Upload
vanliem
View
213
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS
Geology� A majority of the Pueblo Indian Reservations are located within the Rio Grande Rift, which trends north-northeast from south-central New Mexico to central Colorado (Chapin, 1971). In addition, small segments of the Pueblo Reservation overlie the Acoma Basin, located to the west of the Rio Grande Rift, and the Raton Basin which lies east of the San Luis Basin in northeast New Mexico (Fig. P-1). The rift lies along boundaries of several major physiographic provinces, the most fundamental of which are the Great Plains and Southern Rocky Mountains to the east, and the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range to the west (Fig. P-2). The sedimentary layers that fill these basins gently dip towards the center of the basin, which has dropped in relation to the surrounding strata due to normal or exten sional faulting associated with the Rio Grande Rift. �The follo wing sections describe the geology of the (1) Albuquer que-Santa Fe Rift Province, (2) Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province with focus on the southern Raton Basin, and (3) South-Cen tral New Mexico Province, in particular the Acoma Basin. Oil and gas production within each province is summarized in the "Production Overview" section.
Uncompahgre San Luis Brazos uplift Basin
Basin Raton Basin
Sierre Grande uplift
Dome
Baca Basin
Zuni uplift
Estancia Basin
Basin
BasinBasin
Basin
uplift
Florida uplift
Basin
Mesilla Basin
Acoma Basin
Basin
Basin
Espanola Basin
San Juan Bravo
Pedernal Roosevelt
Delaware Tularosa
Palomas
Burro
Pedregosa
Albuquerque
Tucumcari
Area of Pueblo Reservation outside geologic basin
�ALBUQUERQUE, ESPANOLA, AND SAN LUIS BASIN
�Geologic Structure In mid-Oligocene time, regional extension occurred along a major north-trending zone of weakness called the Rio Grande Rift. As the rift opened, it broke en echelon along pre-rift lineaments developed during earlier orogenies (Fig. P-3). High heat flow and volcanism accompanied rifting. The resulting offset of the graben along old structural lineaments and the uneven distribution of the volcanic centers have divided the rift basin into sub-basins which include, from south to north, the Albuquerque, Espanola (or Santa Fe), and San Luis basins. The southern extension of the Espanola Basin is known as the Hagan and Santa Fe Embayments, which are separated by the Cerrillos Uplift, a late Tertiary east-tilted fault block (Fig. P4). The Hagan embayment is west of the Cerrillos Uplift and the Santa Fe Embayment is to the east. For discussion purposes, these two embayments are combined and are called the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment. In addition, the San Luis Basin has been further divid ed into, from east to west, the Baca Graben, the Alamosa Horst, the Monte Vista Graben, and the San Juan Sag (Gries, 1985). �Structure within the rift basins is lar gely masked by late Tertiary and Quaternary basin fill. Geophysical (mainly gravity) data indi
cate varying amounts of Tertiary fill (Cordell-Lindrith et al., 1982). The west sides of the basins are generally downdropped in a stepwise fashion by many down-to-the-east normal faults. The deepest parts of the basins are generally on the east side (Fig. P-4). �W ells penetrating the Mesozoic and Paleozoic sec tion in the Albuquerque Basin also indicate that the basin is down-dropped by many normal faults. Wells in the middle of the basin indicate more than 10,000 feet of fault displacement between wells just a few miles apart (Black, 1982). The deepest well drilled in the Albuquer que Basin, the Shell Oil Co. Isleta No. 2 was in Tertiary rocks at a total depth of 21,266 feet. The vertical relief between the projected Precambrian surface in that well
uplift and the Precambrian rocks exposed in the Manzano Mountains 16 miles to the east is at least 32,000 feet.
USGS OIL & GAS RESOURCE PROVINCES
4 - ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
5 - WEST TEXAS AND EASTERN NEW MEXICO
7 - MID-CONTINENT
3 - COLORADO PLATEAU AND BASIN RANGE
Figure P-2. Location of Pueblo Indian Reservations with respect to USGS defined geologic provinces of the United States (modified after Charpentier et al., 1996).
Area of Pueblo Reservation that lies within geologic basin
100 miles
Figure P-1. Outline of major geologic basins in New Mexico with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations (modified after Broadhead, 1996).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Geology Overview NEW MEXICO
1
Axis of syncline
106o
107o108o
33o33o
34o
35o35o
34o
CO
LOR
AD
O
PLA
TE
AU
A
lbuq
uerq
ue
Bas
in
Pue
rco-
benc
h
Luce
ro u
p.
Soc
orro
up.
Soc
orro
trou
gh
Socorro
San
Marcial
Basin
Magdelena
uplift
Black R
ange up.W
inston troughC
uchillo Negro up. P
alomas B
asin Caballo uplift
San
Pasc
ual
plat
form
Jo
rnad
o de
l
Mue
rto
sag
San M
ateo
uplift
Tula
rosa
Bas
inSan A
ndres uplift
Hatch
Chupadera platformO
scura uplift
Jayi
ta u
plift
Jo
yita
-Hub
bell
benc
hM
anza
no u
plift
Santa F
e - Espanola C
launch sag
Peder nal A
rch
Tijera
fault
San
dia
up.
Los Alamos
Cham
aBasin
Espan
ola B
asin
San
gre
Cris
to u
plift
San
Lui
s B
asin
NEW MEXICO COLORADO
40 miles
36o36o
107 o
Rio
Gra
nde
Riv
er
de
Rio
Gra
nde
Riv
er
EXPLANATION
Uplift, rift and caldera faults
Albuquerque
Santa Fe Colorado
New Mexico
Index
Modified from Kelly (1979)
15,000 ft.
30,000 ft.
SEA LEVEL
A'A
Alluvium Chinle Fm.
Ceja Del Rio Puerco
15,000 ft.
30,000 ft.
SEA LEVEL
A' A''
Galisteo CreekSanta Ana Mesa
Humble Oil and Refining Co. Santa Fe Pacific No. B-1
Sec. 20, T14N, R1W
Shell Oil Co. Santa Fe Pacific No.1
Sec.18, T13N, R3E
Santa Fe Group
Galisteo & San Jose Formations (undiff.)
Mesa Verde Gp., Mancos Shale & Dakota Ss (undiv.)
Morrison Formation, Todilito Ls, & Entrada Ss (undiv.)
San Andres Ls, Glorieta Ss, and Yeso & Abo Fm. (undiv.)
Madora Ls & Sandia Fm. (undiv.)
Precambrian undiff.
Intrusive Igneous rock
Mesa Prieta Rio Puerco Fault Zone
Tejon Oil and Development (Lease Unknown) No. 1
Sec7, T14N, R6E Cerrillos Hills
Rio Grande
Jemez River
Figure P-4. Geologic cross-section across the northern part of the Albuquerque Basin and the southern part of the Espanola Basin (Fig. P-7; cross-section 1) (modified after Black and Hiss, 1974).
Figure P-3. Tectonic map of the Rio Grande Valley in North-Central New Mexico (modified after Kelley, 1979).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Geology Overview NEW MEXICO
2
from Precambrian to Recent (Fig. P-5). of thick deposits of nonmarine synrift sedimentary rocks and interca
Pre-rift (pre-Oligo
the rift basin.
�A nearly complete section of Cretaceous and older rocks is pres
outcrop control along the flanks indicate that pre-middle Eocene ero
is the primary petroleum prospect within the section.
Figure P-6 is a general
interest to petroleum geology highlighted.
analogues can be made. stratigraphic relations as determined from discontinuous outcrops
�The Jurassic and Cretaceous section is partially preserv ed on the west side of the San Luis Basin. In that area, the Entrada Sandstone rests unconformably on Precambrian basement rocks. The Creta
thick); the Mancos Shale (~1500-feet thick); and about 600 feet of The Gallup, Dalton,
by a silty or discontinuous sandy zone.
ed from west to east under the Eocene unconformity in the western part of the San Luis Basin (Gries, 1985).
AGE FORMATION OR GROUP
Alluvium and undivided
Santa Fe Group
Dakota Sandstone
Entrada Sandstone
Glorieta Sandstone
Chinle Formation
Yeso Formation
Abo Formation
San Andres Limestone
Madera Limestone
Basement complex
Kelly Limestone or Espiritu Santo Formation
Abiquiu, Picuris, or Espinaso Formation Conejos Formation
Baca Formation
Menefee Formation
Galisteo Formation Blanco Basin Formation
CE
NO
ZO
ICM
ES
OZ
OIC
PA
LEO
ZO
IC
TE
RT
IAR
Y
QUATERNARY
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
PENNSYLVANIAN
MISSISSIPPIAN
Pliocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
PRECAMBRIAN
?
