A float level sensor and switch are used to turn on the pump. Other accessories maybe used such as impellers, strainers or filters, a motor or drive

Jet pumps are less efficient than hydraulic pumps due to such factors as friction loss,but may be more efficient when working with combined media that includes gases andvariable well conditions where the surface characteristics include turbulence.

Many jet pumps are self-priming and are constructed so that they can create and

maintain a sufficient vacuum level to draw fluid into the inlets with no externalassistance.

When choosing a jet pump, the type of fluid and conditions will affect the flow rate.An annular nozzle may be used in media that has a higher solids content in miningapplications or sand or mud removal. In bore hole applications where external

pressures and internal pressures exceed the material specifications and the pressurespecifications of jet pumps, the throat of the pump can collapse which will causeextreme reductions in f low


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ADVANTAGES It can be used for both shallow (25 feet or less) and

deep wells (up to about 200 feet.) Increasing the speed before the onset ofcavitation,

because of the raised internal dynamic pressure

High power density with respect to volume of both

the propulsor and the prime mover because a smaller,higher-speed unit can be used

Protection of the rotating element, making operationsafer around swimmers and aquatic life

Improved shallow-water operations, because only theinlet needs to be submerged

Increased maneuverability, by adding a steerablenozzle to createvectored thrust

Noise reduction
http://www.servinghistory.com/topics/cavitationhttp://www.servinghistory.com/topics/dynamic_pressurehttp://www.servinghistory.com/topics/vectored_thrusthttp://www.servinghistory.com/topics/vectored_thrusthttp://www.servinghistory.com/topics/vectored_thrusthttp://www.servinghistory.com/topics/dynamic_pressurehttp://www.servinghistory.com/topics/dynamic_pressurehttp://www.servinghistory.com/topics/cavitation


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Special Pumps


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Gear pumps


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Internal gearpump designfor high

viscosity fluids.

External gearpump design forhydraulic powerapplications.

Internal gearpump designforautomotiveoil pumps.

Gear pumps


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GEAR PUMP

A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid bydisplacement.

They are one of the most common types of pumps for hydraulicfluid power applications.

There are two main variations;

External gear pumps which use two external spur gears,

Internal gear pumps which use an external and an internalspur gear.

Gear pumps arefixed displacement, meaning they pump a

constant amount of fluid for each revolution.


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As the gears rotate they separate on the intake side of the pump,

creating a void and suction which is filled by fluid.

The fluid is carried by the gears to the discharge side of the

pump, where the meshing of the gears displaces the fluid.

The mechanical clearances are small on the order of a thousandthof an inch (micrometers).

The tight clearances, along with the speed of rotation, effectivelyprevent the fluid from leaking backwards.

The rigid design of the gears and housing allow for very high

pressures and the ability to pump highly viscous fluids.

Theory of operation:


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External gear pump design for hydraulic powerapplications.


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Internal gear (Gerotor) pump design for highviscosity fluids.


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Internal gear (Gerotor) pump design for automotiveoil pumps.


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Water flows from left to right in thisGerotor pump


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Working

It consists of two identical intermeshing gears working in a fine clearanceinside a casing

One of the gear is keyed to a driving shaft. Other gear revolves due todriving gear

The space b/w teeth and casing is filled with oil The oil is carried round b/w gears from suction to delivery pipe.

The mechanical contact b/w the gears does not allow the flow from inlet tooutlet directly.

The outer radial tips of gears and sides of gears form a part off moving oil

The oil pushed into the delivery pipe cannot back into suction pipe due tomeshing of the gears


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Discharge/s =Volume of oil per revolution x No of revolution in one second

= 2aLn x N/60 m3

Where,

N = Speed of rotating gear in r.p.m

a = Area enclosed b/w two success teeth and casingn = Total no. of teeth in each gear

L = Axial length of teeth

Volumetric efficiency = Actual discharge/theoretical discharge


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Can handle debris

Used to rise the level of wastewater

Abrasive material will damage the seal between screw and the

housing

Grain augers use the same principle

Screw Pump


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Principle of screw pump


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The pumps are used for high flows and relatively lowpressure (max 100 bar).

They were used on board ships where the constant

pressure hydraulic system was going through the wholeship, especially for the control of ball valves, but also forthe steering gear and help drive systems.

The advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound

level of these pumps.

The efficiency is not that high.

Uses of screw pump:


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Miscellaneous Machines

The various types hydraulic machines are:

Hydraulic press

Hydraulic accumulator

Hydraulic ram


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How it works:

The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle: the pressure throughout aclosed system is constant.

At one end of the system is a piston with a small cross-sectional area driven by a

Lever to increase the force.

Small-diameter tubing leads to the other end of the system.

Pascal's law: Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminishedand acts with equal force on equal areas and at 90 degrees to the container wall.


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A fluid, such as oil, is displaced when either piston is pushed inward.

the small piston, for a given distance of movement, displaces a smaller

amount ofvolume than the large piston, which is proportional to theratio of areas of the heads of the pistons.

Therefore, the small piston must be moved a large distance

to get the large piston to move significantly. The distance the large

piston will move is the distance that the small piston is moved divided

by the ratio of the areas of the heads of the pistons.


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The various types of hydraulic presses are:

Pillar type

C frame type

H frame type


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Hydraulic Press - 4 Pillarstype design


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The guidance of this press offers excellent slide accuracy of the moving ram.

