pultry disease

Research and DevelopmentWorld Tech Support

Managing The Cobb Managing The Cobb BroilerBroiler

Andrew Bourne – Broiler Specialist (World Technical Support )


A.A. Genetic trendsGenetic trendsWhat to expect in the future?

B.B. Key Nutrition Requirements? Key Nutrition Requirements? LEAST COST Way!LEAST COST Way!

C.C. Chick StartChick StartHow To Maximise Feed IntakeBrooding Management

Presentation Outline


A.A. GENETIC TRENDSGENETIC TRENDS


FCR ChangesProgressive Genetics ChangeProgressive Genetics Change

FCR: 1 to 2 points / year

1.551.601.651.701.751.801.851.901.952.00

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

YEAR

FCR


Annual Improvement RatesAnnual Improvement RatesCobb 500 Cobb 500

Trait ImprovementWeight 50 gFeed Conversion - 0.02Eviscerated Yield 0.1 %Breast Meat 0.3 %Eggs / Hen Housed 1


Selection Pressure on Body Wt.Selection Pressure on Body Wt.

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

199619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

05

Bod

y W

t. (g

ram

s)


Cobb Male PerformanceCobb Male PerformanceTrait 1994 2003 DIFFERENCE

Wt at 42 2076g 2848g 770g770g

Wt at 56 3082g 4064g 982g

Days - 2kg 40.9 32.9 < 8 days< 8 days

Days - 3 kg 54.8 43.6 < 11.2 days


B. THE LEAST COST COBB WAYB. THE LEAST COST COBB WAY


GROWTH CURVE

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49

AGE

BODY

WEI

GHT

COBB 500

COBB POTENTIAL

Low Density NutritionLow Density NutritionWhy consider it?Why consider it?

CONTROL GROWTH 0 CONTROL GROWTH 0 –– 21d = GOOD SKELETAL 21d = GOOD SKELETAL HEALTHHEALTH

Low density = Low Cost nutrition Low density = Low Cost nutrition THE KEY to growth controlTHE KEY to growth control

COBB >21 DAYS COBB >21 DAYS COMPENSATORY COMPENSATORY GROWTHGROWTH


COBB 500 PERFORMANCECOBB 500 PERFORMANCEAge Days Weight For Age

Male As Hatched Female 0 41 41 41 7 170 164 158

14 449 430 411

21 885 843 801

28 1478 1397 1316

35 2155 2017 1879

42 2839 2626 2412

49 3486 3177 2867


Low Density NutritionLow Density NutritionThe EconomicsThe Economics

The obvious way to increase profitability is by reducing The obvious way to increase profitability is by reducing the the cost per kg of live weight producedcost per kg of live weight produced..

Most companies, however, measure production efficiency Most companies, however, measure production efficiency with indicators like with indicators like EPEFEPEF// EEIEEI (Feed Conversion, Mortality (Feed Conversion, Mortality and Average Daily Gain )and Average Daily Gain )

A drive to maximise Broiler physical A drive to maximise Broiler physical performance is performance is not alwaysnot always the most cost the most cost effective business strategyeffective business strategy


Response to Amino AcidsResponse to Amino AcidsManaging Broilers for Maximum ProfitManaging Broilers for Maximum Profit

% Reduction in feed cost OR Reduction in level of Lysine % Reduction in feed cost OR Reduction in level of Lysine Does not always result in the same % increase in FCR!!! Does not always result in the same % increase in FCR!!!

A A reduction in nutrient densityreduction in nutrient density (essential Amino Acids) MAY (essential Amino Acids) MAY not cause performance loss.not cause performance loss.

Lysine Lysine –– Indicator of the cost of a rationIndicator of the cost of a ration


60

70

80

90

100

110

65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145

Lysine level, % relative to NRC

Res

pons

es, %

rel

ativ

e to

100

%

Body WtFCRWM Yie ld

Effects of Lysine on BW, FCR & Effects of Lysine on BW, FCR & WM yieldWM yield

LEAST COST WAY

Optimum Lysine Level


Response to EnergyResponse to EnergyEffects on FCREffects on FCRLike all birds, the Cobb bird responds to lower energy by EATINGLike all birds, the Cobb bird responds to lower energy by EATINGMORE!!. MORE!!. Cobb Energy Specifications are LOWER than the OTHER BREEDS.Cobb Energy Specifications are LOWER than the OTHER BREEDS.