?
?
Lewis Shale
Mancos Shale
Point Lookout Sandstone
Dalton Sandstone Mbr.
Semilla Ss. Mbr. Codell Ss. Mbr.*
Crevasse Canyon
Fm. Tocito Sandstone Lentil
Gallup Sandstone
Morrison Formation Junction Creek Ss.
Wanakah Formation Todilto Limestone Member
Mesaverde
Group
SOUTH NORTH
*of Carlile Shale (eastern Colorado terminology) Figure P-5.
Figure P-6.
Mio
cen
e-P
lioce
ne
Mioc.-Olig.
5000-20,000 ft.
100-1,000 ft.
Eo
cen
e
400-3,000 ft
Mancos Shale
Gallup Ss
Man
cos
Sha
le
Man
cos
Sha
le
Up
per
Cre
tace
ou
s 0
- 40
0 ft
.0
-10
00 f
t.50
0 -
1,60
0 ft
Chinle Fm.
1,00
0 -
2,00
0 ft
.
De Chelly Ss
Abo Fm.
Bursum Fm.
Limestone 400 - 2,500 ft.
400
- 2,
700
ft.
Mississippian 0 - 190' Precambrian Basement
R
SR (gas) R
R R
R
R
R
R
R
R?
R? SR?
SR (oil)
SR (oil)
Shale
Shale with coal interbeds
Coal
R SR
Explanation
Stratigraphy
The Albuquerque-San Luis Rift Basin contains rocks ranging in age Most of the basin fill consists
lated volcanic rocks, especially in the lower part. cene) sedimentary rocks are exposed on the flanks of the basin or have been penetrated by drill holes, primarily in the southern part of
Much or all Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata, the petrole um prospective part of the section, are missing in the northern half of the basin because of Pennsylvanian-Permian and Laramide uplift and erosion that affected much of that area.
ent in much of the Albuquerque Basin. Well control in the basin and
sion has removed a variable amount of the Cretaceous section, which To the north, in
the Espanola Basin, the Eocene unconformity cuts down section, completely removing the Cretaceous section. ized stratigraphic column for the Albuquerque Basin with sections of
Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata of the Albuquerque Basin are similar to these of the well-ex plored and productive San Juan Basin to the northwest, hence some
Figures P-7 and P-8 show the Cretaceous
along the east side of the Albuquerque Basin.
ceous section consists of the basal Dakota Sandstone (100 to 200-feet
Lewis Shale below the Eocene unconformity. and Point Lookout marine shoreface sandstone units that are present to the southwest have pinched out and the Mancos and Lewis Shales have merged. The contact between the two shale units is identified
Well and seismic data indi cate that the Jurassic and Cretaceous section is progressively truncat
Stratigraphic section depicting bedding relationships within the Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Geologic Province (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
Generalized stratigraphic columnar section for Albuquerque Basin. (modified after Molenaar, 1987).
Sante Fe Gp.
Abiquiu-Picuris Fms.
Galisteo, Baca & Blanco Basin Fms.
Menefee Fm.
Pt. Lookout Ss
Gibson Coal Mbr. Dalton Ss Mbr.
Tocito Ss Lent. Dilco Coal Mbr.
Semilla Ss Mbr.
Bridge Cr. Ls Mbr.
Dakota Ss
Morrison Fm
Wanakah Fm.
Todilto Ls Mbr Entrada Ss
Jura
ssic
Tr
iass
icP
erm
ian
San Andreas Ls. Glorieta Ss
Yeso Fm.
Madera
Pen
nsy
lvan
ian
Complex
Non-marine sandstones
Marine sandstones
Marine limestones
Anhydrite deposits
Limestone undifferentiated
Volcaniclasitic rock and flows
Igneous & metamorphics
Potential reservoir rock Potential hydrocarbon source rock
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Geology Overview NEW MEXICO
3
B' Albuquerque Basin Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Shell Oil Shell Oil
Santa Fe No. 2 Isleta No. 1 Shell Oil Shell Oil Santa Fe No.1
B Zuni Basin
4
COUT
AZ NM
5
3
2
1
A A'
B
D
C
C'
D'
B'
E'
E
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
EXPLANATION
Stratigraphic intervals with oil and gas potential Figure P-7. Location of cross-sections through study area (modified after Molenaar,
Tenneco Oil Federal No.1
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Triassic
Cretaceous
Abo
San Andres
Chinle
Sanostee Gallup
Coal
Coal
HostaDalton
Sanostee
Chinle
San Andres
Abo
Eastland
Santa Fe Co.
Santa Fe No.3
Shell Oi
Bernalillo Co.
Section removed by Tertiary Erosion
.
Sun Oil
Unit No.1
Cliffhouse Ss .
Precambrian
DATUM
Madera
Yeso
Greenhorn
Menefee
Allison - Menefee
Greenhorn
Morrison
Yeso
Todilto
Menefee
McKee No.1
Sandoval Co. Sandoval Co.
Laguna Wilson Trust No.1l
Valencia Co. Valencia Co.
TransOcean Oil Henderson SFP No. 1
Socorro Co
San Augustine Plains
Catron Co.
Catron Co
1987; Black, 1982; and Woodward, 1984)
RATON BASIN �Geologic Structure
The Raton Basin is asymmetrical with a steep western limb and a gently dipping eastern limb (Fig. P-9). The synclinal axis occurs near the western part of the basin. The part of the basin in New Mexico is about 100 miles long and is divided into 2 parts by the Ci marron Basement Arch that extends westward from Maxwell. �T ectonic evolution of the Raton Basin during Laramide time was described by Johnson and Wood (1956). Uplift of the Sangre de Cris to area west of the Raton Basin provided a source of detritus that was deposited as sand as the upper part of the Pierre Shale, Trinidad Sandstone, and Vermejo Formation during Late Cretaceous time. Strong uplift in the Sangre de Cristo area near the end of the Creta ceous time provided a source of sediment for the Raton Formation and the lower part of the Poison Canyon Formation. The uplift was rejuvenated in the Paleocene and Eocene times with tilting and fold
Approximate attitude of bedding
Figure P-8. Stratigraphic cross-section from outcrop along the Zuni and Acoma basins (Fig. P-7; cross-section 2). (modified after Molenaar, 1974) NW SE
Sangre de Cristo Sierra Grande Uplift Arch
Raton Basin ing as uplift continued to the west. Some of the Poison Canyon For mation was eroded at that time. Thrusting and folding occurred twice during the Eocene and the present structure outlines of the Ra ton Basin and the Sangre de Cristo Uplift were attained. Epeirogen ic upwarping of the region in late Tertiary time was accompanied by normal faulting (Woodward, 1984). �The western mar gin of the basin is marked by steeply dipping thrust and reverse faults that have pushed Precambrian and Paleozo ic rocks eastward for short distances over Paleozoic and, locally, over Mesozoic rocks. To the east, the basin merges gradually with the western limb of the Sierra Grande Arch through low dips. South of Las Vegas, the axis of the Raton Basin dies out in gently dipping Permian and Triassic rocks (Woodward, 1984).
10,000 ft.
Raton Basin illustrating the asymmetrical syncline associated with the Sangre de Cristo Uplift (modified 0 50 miles after Woodward, 1984).
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Precambrian
Figure P-9. Geologic cross-section across the
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS GEOLOGY OVERVIEW: Raton Basin NEW MEXICO
0
4
Stratigraphy
Strata of Cretaceous age are the most significant for hydrocarbon ex
ODESSA NATURAL CORP. - MACGUIRE OIL 2 which consists mainly of dark-gray to blackish W.S. RANCH shale with minor thin interbeds of sandy shale,
(sec. 30, T30N, R20E) sandstone, and limestone. The upper 100 feet ploration and production in the Raton Basin and have a maximum is transitional with overlying Trinidad Sand thickness of about 4,700 feet near the New Mexico-Colorado border. stone and consists of interbedded shale and The following units, in ascending order, are present: Purgatoire For thin beds of sandstone. The Pierre Shale is mation, Dakota Sandstone, Graneros Shale, Greenhorn Limestone, generally 2,400-2,900 feet thick, although the Carlile Shale, Niobrara Formation, Pierre Shale, Trinity Sandstone, reported thickness in one well was only 1,700 Vermejo Formation, and the basal part of the Raton Formation. Fig feet.