Platen, resulting in reduced tool wear & an increased tool life.

Slide move on larger size phosphorous bronze / ultra bronze bearing mounted

at each corner with suitable lubrication arrangement a proper sealing

arrangement at both side of each bush is also provided.


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C' Frame TypePresses


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'H' Type

Press


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Applications:

Deep Drawing Operations

Blanking & Punching Riveting

Stamping & Pressing

Powder Compacting

Rubber & Plastics etc.


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Hydraulic Accumulator

A hydraulic accumulator is an energy storage device.

It is a pressure storage reservoir in which a non-compressible hydraulic fluid

is held under pressure by an external source.

That external source can be a spring, a raised weight, or a compressed gas.

The main reasons that an accumulatoris used in a hydraulic system are so

that the pump doesn't need to be so large to cope with extremes of demand,

so that the supply circuit can respond more quickly to any temporary demand

and to smooth pulsations.


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Hydraulic engine house(Raised weight)


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A raised weight accumulator consists of a vertical cylinder containing fluid

connected to the hydraulic line.

The cylinder is closed by a piston on which a series of weights are placed thatexert a downward force on the piston and there by energizes the fluid in the cylinder.

In contrast to compressed gas and spring accumulators, this type delivers a nearlyconstant pressure, regardless of the volume of fluid in the cylinder,

until it is empty. (The pressure will decline somewhat as the cylinder is emptied

due to the decline in weight of the remaining fluid.)


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Various types of accumulators:

Compressed gas

Spring type

Metal bellows type


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A compressed gas accumulator consists of a cylinder with two chambers that are

separated by an elastic diaphragm, a totally enclosed bladder, or a floating piston.

One chamber contains hydraulic fluid and is connected to the hydraulic line.

The other chamber contains an inert gas under pressure (typically nitrogen)

that provides the compressive force on the hydraulic fluid.

Inert gas is used because oxygen and oil can form an explosive mixture

when combined under high pressure.

As the volume of the compressed gas changes the pressure of the gas,

and the pressure on the fluid, changes inversely.

Compressed gas


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Spring type

A spring type accumulator is similar in operation to the gas-charged

accumulator above, except that a heavy spring (or springs) is used to provide

the compressive force.

According to Hooke's law the magnitude of the force exerted by a spring

is linearly proportional to its extension.

Therefore as the spring compresses, the force it exerts on the fluid is increased.


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Metal bellows type

The metal bellows accumulators function similarly to the compressed gastype, except the elastic diaphragm or floating piston is replaced by a

hermetically sealed welded metal bellows.

Fluid may be internal or external to the bellows.

The advantages to the metal bellows type include exceptionally low spring

rate, allowing the gas charge to do all the work with little change in pressurefrom full to empty, and a long stroke relative to solid (empty) height, which

gives maximum storage volume for a given container size.


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The welded metal bellows accumulator provides an exceptionally high

level of accumulator performance, and can be produced with a broadspectrum of alloys resulting in a broad range of fluid compatibility.

Another advantage to this type is that it does not face issues with

high pressure operation, thus allowing more energy storage capacity.


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Hydraulic Ram

A hydraulic ram, or hydram, is a cyclic water pump powered byhydropower.

It functions as a hydraulic transformer that takes in water at one

"hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow-rate, and outputs water at a higherhydraulic-head and lower flow-rate.

The device utilizes the water hammer effect to develop pressure that

allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted

to a point higher than where the water originally started.


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Hydraulic ram


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Construction and principle of operation:

A hydraulic ram has only two moving parts, a spring or weight loaded "waste"

valve sometimes known as the "clack" valve and a "delivery" check valve,

making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and very reliable.

In addition, there is a drive pipe supplying water from an elevated source,and a delivery pipe, taking a portion of the water that comes through the

drive pipe to an elevation higher than the source.


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Sequence of operation


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Basic components of a hydraulic ram:

Inletdrive pipe(1)

Free flow at waste valve(2)

Outlet

delivery pipe(3)

Waste valve(4)

Delivery check valve(5)

Pressure vessel(6)


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A simplified hydraulic ram is shown in Figure 2. Initially, the waste

valve [4] is open, and the delivery valve [5] is closed.

The water in the drive pipe [1] starts to flow under the force of

gravity and picks up speed and kinetic energy until it forces the

waste valve closed.

The momentum of the water flow in the supply pipe against the now

closed waste valve causes a water hammer that raises the pressure in

the pump, opens the delivery valve [5], and forces some water to flow

into the delivery pipe [3].


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Because this water is being forced uphill through the delivery pipe

farther than it is falling downhill from the source, the flow slows;

when the flow reverses, the delivery check valve closes.

If all water flow has stopped, the loaded waste valve reopens

against the now static head, which allows the process to begin again.

A pressure vessel [6] containing air cushions the hydraulic pressure

shock when the waste valve closes, and it also improves the

pumping efficiency by allowing a more constant flow through the

delivery pipe.


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Uses of hydraulic ram:

lifting drinking water from springs to settlements on higher ground.

pumping drinking water from streams that have significant slope.

lifting irrigation water from streams or raised irrigation channels.


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Ram Pump Advantages include:

Inexpensive

Very simple construction and easy to install yourself.

Does not consume petrol, diesel or electricity.

Minimum maintenance.

Pollution free.

Quiet pumping 24 hours per day.


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Pumps and Machines1