Reducing consumption by increasing energy to high levels is Reducing consumption by increasing energy to high levels is ––VERY DANGEROUS VERY DANGEROUS -- the birdthe bird’’s appetite is enormous!s appetite is enormous!

Use Cobb diets for the intended periods. Use Cobb diets for the intended periods. Example:Example: Grower Ration Grower Ration -- is NOT intended to go over 22 days. is NOT intended to go over 22 days. Energy is too low and FCR is lost quicklyEnergy is too low and FCR is lost quickly


The New Index!The New Index!Local Change Local Change –– Feed Cost /kg liveweightFeed Cost /kg liveweightFCR is no longer a valid comparative indexFCR is no longer a valid comparative index……

THE NEW INDEX:THE NEW INDEX:Feed Cost/ kg is the index (FCR x Diet Cost)Feed Cost/ kg is the index (FCR x Diet Cost)

Customers need to be convinced that nutrition Customers need to be convinced that nutrition requirements are different. requirements are different. Cobb birds are fed Cobb birds are fed ““cheapercheaper”” rations than the OTHER rations than the OTHER BREEDS. BREEDS.


Essential NutrientsEssential NutrientsAreas NOT to compromise onAreas NOT to compromise onMineral and Vitamin NutritionMineral and Vitamin Nutrition

Rapid Growth usually = high feed consumption = more rapid Rapid Growth usually = high feed consumption = more rapid passage of digesta through the gut = shorter period for absorptpassage of digesta through the gut = shorter period for absorption of ion of some key nutrients. some key nutrients.

Ca absorption is about 50%, however, this declines with increasiCa absorption is about 50%, however, this declines with increasing ng feed intake.feed intake.

STARTER GROWER FINISHERCalcium % 1.05 1.00 0.90Av. Phosphorus % 0.50 0.48 0.45Vitamin D3 (MIU/t) 5.0 5.0 5.0

High early growth potential High early growth potential –– VERY IMPORTANT that levels of several VERY IMPORTANT that levels of several key micronutrients are not compromised.key micronutrients are not compromised.


Mineral and Vitamin RequirementsMineral and Vitamin RequirementsDisorders associated with deficiency or imbalanceDisorders associated with deficiency or imbalance

Tibial Dyschondroplasia (TD)

Ca/P imbalances (Normal ratio = 2.1)Normally post 4 weeks of age


Cobb 500 Feed FormulationCobb 500 Feed Formulation

Starter Grower Finisher

1 Finisher

2 FEEDING AMOUNT /bird 250 g 1000 g FEEDING PERIOD days 0 - 10 11 - 21 22 - 42 42 + Protein % 21.00 19.00 18.00 17.00 Metabolisable MJ/kg 12.50 12.90 13.29 13.29 Energy Kcal/kg 2988 3083 3176 3176 Lysine % 1.20 1.10 1.05 1.00 Dig Lysine % 1.08 0.99 0.95 0.90 Methionine % 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.41 Dig Methionine % 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.37 Met + Cys % 0.89 0.84 0.82 0.78 Dig M + C % 0.80 0.75 0.74 0.70 Tryptophan % 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 Threonine % 0.79 0.74 0.72 0.69 Arginine % 1.26 1.17 1.13 1.08 Calcium % 1.00 0.96 0.90 0.90 Av Phosphorus % 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.45 Sodium % 0.20 0.17 0.16 0.16 Chloride % 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Linoleic Acid % 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 Cal:Protein 142 162 176 187


Least Cost $!Balanced Nutrient Density

ReducedReduced BUT WELL BALANCEDBUT WELL BALANCED Energy and Amino AcidsReducedReduced Live Weight Gain (ADG)!!IncreasedIncreased FCR!!

OPTIMAL Cost Per Kg of BW $$$OPTIMAL Cost Per Kg of BW $$$


Define Your Business Define Your Business NutritionNutritionRequirementsRequirements

1. Customer Needs1. Customer Needs••Carcass weightCarcass weight

2. Production Parameters:2. Production Parameters:1. Slaughter weight

2. Slaughter Age3. Cycle Length

3. Net return: KG/M3. Net return: KG/M²²/YEAR/YEAR••Gross MarginGross Margin


US DATA : Ranked by US DATA : Ranked by Least Cost Least Cost

Rank Cost/lb. Weight Age Livability FCR EEI1 25.15 2742 49 97.02 1.75 3102 25.39 2692 49 96.31 1.96 2703 25.51 2788 50 96.17 1.90 2824 25.66 2633 49 95.74 1.96 2625 25.89 2838 52 95.45 1.99 2626 25.94 2933 49 94.66 1.93 2947 26.22 2742 53 95.51 2.00 2478 26.27 2592 51 95.41 1.97 2469 26.4 2615 50 95.07 1.98 25110 26.44 2892 52 95.58 1.99 267