Age
CE
NE
ZO
ICM
ES
OZ
OIC Pierre Shale
l
Codell Sandstone
Greneros Shale
Ben
ton
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
0 - 2500
0 - 2075
0 - 350
0 - 255
1300 - 2900
900 0 - 55
0 - 30 165 - 225
20-70 175-400
140 - 200 100 - 150
150 - 400 30 - 100 40 - 100
0 - 1200
5,000 - 10,000
CRETACEOUS
PALEOCENE
Stratigraphic Units Thickness (ft.)
Poison Canyon Formation
Raton Formation
Trindad Sandstone
Nio
brar
a
Smokey Hill MarFort Hays Limestone
Carille Sandstone Greenhorn Limestone
Dakota Sandstone Purgatoiro Formation
PALEOZOIC UNDIVIDED
Morrison Wanakah Entrada
Dockum Group
Vermejo Formation
Primary gas reservoir
Secondary gas reservoir Source rocks for gas
Primary oil reservoir
Secondary oil reservoir
Source rocks for oils
COLFAX CO., NEW MEXICO N.P.G.R.
900
Raton Formation 1000
1100Vermejo Formation
1200
Trinidad Sandstone 1300
no Purgatoire is present in the southern part of the basin near Las Ve Matuszczak (1969) interpretated the Trinidad 1400
1500
CR
ET. -
TER
T.
ure P-10 shows the gamma ray log of the Cretaceous strata in the Ra �The Trindad Sandstone is an argillaceous ton Basin. Figure P-11 represents a complete stratigraphic section sandstone with a maximum thickness of about within the Raton Basin. 200 feet in the New Mexico part of the Raton �Baltz (1965) reported that the Pur gatoire Formation is present in Basin and most of the Raton Basin, but Jacka and Brand (1972) suggested that a minimum subsurface thickness of 100 feet.
gas, New Mexico. The Purgatoire consists of a lower conglomerate Sandstone as beach, nearshore, and offshore sandstone and an upper unit of interbedded sandstone and carbona deposits formed by a regressive sea retreating ceous shale. Woodward (1984) stated that the Purgatoire is often in toward the northeast. Occasional pauses in re cluded as part of the Dakota Sandstone because differentiation is dif
Pierre Shale Break in log
�The Dak ota Sandstone in the Raton Basin consists of three inter the sands, leading to northwest-elongated,
4000
4100 JU
R.
CR
ETA
CEO
US
Nio
brab
a Fo
rmat
ion
4200
4300
Smoky Hill Marl Mbr.
4400
4500Ft. Hays Limestone Mbr. Codell Sandstone Mbr.
Carille 4600 Shale
4700 Greenhorn Limestone
4800 Graneros Shale
4900
Dakota Sandstone 5000
5100 Morrison Formation
T.D. 5160'
gressions or transgressions toward the south ficult. west resulted in thickening and winnowing of
vals (Jacka and Brand, 1972). Gilbert and Asquith (1976) reported thick lenses with high porosities. Reports of that the lower interval is sandstone with conglomerate lenses, the maximum porosity of 21% and permeability of middle interval contains interbedded sandstone, carbonaceous shale, 200 md were made for areas where the sand and coal, and the upper interval is composed of transgressive sand stone is thickest. stone. Total thickness of the Dakota Sandstone plus the Purgatoire �The Vermejo Formation ranges from a Formation, where present, ranges from 110-220 feet. maximum thickness of about 400 feet in the �L ying conformably on the Dakota is the Graneros Shale, which subsurface to a wedge edge on the east side of consists of dark-gray marine shale with minor interbeds of bentonite, the basin near Raton. It is composed of fine to limestone, and fine-grained sandstone. This unit is about 115-270 medium-grained sandstone, gray carbonaceous feet thick, but most sections are about 170 feet thick. shale, and coal interpreted as a flood-plain and �The Greenhorn Limestone, lying conformably on the Graneros, swamp deposit. consists of thin-bedded marine limestone with intercalated gray cal �The Raton F ormation is Cretaceous and careous shale. In the Raton Basin, the Greenhorn is 20-90 feet thick, Paleocene in age and consists of very fine to but most sections are 30-60 feet thick. coarse-grained sandstone, arkose, and gray Figure P-11. Stratigraphic section depicting bedding relationships �In conformable contact on the Greenhorn is the Carlile Shale, which is composed of dark-gray marine shale with minor thin lime
wacke with interbedded gray siltstone, shale, within the Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Geologic Province (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).and coal. A thin conglomerate or conglomerat
stone interbeds, calcareous concretions, and calcareous sandstone and sandy shale, particularly in the upper part. Where the sandstone
ic sandstone is present at the base of the formation. This unit was de
is prominent, it is referred to as the Codell Sandstone Member and posited in back-barrier swamps and alluvial-plain back swamps (Pill
attains thicknesses up to 20 feet. The Carlile ranges in thickness more, 1991) and ranges from a wedge to about 1,700 feet thick in the
from about 110 to 320 feet, with most localities having thicknesses of Colorado part of the basin. Toward the southwest, beds in the upper
approximately 175 feet. part of the Raton Formation intertongue with and grade into the lower beds of the overlying Paleocene Poison Canyon Formation. The Poi
�The marine Niobrara F ormation above the Carlile has a lower son Canyon is the youngest formation preserved in the New Mexico member, the Fort Hays Limestone, composed of thin-bedded lime part of the Raton Basin.stone and subordinate intercalated gray calcareous shale, and an up per member, the Smokey Hill Marl, made up of calcareous shale with subordinate thin interbeds of gray limestone and sandy shale. The Fort Hays Limestone Member is about 20-45 feet thick, and the Nio Figure P-10. Gamma ray-neutron porosity log showing Cretaceous brara as a whole is about 250-285 feet thick. strata of Raton Basin, New Mexico. Log from Odessa Natural
�Conformably abo ve the Niobrara is the marine Pierre Shale, Corporation-Maguire Oil No.2, W.S. Ranch; sec 30, T30N, R20E (modified after Woodward 1984).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Geology Overview 5 NEW MEXICO
�ACOMA BASIN and black shale that caps the Twowells Tongue (Mellere, 1994). Fig ure P-14 illustrates a hypothetical paleogeographic reconstruction of
The Acoma Basin has a complex structural history, having been de the Twowells Tongue during highstand, lowstand, and transgressive formed by three major periods of tectonism during Phanerozoic time: phases. (1) Late Paleozoic formation of the ancestral Rockies during the Sev ier orogeny, (2) Laramide thick and thin-skinned compressional tec PRODUCTION OVERVIEW tonics, and (3) Cenozoic relaxation, extension, and volcanism. Oil and gas production in north central New Mexico was described in �The Se vier orogenic belt and Mogallan Highlands (Fig. P-12) the 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resour constrained a subsiding foreland basin from Early Cretaceous ces (Gautier et al., 1996). All plays discussed in the "Play Summary through Late Paleocene time (Armstrong, 1968; Villien and Klig Overview" combines the research from that publication along with field, 1986). The constrained basin, in combination with long-term other recent publications of interest to oil and gas in the Pueblo Indi eustatic sea level changes along the margin of the Cretaceous sea an Reservations. The following is a summary of the oil and gas plays way, resulted in complex depositional patterns reflecting the interac within the (1) Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province, (2) South-Central tion of tectonics and eustacy (Molenaar, 1983; Nummedal and Riley, New Mexico Province, and (3) Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift 1991). The western shoreline of the epicontinental seaway advanced (Fig. P-15).�
Figure P-13. Schematic cross-section of the intertonguing relationships of the Dakota Sandstone and the Mancos Shale in the Acoma Basin (modified after Cobban and Hook, 1989).
West
Greenhorn Limestone
East
Turo
nian
Granero Shale Member
Twowells Tongue
Upp
er
Whitewater Arroyo Shale
Man
cos
Sha
le
Paguate Tongue
Clay Mesa Shale
Cen
oman
ian
Dak
ota
San
dsto
ne
Cubero Tongue
Mid
dle�
Oak Canyon Member
Low
er
and retreated across New Mexico many times, leaving a record of in tertonguing marine and non-marine sediments (Mellere, 1994). Higher-frequency cyclicity during transgressions in Middle Cenoma nian through mid-Turonian time resulted in various tongues with in terfingered members of the Dakota and Mancos shale (Fig. P-13; Landis et al., 1973; Molenaar, 1983; Hook, 1983). One of the most widespread of tongues in the Acoma Basin is the Late Cenomanian Twowells Tongue (Dane et al., 1971; Hook et al., 1980). The Two wells Tongue is underlain by the dark-gray Whitewater Arroyo Shale Tongue of the Mancos Shale and is overlain by the Graneros Shale Member of the Mancos Shale (Fig. P-12). �The Twowell Tongue of the Dakota Sandstone encompasses two depositional sequences, albeit incomplete in terms of systems tracts (Van Wagoner et al., 1988, 1990). The first is associated with the Whitewater Arroyo Shale and shoreface sediments, and the second includes estuarine cross-bedded sandstone lithosome, oyster beds,
Sevier
Oro
genic
Belt
Acoma Basin
Shoreline
Shoreline
Albuquerque
Base Twowells
Top Twowells
Figure P-12. Location of Pueblo Indian Reservations (esp. Acoma Pueblos) with indication of transport direction (arrows) of sediment that filled the Sevier foreland basins during the Cretaceous and, in particular, the Dakota Sandstone. The map also indicates the position of the shoreline at the base of the Twowells Tongue and the maximum transgression (modified after Mellere, 1994; Molenaar, 1983; and Eaton and Nations, 1991).
4. TRANSGRESSION
CO NM
Coastal plain deposits
50 km
1.
Coastal plain deposits
FLOOD
FLOO
D
50 km
3. TRANSGRESSION
CO NM
FLOO
D
EBB (?)
50 km
Coastal plain deposits
NM CO
Coastal plain deposits
50 km
NM CO
Fluvial deposits
LATE
Acoma Pueblo
Albuquerque
Shoreface deposits
Marine shales
HIGHSTAND
Marine shales
Estuarine valley fill deposits
Acoma Pueblo
Albuquerque
EARLY
Estuarine valley fill deposits
Marine shales
Acoma Pueblo
Albuquerque
Marine shales
2. LOWSTAND
Upper Cretaceous Lower Tertiary
Play (4101)
Southern Raton Basin Coal-Bed
Play (4152 )
Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province Outline
Espanola Basin
COUT
AZ NM
Santa Fe
Albuquerque
San Luis Valley Biogenic Play (2304)
Play (2303)
Hagan-Sante Fe Embayment Play (2302)
Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province Outline
Albuquerque Basin Play (2301)
Acoma Basin Play
Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Play (4102 )
South-Central New Pueblo Reservations Mexico Province Outline Outline
Figure P-15. Location of Pueblo Reservations with respect to the major geologic Figure P-14. Hypothetical paleographic reconstruction of the Twowells Tongue during (1) highstand, (2) lowstand, provinces and the respective hydrocarbon plays of northern New Mexico (modified (3) early transgression and (4) late transgression (modified after Mellere, 1994). after Gautier et al., 1996).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS OVERVIEW - Acoma Basin NEW MEXICO
6
Play Summary The United States Geology Survey (USGS) identifies several petroleum plays in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift, Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift, and South-Central New Mexico Provinces. Table 1 summarizes the petroleum plays relevant to the Pueblo Indian Reservations and describes the key characteristics of each field. The discussions that follow are limited to those plays with direct significance for future petroleum development in the Pueblo Indian Reservations.
Play Types Conventional Plays - Discrete deposits, usually bounded by a downdip water contact, from which oil, gas, or NGL can be extracted using traditional development practices, including production at the surface from a well as a consequence of natural pressure within the subsurface reservoir, artificial lifting of oil from the reservoir to the surface, where applicable, and the maintenance of reservoir pressure by means of water or gas injection.� Unconventional Plays - A broad class of hydrocarbon deposits of a type (such as gas in "tight" sandstones, gas shales, and coal-bed gas) that historically has not been produced using traditional development practices. Such accumulations include most continuous-type deposits.
Gas 2, 8, 30, 5.6
Oil 1, 2, 10, 1.7
Reservation: Geologic Province:
Province Area: � Reservation Area:
Pueblo Indian Reservations Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province, South-Central New Mexico Province, and the Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province Appproximately 7,000, 39,900, and 18,800 square miles, respectively ?
Total Production ( by Province-1996) �Oil: �Gas: �NGL:
There has been no significant production in the three provinces.
Undiscovered resources and numbers of fields are for Province-wide plays. No attempt has been made to estimate number of undiscovered fields within the Pueblo Indian Reservations.
Play Type USGS Designation
Play Probability (chance of success)
Undiscovered Accumulations > 1 MMBOE (med., mean)
Known AccumulationsOil or GasDescription of Play
Structural and Stratigraphic Gas (448,740 MMCFG) Oil (521,090 MBO)
Gas and Minor Oil
2
3
1
4
Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play
Structural and Stratigraphic Gas (199,800 MMCFG) Oil (174,135 MBO)
Oil
Espanola Basin Play
Structural and Stratigraphic
Gas (94.42 BCFG, est. mean) Oil (188.85 MMBO, est. mean)
Minor Oil
San Luis Valley Biogenic Gas Play
Stratigraphic
Gas (7,000 BCFG)Minor Gas
5
6
7
Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play Stratigraphic Gas (7.8 BCFG, est. mean)
Oil (7.8 MMBO, est. mean)Gas
(methane)
Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play Gas (62,100 MMCFG)
Oil (22,8559 MBO)Minor Gas and Oil
Southern Raton Basin Play
Coal-bed gas within fractured coal
Gas (8211.28 BCFG, est. mean)Gas
8
Acoma Basin Play
Stratigraphic Gas (59,518 MMCFG) Oil (53,700 MBO)
Gas and Minor Oil
2301
2302
2303
2304
4101
4102
4152
Not Designated
Albuquerque Basin Play
Stratigraphic; biogenic gas from lacustrine deposits
20, 35.5 BCFG 3, 4.1 MMBO
2, 2.5 MMBO
Not Quantitatively Assessed
Not Quantitatively Assessed
8, 12 BCFG
Not Quantitatively Assessed
571 BCFG (mean)
Not Reported
Drilling depths (min., max., med.)
Oil 1, 2, 4, 0.9
Not Quantitatively Assessed
Not Quantitatively Assessed
Gas 2, 4, 8, 2.8
Not Quantitatively Assessed
Not Reported
Not Reported
0.49
0.42
0.06
0.03
0.64
0.09
Not Reported
Not Reported
6,000, 10,000, 8,000
1,500, 7,500, 2,500
Not Reported
Not Reported
4,000, 6,000, 5,000
Not Reported
500, 1,400, 1,200
Not Reported
Number of Undiscovered Accumulations (min., med., max., mean)
Table 1. Summary table of oil and gas plays that are located in or near the Pueblo Reservations. Conventional play type Unconventional/Hypothetical play type
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Play Summary Table NEW MEXICO
7
Albuquerque-Santa Fe Province �About 120 wells have been drilled in the province (Fig. P-17),
� but only about 50 wells penetrated Cretaceous or older rocks. Most Albuquerque Basin Play This province is part of the Rio Grande Rift system and consists of of these latter wells were drilled in the 1970's and early 1980's. (USGS 2301) segmented or offset basins that formed as a result of middle Tertiary There is no production in the province, although there was marginal �General Characteristics to Quaternary rifting. The province extends from Socorro, New oil production for a short time from two wells in different areas of This is a hypothetical structural play related to down-dropped blocks Mexico, northward 280 miles through the San Luis Valley in Colora the province. Recent exploration has been minimal in the basin, with of Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks that have been buried to a sufficient do (Fig. P-16). The east-west width of the province ranges from 15 the exception of dry holes in the northwestern part of the province depth for the generation of hydrocarbons, or in areas where struc to 65 miles and the eastern and western boundaries are mostly uplift (Molenaar, 1993).� tures are along migration paths of downdip-generated hydrocarbons ed mountain blocks exposing Precambrian and Mesozoic rocks gen �Based on expected reservoirs, reservoir depth, type of hydrocar (Black, 1982). The Albuquerque Basin Play is in the large, generally erally dipping away from the rifted basins. The primary hydrocarbon bon expected, drilling history, and geography, four relevant and hy flat or low-relief area of the Albuquerque Trough (Fig. P-18) and is objectives in the province are pre-rift Cretaceous and older strata, pothetical plays were identified by the USGS. These are the Albu bounded on the east by the Sandia, Manzano, and Los Pios Moun which in most of the province are covered by continental Tertiary- querque Basin Play (2301), Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play tains, which are composed of Paleozoic and older rocks. The west Quaternary fill. More than 20,000 feet of fill has masked the Lara (2302), Espanola Basin Play (2303), and the San Luis Valley Bio side is bounded by the Puerco Platform, composed of Cretaceous mide and older structures, thereby necessitating seismic data to delin genic Gas Play (2304). The plays of interest to the Pueblo Reserva rocks, and the Lucero Uplift and Ladrone Mountains, both of which eate structure. tions are discussed in the Play Summary Overview. consist of Paleozoic and older rocks. The northern boundary is a
volcanic-covered area where the rift is offset to the east and the
Espanola Basin
COUT
AZ NM
Outline
Albuquerque
San Luis Valley Biogenic Play (2304)
Play (2303)
Hagan-Sante Fe Embayment Play (2302)
Albuquerque Basin Play (2301)
Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province Outline
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
southern boundary is marked by the converging of the flanking up lifts in the vicinity of Socorro.