US Statistical Service 2/04

US DATA : Ranked By EEIUS DATA : Ranked By EEICost Rank Cost/lb. Weight Age Livability FCR EEI

1 25.15 2742 49 97.02 1.75 3106 25.94 2933 49 94.66 1.93 29429 35.54 2574 44 95.86 1.93 28818 27.13 2538 47 96.11 1.84 2823 25.51 2788 50 96.17 1.90 28223 27.88 2470 45 96.65 1.90 28228 30.02 2406 44 95.39 1.91 2742 25.39 2692 49 96.31 1.96 27022 27.65 2397 46 95.63 1.86 26921 27.48 2797 51 95.80 1.96 268


C. CHICK START MANAGEMENTC. CHICK START MANAGEMENT

How To Maximise Feed Intake


BROILER BUSINESS BROILER BUSINESS MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

• MEASURE & BENCHMARK YOUR BUSINESS!• HOW? • Answer: Weigh Each Week.• Measure Feed Consumption – 1st Week!!!• Measure Daily Water Consumption• Benchmark performance with the BEST• 7d BW = 4 × day old weight 160-170grams


CHICK STARTCHICK START

• Financial Success Chick Start•• HOUSE PREPARATIONHOUSE PREPARATION

– FEED ACCESS + WATER! – LITTER TEMP.

• Check chicks regularly the day of placement.


7 DAY WEIGHTS 7 DAY WEIGHTS -- LOW?LOW?

WHY?1.LOW FEED CONSUMPTION!!

OR2.FEED QUALITY?


Importance Of Early Feed Importance Of Early Feed ConsumptionConsumption

Absorption of yolk - secretion of yolk in the intestine

Nutrients : 25% protein, 25% lipids & 50% water + antibodiesantibodies

Internal organ growthliver, intestines, pancreas grow at 2-5 times faster than the body.proper organ growth needed for digestion.spleen and bursa weights relate to body weight = immunity.


Day 1 Day 1 –– Yolk Sac Naval Yolk Sac Naval AttachmentsAttachments


Day 4 Day 4 –– Yolk Sac AttachmentsYolk Sac Attachments


Day 5 Day 5 –– Yolk Sac AttachmentsYolk Sac Attachments


Digestive Tract Digestive Tract -- Early Feed Early Feed Intake Intake

Post Hatch - Intestinal development quicker than the body development.Max Intestinal Growth for 6 - 10 days post hatch48HR Post Hatch - Villus Height Increases 200% Villi ESSENTIAL for Absorption


Digestive Tract Digestive Tract -- Early Feed Early Feed Intake Intake

Digestion - Need gastric and pancreatic secretionsFeed intake stimulates pancreatic secretions


FEEDFEED

Additional feeding space for first week

50% brooding area covered with paper50 - 65g additional feed per chickSupplementary trays – 1 per 100 chicks


WATERWATER

• Drinkers: 14 – 16 / 1000 chicks (includes 8 – 10 bell drinkers)




STARTER FEED MANAGEMENT STARTER FEED MANAGEMENT

• Refresh feeders 3 times per day– Automatic or Hand Feeders

• Starter Crumb – 10 - 12 days• Run Automatic Feeders 3 times per

day• Feed & Water Access


CHICK CHECK CHICK CHECK PART 2PART 2

SAMPLE 100 BIRDS

Full Feed & Feed & Water Water

Full & Hard Only Only FeedFeed

Full & Soft Only Only

WaterWater

EMPTY

95% ?? # # #

•Morning after placement•GOOD RESULT = 95% CROP FULL


NEVER ALLOW THIS!NEVER ALLOW THIS!


C. CHICK START MANAGEMENTC. CHICK START MANAGEMENT

Brooding Management


The Aim of BroodingThe Aim of BroodingAccelerate growth – the first 100g of BW Skeletal & Cardiovascular DevelopmentStimulate Early Feed IntakeEnsure Flock UniformityEnsure Temperature Regulation – 1st 14 daysGood air Quality


Results of Improper Brooding Results of Improper Brooding PracticesPractices

High mortality – late mortalityPoor Flock UniformityPoor Financial Performance

Target Body WeightsFCRCondemnsCost/Kg


Brooding Phase (1Brooding Phase (1--14 days)14 days)

Why the MOST important phase?Immune system is developingMaternal antibodies in yolkTemperature regulation is not completely functionalFeed conversion is most efficientVaccinationsdisease protection is starting

Early stressed birds DO NOT have adequate time in production to catch up.Damaged done the first 2 weeks may not appear until later in life.