Reservoirs: The primary objec tives of this play are coastal and marine Cretaceous sandstones that are along depositional strike with the San Juan Basin where these rocks are major producers of oil and gas. Secondary objectives are the Jurassic Entrada Sandstone and Paleozoic shelf sandstones and car bonates. All these potential reser voirs range in thickness, but are generally less than 100 feet thick. Recoveries on drill-stem and pro duction tests of Cretaceous sand
Oil Dry
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
stones in wells in the play area in dicate low permeabilities for these
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS
potential reservoirs (Molenaar, 1993).N Source rocks: Oil-prone source
50 mi. rocks are in the basal marine part of the Cretaceous section (Green
Figure P-17. Outline of Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Geologic Province with exploration wells from 1900-1993 depicted. The Albuquerque, Espanola and San Luis Basins are highlighted in Figure P-18. Location of Albuquerque addition to the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment (modified after Basin Play (2301), with respect to the Figure P-16. Outline of Pueblo Reservations with respect to the Albuquerque-Santa Fe
Rift Province. The Albuquerque Basin Play (2301), Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play Pueblo Reservations (modified after
(2302), Espanola Basin (2303), and the San Luis Valley Biogenic Play (2304) are depicted Gautier et al., 1996).
(modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
Espanola Basin
COUT
AZ NM
Outline
Albuquerque
San Luis Valley Biogenic Play (2304)
Play (2303)
Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play (2302)
Albuquerque Basin Play (2301)
Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province Outline
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
horn interval). In the northern part of the play area, the middle part of the Mancos Shale is the major source rock. Good gas-prone, Type III source rocks are in Cretaceous carbonaceous shales and coals. The ma turation ranges from immature to marginally mature along the shallow er basin margins to overmature or gas-prone in the deeper parts. Most of the play is considered a gas play because of the predominance of gas shows in the drilled wells, the gas-prone nature of most of the source rocks, and the generally high maturations.
Timing and migration: Data are lacking on the timing and migration of hydrocarbons, but it seems likely that the amount of burial by Terti ary sediments and the degree of tilting of individual fault blocks was a controlling factor, thereby indicating recent hydrocarbon migration.
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: Albuquerque Basin Play NEW MEXICO
8
Traps: Although the structure of underlying rocks is obscured by the late Tertiary fill, normal faulting seems to be a predominant structural feature of the Albuquerque Basin (Figs. P-4 and P-19). At least three of the nine Cretaceous test wells encountered normal faults that cut out significant parts of the section (Fig. P-20). Traps are anticipated closures within different fault blocks, and many probably would be fault traps. Drilling depths to the Dakota Sandstone are 6,000 to 20,000 feet, and the size of the possible traps are unknown. Seals are dependent on fault seals and overlying impermeable shales, either within the Cretaceous section or overlying Tertiary fill. The abundance of gas shows in the Tertiary continental section, which probably was sourced from Cretaceous rocks, suggests that sealing of Cretaceous or older reservoirs may be a problem. � Exploration status: Of 46 tests in the play area, only nine penetrated the Cretaceous section (Table 2) and four penetrated all or parts of the Paleozoic section. The Tertiary and Quaterna ry fill, which is greater than 20,000 feet in some places, has masked Laramide and older struc tures, thereby necessitating seismic data to delineate structure. Published data on pre-Tertiary structure are not available, but Shell Oil Company conducted seismic surveys throughout the basin in the 1970's and drilled, or caused to be drilled, nine deep test wells (Fig. P-20). The seismic data must have been difficult to interpret in places, judging by the differences between the prognosticated formational depths and the actual drilled depths. Gas and some oil shows were reported in Cretaceous rocks (Fig. P-21). Unsuccessful attempts were made in one well to complete for gas production in the Shell farmout (Molenaar, 1987).
Resource potential: In summary, the Albuquerque Basin Play covers a large area and has the potential for large amounts of hydrocarbons, probably gas. Little is known about the subsur face structure. Seismic data collected in the recent past seem to have been of only moderate quality, necessitating additional seismic surveys because the few deep tests indicate that large normal faults are present and may control hydrocarbon occurrence.
Well No. and Name Location Completion Date Total Depth (ft)
Shell SFP No. 1 18-13N-3E 6-19-72 11,045
Shell Laguna-Wilson Trust No. 1 8-9N-1W 9-21-72 11,115
Shell SFP No. 2 29-6N-1W 3-29-74 14,305
Shell Isleta No. 1 7-7N-2E 10-25-74 16,346
Shell SFP No. 3 28-13N-1E 4-19-76 10,276
TransOcean Isleta No. 1 8-8N-3E 10-4-78 10,378
Shell Isleta No. 2 16-8N-2E 11-23-79 21,266
Shell West Mesa Fed. No. 1
24-11N-1E 12-30-80 19,375
Figure P-19.
1982).
ESPANOLABASIN
PUEBLORESERVATION ALBUQUERQUE
BASIN A A'
ALBUQUERQUEBASIN
PUEBLORESERVATION
N
A A' ESPANOLABASIN
C r e t a c e o u s
T e r t i a r y
Explanation Outline of significant basins
Figure P-20.
(modified after
Cliff House Sandstone
Mancos Shale
Mancos Shale
20 miles
Explanation
Gallup Ss
Greenhorn Limestone Mbr of Mancos Shale
C C'
Figure P-21.
Shell Laguna-
Shell Isleta #1
Stone #2
Shell SFP #2
Outline of
1 mile
N
Block diagram depicting schematic structure across the Albuquerque and Espanola Basins (modified after Black,
Triassic-Jurassic
Permian
Pennsylvanian
Pre-Camb. Potential source, reservoir, and seal.
Stratigraphy & Hydrocarbon Potential
Igneous & metamorphics
Alluvial valley fill deposits Outline of Pueblo reservation outside geologic basin
Outline of Pueblo reservation within geologic basin
Extensional faults
Line of cross section for upper block
**Schematic cartoon, not to scale.
Potential source, reservoir, and seal.
Potential source, reservoir, and seal.
Potential source.
Stratigraphic cross-section C-C' of Cretaceous rocks along the east side of the Albuquerque Basin into the Santa Fe Embayment (Fig. 7; cross-section 3) Molenaar, 1983).
Menefee Fm.
Satan Tongue of Mancos Shale
Mulallo Tongue of Mancos Shale
Crevasse Canyon Fm.
Top of Juana Lopez Mbr.
Whitewater Arroyo ?Tongue of Mancos Shale
EAST SIDE OF ALBUQUERQUE BASIN HAGAN-SANTA FE
EMBAYYMENT
V.E. 121x
Marine shale & siltstone
Marine & coastal-barrier sandstone
Nonmarine deposits
Timemarker bed
Tres Hermanos Formation
Point Lookout Sandstone
Dallon Ss Mbr of Crevasse Canyon Fm
Dakota Sandstone
Twowells Tongue of Dakota Ss
Test wells that had shows of oil and gas in Albuquerque Basin (modified after Black, 1982).
ALBUQUERQUE
Shell SFP No.1
Shell SFP No.3
Shell West Mesa Fed. No.1
Wilson Trust #1
Norins Parajito Grant #1
TransOcean Isleta No.1
Joiner Sanclemente No. 1 Stone Horland No. 1
Long Dalies No.1 Big Three Dalies Townsite No. 1
Cal-New Mexico Dechares No. 1
Von G No.1 Humble Oil SFP #1
Harlan et al. Harlan #1
Harlan #3
Harlan#4
Harlan #5
Ringle Tome #3
Ringle Tome #1
Grober Fuqua No.1
Belen Oil-Seipple No.1
Central New Mexico Brown #1 Gas show
Oil show
Oil & Gas show
Albuquerque Basin
Table 2. Summary table of eight deep test wells in Albuquerque Basin (modified after Molenaar, 1987).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: Albuquerque Basin Play NEW MEXICO
9
Figure P-22.
Espanola Basin
COUT
AZ NM
Outline
Pennsylvanian
Permian
Triassic
Cretaceous Coal
Coal
Hosta Dalton
Sanostee
Chinle
San Andres
Abo
Eastland
Santa Fe Co.
Shell Oil Santa Fe No.1Shell Oil
Santa Fe No.3
Shell Oi
Bernalillo Co.
Shell OilShell Oil
Section removed
by Tertiary Erosion
B'
Cliffhouse Ss
B
medial silty member
upper sandy member
limestone member
Gypsum Member
Recapture Member
15 m
ss - trough crossbeds
ss - laminar
limestone
sandy limestone
gypsum
(USGS 2302) �
General Characteristics
nola Basin Play and is considered separately (Fig. P-22).
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and on the south by the Sandia Mountains and their broad eastern flank. the line of truncation of Cretaceous rocks, which is controlled by wells in one area.
The primary res
Sandstone Members of the Mancos Shale, 10-25 ft thick (Figs. P-23 and P-24). The
The primary oil-source rocks are of moderate quality and are in the
the Mancos. rocks.
All of these rocks are mostly in the oil-generating range,
Timing and migration:The struc
(Black, 1979). It seems
Exploration status:
tion. ported in most or all the wells. A small amount of oil has been produced in one well
been encountered, the main potential is oil.
Location of Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play (2302) with respect to the Pueblo Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
Albuquerque
San Luis Valley Biogenic Play (2304)
Play (2303)
Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play (2302)
Albuquerque Basin Play (2301)
Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province Outline
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
DATUM
Allison - Menefee
Albuquerque Basin Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment
Greenhorn
Morrison
Yeso
Todilto
Menefee
McKee No.1
Sandoval Co. Sandoval Co.
Laguna Wilson Trust No.1l
Isleta No. 1 Valencia Co.
Santa Fe No. 2 Valencia Co.
EXPLANATION Stratigraphic intervals with oil and gas potential
Approximate attitude of bedding
WANAKAH FORMATION
Westwater Canyon Member
ss - tabular cross beds
ss - massive
mudstone & siltstone
EN
TR
AD
A S
AN
DS
TON
E
TOD
ILTO
FO
RM
ATIO
N
MO
RR
ISO
N F
OR
MAT
ION
MO
RR
ISO
N F
OR
MAT
ION
D
AK
OTA
FO
RM
ATIO
N
E ncinal Canyon Member
Jackpile Member
Brushy Basin Member
Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play
The Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment is in the southern part of the Espanola Basin, but be cause of the different play attributes, this hypothetical play is split off from the Espa
The play area is tear-drop shaped and about 25 miles in diameter. It is bound on the west by the northern vol canic-covered end of the Albuquerque Basin, on the east by the southern plunge of the
To the north, the play is separated from the Espanola Basin along
Reservoirs: The play is a structural-stratigraphic play for oil and gas in relatively shallow (<4,000 feet) Cretaceous objectives (Black, 1979 and 1984). ervoir objectives are the Dakota Sandstone, 25-100 ft thick, and the Tocito and Semilla
Jurassic Entrada Sandstone, about 50 feet thick, and possibly Pennsylvanian carbo nates, are secondary objectives.
Source rocks: lower part of the Mancos Shale and, where preserved, the Niobrara-equivalent within
Shales at the base of the Todilto Limestone are also potential source In addition, carbonaceous shales in the Dakota and above the Mancos Shale are
potential gas source rocks. although maturation levels range widely because of Oligocene intrusion of volcanics in the area (Molenaar, 1987).
Unlike the other plays in this province, the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play area is only partially covered by late Tertiary synrift fill. tural history of the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment is poorly understood, but is complex
At least 6,000 ft of Eocene Galisteo Formation and Oligocene Espina so Formation were tilted eastward 20° to 30° in middle or late Tertiary time. likely that the time of maximum maturation was prior to this deformation or in the Oligocene, when the intrusive rocks were emplaced and there was sufficient overbur den of the Eocene Galisteo Formation and Oligocene Espinaso Formation.
Traps: Traps of probable small to moderate size are both structural and stratigraphic, the latter in the case of lenticular Semilla and Tocito Sandstone Members (Fig. P-23). Seals would be overlying Mancos Shale for Cretaceous reservoirs, Todilto Anhydrite for the Entrada Sandstone, and interbedded shales for the Pennsylvanian carbonate reservoirs.
About 34 wells have been drilled in the play area, most since 1974, and all but two of three wells were drilled into or through the Cretaceous sec
Several wells were drilled to the Entrada Sandstone. Oil or gas shows were re
from the Tocito Sandstone Lentil of the Mancos Shale at a depth of 2,740 ft (Mole naar, 1987).
Resource potential: In summary, the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play covers a rela tively small area, and the individual trap sizes are probably small. Although gas has
Shallow drilling depths along with out crop and well control allow for a better understanding of the geologic structure when
Figure P-23. Stratigraphic section showing facies relationships from Albuquerque Basin north to the Santa Figure P-24. Measured stratigraphic section of Jurassic strata in the Western Hagan compared to the Albuquerque Basin. Fe Embayment of the Espanola Basin (Fig. P-7; cross-section 2) (modified after Black, 1982). Basin (modified after Black, 1982).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play 10 NEW MEXICO
Española Basin Play (USGS 2303)
General Characteristics This hypothetical play covers a major part of the Española Basin north of the Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment (Fig. P-25). The southern boundary, which separates this play from the Hagan-Santa Fe Em bayment Play, is the projected northern truncation edge of Creta ceous rocks. The eastern boundary is the uplifted Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the northern boundary is the narrowing and eastward off set of the rift system, and the western boundary is the volcanic Je mez Mountains. The entire play area is covered by late Tertiary syn rift deposits, and little is known about the subsurface structure and stratigraphy (Fig. P-26).
Reservoirs: Potential reservoirs are Pennsylvanian carbonate rocks and possibly the Jurassic Entrada Sandstone along the southern mar gin, where it has not been removed by pre-Galisteo erosion. Reser voir thickness is estimated to be less than 100 feet.
Source rocks, timing and migration: Postulated source rocks would be marine shales within the cyclic Pennsylvanian system and, where preserved, the basal shale of the Todilto Limestone Member. Sparse data indicate the maturation levels in Pennsylvanian rocks and Tertiary rocks to be in the oil-generating window. The data on Tertiary rocks are from depths of 6,000-7,000 feet (Gautier et al., 1996).
Traps: The play is an oil play for structural traps.
Exploration status: Only about four exploration tests have been drilled in the Española Basin Play area. Two wells east of the city of Española, drilled in 1931 and 1961, bottomed in Pennsylvanian rocks at depths of about 1,700 and 2,730 feet, respectively. Minor oil shows were reported in both wells. These wells were probably drilled on an intermediate fault block adjacent to the Sangre de Cris to Mountains (Molenaar, 1987). No specific data has been provided on these wells. � Resource potential: In summary, the Española Basin Play is specu lative and risky. Although oil shows have been reported, good source rocks and reservoirs have not been documented. Seismic data and additional well control are necessary to further evaluate the play. �
Espanola Basin
COUT
AZ NM
Outline
Albuquerque
San Luis Valley Biogenic Play (2304)
Play (2303)
Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play (2302)
Albuquerque Basin Play (2301)
Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province Outline
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
Figure P-25. Location of Espanola Basin Play (2303) with respect to the Pueblo Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
ESPANOLABASIN
PUEBLORESERVATION ALBUQUERQUE
BASIN A A'
Explanation
Outline of significant basins
Cre
tace
ous
Triassic-Jurassic
Permian
Pennsylvanian
Pre-Camb. Potential source, reservoir, and seal.