Litter TemperatureLitter Temperature• Pre-heat for 48/24 hours• Measure litter temperature!!• USE Infrared temperature gunInfrared temperature gun• Correct litter temperature:

•• Furnace heaters: 32Furnace heaters: 32°°CC•• Brooders: 40.5Brooders: 40.5°°C (directly under C (directly under

brooders)brooders)• ALL Thermometers at bird height


INFRA RED GUNINFRA RED GUN


A Mgmt Success Story:A Mgmt Success Story:Brooding TemperaturesBrooding Temperatures

•• European integrator:European integrator:• Results for 9.5 million broilers

– 7 day weight = 153.3g – slaughter weight = 2023g

•• CHANGE BROODING MGMTCHANGE BROODING MGMT• Results for 5.5 million broilers

– Increased 7 day weight = 161.6g (+8.3g)– slaughter weight = 2080g (same age)

•• 1g at 7 days = 6.7g at kill1g at 7 days = 6.7g at kill


Too Cold


Too Hot


Comfort Zone

4040°°CC

3232°°CC


FLOOR TEMP. FLOOR TEMP. –– VERYVERY COLD!!!!COLD!!!!

38°C

32°C

26°C

21°C

15°C

Pictures courtesy of Dr. Mike Czarick Pictures courtesy of Dr. Mike Czarick –– University of GeorgiaUniversity of Georgia


BROODING AREA BROODING AREA -- RADIANT RADIANT BROODERSBROODERS

38°C

32°C

26°C

21°C

15°C

Pictures courtesy of Dr. Mike Czarick Pictures courtesy of Dr. Mike Czarick –– University of GeorgiaUniversity of Georgia


Litter Temperature Trial4.5 million chickens - Holland

Floor Temp °C FCR ADG - Grams20 °C 1.52 50.0g22 °C 1.51 50.6g24 °C 1.50 51.2g26 °C 1.49 51.8g28 °C 1.48 52.4g30 °C 1.47 53.0g32 °C 1.46 53.6gDiff 12 Diff 12 °°CC --0.060.06 --3.6g3.6g


CHICK CHECK CHICK CHECK • Morning after placement• Check: – temperature of feet• against neck or cheek• ARE THE FEET COLD???

– Revaluate pre-heating temperature• Results of Cold Litter:

1. poor early feed intake2. poor growth and 3. poor uniformity


THERMOMETER32-34°C


BroodingBrooding--partial housepartial houseWhy Half House?

• To conserve energy• Poorly insulated ceilings & walls

(curtain sided)• Never compromise temperature for air

quality• Requires excellent management


HalfHalf--House Curtain ManagementHouse Curtain Management

Well Sealed Curtains - Half house OR Partitions

No holesSealed from the floor to the ceilingNo drafts from the 3/4 or full chamberExtraction Fan needed in both chambersFeed and water space ? (supplementary)Opening program: day 10-14


Brooding Area Brooding Area -- GuidelineGuideline

How & When to Increase Floor Space:Day 1-7: 1/3 to 1/2 of the house.Day 7-10: 1/2 to 2/3 of the house.Day 10 -14: ¾ to whole house.


Increasing Floor Space will also depend on the following:House InsulationClimatic Conditions - Outside temperatureFeeding spaceDrinking spaceGrowth Rates Stocking Density

Brooding Area Brooding Area -- GuidelineGuideline


GOOD BROODINGGOOD BROODING



OpeningOpening



Cheap & Easy means to tension the curtain!


Well Sealed



Dropped Ceiling – Conserve Energy


Internal Curtain Adjustments


Curtains Stored After BroodingCurtains Stored After Brooding


SummarySummary1.1. PreparationPreparation

– Be ready 24 hours before chicks arrive2.2. Chick StartChick Start

– Don’t limit performance with poor management3.3. Weigh and MonitorWeigh and Monitor

– Know how your chicks are growing4.4. Maintain a Good EnvironmentMaintain a Good Environment

– Always give them a good environment5.5. Correct NutritionCorrect Nutrition

– More nutrients are not necessarily better!


THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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pultry disease