Stratigraphy & Hydrocarbon Potential
Igneous & metamorphics
Alluvial valley fill deposits
Outline of Pueblo reservation outside geologic basin
Outline of Pueblo reservation within geologic basin
Extensional faults
Line of cross section for upper block
Potential source, reservoir, and seal.
Potential source, reservoir, and seal.
Potential source.
Tert
iary
Figure P-26. Block diagram of the Espanola Basin (modified after Black, 1982).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: Espanola Basin Play 11 NEW MEXICO
� (USGS 2304) �
General Characteristics
deposits (Fig. P-28).
Gas has been pro
biogenic origin. sandstones in lacustrine, clay-rich beds of Pliocene age. Whether or
�Limited geoph ysical and well data indicate that a basement high or horst block underlies the play area (Fig. P-28). Depth to Precam
The deepest part of the greater San Luis Basin, which is bounded by the foothills of the San Juan Mountains on the west, and by the Sangre de Cristo Mountains
A
�In addition to the shallo
Three wells in
The other wells were still in
Figure P-27.
(modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
Espanola Basin
COUT
AZ NM
Outline
1-3 State 1-f State
NBH - Alamosa 1-33 MAPCO/(AMOCO)
1-3 State
SANGRE DE
10 miles0
8000
4000
Sea
-4000
Feet 8000
4000
Sea
-4000
Feet
Cretaceous Mancos Shale
D D'
Figure P-29.
CARR
Williams
TUCKER Whittier
NBH Land 1-33
T 4 1 N
T 4 0 N
T 3 9 N
T 3 8 N
MAPCO State 1-32
CARR State "F"
R 9E R 10 E R 11 E R 12 E
ALAMOSA
San Luis Valley Biogenic Gas Play
This hypothetical play covers an elongate area about 70 miles long and 20 miles wide in the east-central part of the San Luis Valley (Fig. P-27), which is a rifted valley filled with continental Tertiary
The boundaries are arbitrary, and the play is based on the many gas shows in shallow water wells in the area north and east of Alamosa, Colorado (Fig. P-29). duced from about 35 of these wells and used by farmers for heating purposes for many years. Analytical data indicate that the gas is of
The reservoirs for gas in this play are sands or
not a commercial accumulation of gas exists in this play is specula tive. Certainly at such shallow depths, the reservoir pressure would be low.
brian Basement is as shallow as 6,000 feet.
on the east, is near the east margin. According to gravity calcula tions, the top of the Precambrian surface is at a depth of about 22,500 feet in the structurally low area northeast of Alamosa. slightly greater depth was calculated for the area a few miles west of Taos, New Mexico.
w wells that were drilled for gas, or wa ter wells that were converted to gas wells, about 23 wells were dril led in the greater San Luis Valley area (Fig. P-29). the northern third of the San Luis Valley that penetrated the entire section found Tertiary on Precambrian. Tertiary rocks at total depth. The hydrocarbon potential of this large area is very low.
Location of the San Luis Biogenic Play (2304) with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations
Albuquerque
San Luis Valley Biogenic Play (2304)
Play (2303)
Hagan-Santa Fe Embayment Play (2302)
Albuquerque Basin Play (2301)
Albuquerque-Santa Fe Rift Province Outline
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
AMAREX, INC. Strat. Test
Sec. 38, T39N, R5E
TENN. GAS TRANS.
Sec.14, T41N, R7E
AMERADA
Sec.16, T39N, R10E
RESERVE OIL
Sec.33, T40N, R11E
COUGAR PET. 1 Crow
Sec.3, T39N, R11E
F.W. CARR 1 Crow
Sec.4, T39N, R11E
Sec.32, T40N, R12E
SAN JUAN SAG SAN LUIS BASIN
CRISTO RANGE
Note: Vertical scale is not uniform
Level Level
EXPLANATION
Santa Fe Group
Quaternary alluvial
Tertiary volcanics Tertiary sediments undiff.
Cretaceous Dakota Ss
Jurassic Morrison Fm.
Jurassic Entrada Ss.
Precambrian basement
Location of water wells that produce or had significant shows of biogenic gas within the Baca Graben of the San Luis Valley (modified after
BACA GRABEN GAS SHOWS Kennedy-
T.D. 6200'
T.D. 4280' RESERVE
T.D. 7011' T.D. 9490'
Crow T.D. 6574'
AMERADA
T.D. 6072'
Water wells that produce or had significant shows of biogenic gas.
Figure P-28. Geologic cross-section across San Luis Basin. Vertical scale is a conversion of a time-depth scale from a seismic section. Therefore, the vertical scale is not uniform (Fig. P-7; cross-section 4) Black, 1982) (modified after Gries, 1985).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS UNCONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPE: San Luis Valley Biogenic Gas Play 12 NEW MEXICO
Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province � The Raton Basin is an elongate, asymmetric basin in southeastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico, analogous to other Rocky Mountain structural-stratigraphic basins associated with the Rocky Mountain Laramide Orogenic Belt. It is bounded on the west by the Sangre de Cristo Uplift, on the north by the Wet Mountains and the Apishipa Arch, and on the southeast by the Sierra Grande Uplift. The basin is approximately 175 miles long and up to 65 miles wide. It encompasses approximately 18,800 square miles (Fig. P-30) and sedimentary rocks within the basin may be 15,000-20,000 feet thick in the deepest part (Fig. P-31). The western flank of the basin dips steeply to the east and has been affected by substantial transcurrent and thrust faulting. In the Miocene, the basin was intruded by the Spanish Peaks igneous complex, which was accompanied by exten sive fracturing and intrusion of numerous dikes and sills. Intrusion of the Spanish Peaks Complex does not appear to have significantly elevated the general geothermal level of the entire basin. �Post-Precambrian stratigraph y in the Raton Basin is typical of the southern Rocky Mountains. A thin carbonate succession (Devon ian/Mississippian) overlies the Precambrian Basement (Fig. P-32). Overlying this sequence are 5,000-10,000 feet of terrigenous Per mian-Pennsylvanian strata, largely sandstones and redbeds. Triassic redbeds (approximately 1,000 feet thick) overlie about 500 feet of terrigenous Jurassic sediments. The Cretaceous section includes 200 feet of the basal sequence of clastic Purgatoire/Dakota, followed by 1,000-2,000 feet of marine chalks, marls, and organic-rich shales of the Benton and Niobrara Groups. This sequence is overlain by ap proximately 2,500 feet of Pierre Shale. The marginal marine, partly deltaic Trinidad Sandstone overlies the Pierre, and is in turn overlain by the coal-bearing Vermejo Formation. The Upper Cretaceous/Pa leocene coal-bearing Raton Formation overlies the Vermejo. Tertiary sediments of the Poison Canyon Formation overlying these strata are highly variable, and represent continental terrigenous sedimentation during the end of the Laramide Orogeny. Perhaps 10,000 feet of Ter tiary sediments were originally deposited, but erosion has removed much of the sediment, especially around the basin margins. A gener alized stratigraphic section showing the hydrocarbon-bearing strata is shown in Figure P-31. �In the Colorado portion of the Raton Basin, g as wells have pro duced measurable quantities from Permian, Upper Triassic, and Cre taceous strata in Las Animas County, and from Cretaceous age rocks in Huerfano County (Fig. P-33). Approximately 4,000 bbl oil were produced from the Codell Formation (Cretaceous) at the Gardner Field (now plugged and abandoned) in Huerfano County. The Gar cia Field (Fig. P-34), now abandoned, in Las Animas County, Colo rado, produced 1.5 BCFG from the Cretaceous Pierre Formation and Apishipa Member of the Niobrara Formation between 1896 and 1943. Natural gas was produced from the Dakota and Morrison For mations in the now-abandoned Wagon Mound Field in Mora County, New Mexico (Fig. P-35).
�Carbon dioxide is produced from the Sheep Mountain Field and Dike Mountain Fields, Huerfano County, Colorado. Drilling began in the early 1970's, when the target was oil and (or) gas. Production of CO2 is from the Cretaceous Dakota and Jurassic Entrada Formations at depths between 3,500 and 6,000 feet. The field has produced ap proximately 481 BCF of CO2. The Bravo Dome [Bueyeros Field] (Fig. P-36), located in parts of Harding, Union, and Quay Counties, New Mexico, also produces CO2, in part from the Permian Glorieta and Yeso Formations, and has produced [through 1990] 118 BCF of CO2. This field is estimated to contain more than 16 TCF of CO2 re serves; approximately one-half is estimated to be recoverable with existing technology (Keighin, 1995). �No commercial oil or g as fields are now active in the basin area, although the coal-bearing Raton and Vermejo Formations yield sig nificant quantities of methane. Two hypothetical conventional gas plays are defined. These are the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play (4101), and Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play (4102). An uncon ventional coalbed gas play, the Southern Raton Basin Play (4152) is also relevant for gas production in or near the Pueblo Indian Reserva tions (Fig. P-30).
Age
CE
NE
ZO
ICM
ES
OZ
OIC
Pierre Shale
l
Codell Sandstone
Greneros Shale
Ben
ton
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
0 - 2500
0 - 2075
0 - 350
0 - 255
1300 - 2900
900 0 - 55
0 - 30 165 - 225
20-70 175-400
140 - 200 100 - 150
150 - 400 30 - 100 40 - 100
0 - 1200
5,000 - 10,000
CRETACEOUS
PALEOCENE
Stratigraphic Units Thickness (ft.)
Poison Canyon Formation
Raton Formation
Trindad Sandstone
Nio
brar
a
Smokey Hill MarFort Hays Limestone
Carille Sandstone Greenhorn Limestone
Dakota Sandstone Purgatoiro Formation
PALEOZOIC UNDIVIDED
Morrison Wanakah Entrada
Dockum Group
Vermejo Formation
Primary gas reservoir
Secondary gas reservoir
Source rocks for gas
Primary oil reservoir
Secondary oil reservoir
Source rocks for oils
COUT
AZ NM
Outline
Upper Cretaceous -
Southern Raton Basin
Raton Basin-Sierra Grande
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Play (4102 )
Lower Tertiary Play (4101)
Coal-Bed Play (4152 )
Uplift Province Outline
Figure P-31. Stratigraphic section depicting bedding relationships within the Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Geologic Province (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
Figure P-30. Outline of Pueblo Reservations with respect to the Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province. The Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play (4101), Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous Play (4102) and Southern Raton Basin Coal-Bed Play (4152) are depicted (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province 13 NEW MEXICO
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONSNEW MEXICO
Figure P-32. Structure-contour map of top of Precambrian basement rocks in Raton Basin, New Mexico (modified after Woodward and Snyder, 1976).
Figure P-33. Outline of Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Geologic Province with exploration wells from 1900-1993 illustrated. Also highlighted is the outline of the hydrocarbon plays within the region (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
Oil Dry
Oil and GasGas
Santa Fe
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS
40 miles
N
Wagon Mound Field (no longer active)
CO
NM
Figure P-34. Structure map of Garcia Field. Datum is the base of the Timpas limestone; contours are in feet (modified after Clair and Bradish, 1956).
2120
29 28
22
27
23 24 19 20 21 22
26 25 30 29 28 27
343332313635343332
5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3
109
1516
87
1718
12
13
11
1415
10
16
8
17
4650
4200 4300 4400 45004600
4700
4800
4900
4700
4600
4500
4134
4340
4612
5046
4747
4711
4633
4616
4550
4557
4609
4603
4648
4974
4461
Basalt Dike
Basalt Dike
T34S
T33S
Analog Field Within Raton Basin near Pueblo ReservationsGarcia Field
(Figure P-34)
· Location of Discovery Well: �T34S , R62W
�· Producing Formation: � �Codell Fm; Greenhorn Lms; Dakota Ss
�· Type of Trap: � � �Str atigraphic; anticline
�· Initial Production: � �1.5 MCFD
�· Cumulative Production: � �NA
�· Gas Characteristics: � �26.6 g ravity API
�· Type of Drive: � � �Lo w pressure
�· Average Net Pay: � �v ariable
�· Porosity: � � �NR�· Permeability:� � �NR
Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province 14
4500
40003500
30002500
200015001000
3500
3000
1500
1000500
0
-500
5000
Structure Contour - Topof Precambrian rocks
(Elevation in feet above mean sea level).
2000
6000
SCALE
20 miles
Raton
Cimarron
Maxwell
Las Vegas
Outcrop of Precambrian
Springer
p-C
p-C
p-C
p-CR.17E. R.18E. R.19E. R.20E. R.21E. R.22E. R.27E.R.23E. R.26E.R.25E.R.24E.
T.32N.
T.31N.
T.30N.
T.29N.
T.28N.
T.27N.
T.26N.
T.25N.
T.24N.
T.23N.
T.22N.
T.21N.
T.20N.
T.19N.
T.18N.
T.17N.
T.16N.
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
R 62 W R 61 W
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONSNew Mexico
Figure P-35. Structure-contour map of top of Dakota Formation (Cretaceous) in Raton Basin, New Mexico (modified after Northrop et al., 1946; Bachman, 1953; Simms, 1965; Pilmore, 1969; Speer, 1976; and , 1974). Figure P-36. Structure map of the Bravo Dome Carbon Dioxide Area Field showing the base of the Cimarron Anhydrite. Contour lines are in feet (modified after Johnson, 1983).
T 18 N
T 19 N
T 20 N
T 21 N
R 35 ER 34 ER 33 ER 32 ER 31 ER 30 E
+2300
+2400
+2500
+2600
+2700
+2800
+2300
+2500+
2400
+2600
+2300
+2400+2500
+2200
Wagon Mound Field(Fig. P-35)
Location of Discovery Well: � �T21N, R21E, sec14, Mor a County, NMProducing Formation: � � �Cretaceous Dak ota Ss & Jurassic� � � � �Morr ison FmType of Trap:� � � �Shale (Gr aneros Shale); StratigraphicInitial Production:�� � �300-500 thousand cubic f eet per dayCumulative Production: � � �NRGas Characteristics:� � �NRType of Drive:� � � �Gas pressure (lo w)Average Net Pay: � � �110 f eetPorosity:�� � � �15%Permeability:� � � �~2 darcies
Bravo Dome Field(Figure P-36)
Location of Discovery Well:�� �s w nw sec 32, T20N, R31E (No.1 Bueyeros)Producing Formation:� � �Santa Rosa ss (T riassic); Sangre De Cristo FmType of Trap:� � � �Str atigraphicInitial Production:�� � �1,500 MCFDCumulative Production: � � �5.3 to 9.8 TCF (estimated)Gas Characteristics:� � �98.6 to 99.8% CO 2Type of Drive:� � � �Gas ExpansionAverage Net Pay:�� � �100 f eetPorosity:�� � � �20%Permeability:� � � �42 millidar cies
Analog Fields Within Raton Basin Near Pueblo Indian Reservations 15
Wagon Mound Dakota Ss Field
Dome
Anticline, showing plunge
Structure contour of top of Dakota Ss infeet above mean sealevel
6000
Outcrop of Dakota SsKd
KdKd
Kd
6000
7000
4500
5000
2000
5000
2000
3000
4000
9000
7000
6000
6500
Gas show
Oil show
CIMARRON
LAS VEGAS
SPRINGER
RATON
20 miles
3500
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
Conventional Plays
Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play
�(USGS 4101) �
General Characteristics This hypothetical, continuous-type "tight-gas" play is largely restrict ed to the marginal marine, partly deltaic Trinidad Sandstone. Al though, stratigraphic traps could occur in the Vermejo and Raton For mations (Fig. P-37). Dolly and Meissner (1977) estimated the upper most Cretaceous/lowermost Tertiary section may have generated ap proximately 23 TCFG, of which approximately 6 TCFG may be re coverable. Additionally, as much as 750 BCF of recoverable gas re serves exists in basin-centered gas in the northern portion of the Ra ton Basin.
Reservoirs: The Cretaceous Trinidad Sandstone, characterized as marginal marine and partly deltaic, is the potential reservoir rock. General thickness probably varies between 100 and 250 feet. Reser voir sandstones may be as much as 50 feet thick and reservoir porosi ty is probably 10-14 percent, but porosity usually varies between 2 and 18 percent. Other potential clastic reservoirs include the Creta ceous Vermejo and Cretaceous/Paleocene Raton Formations.
Source rocks, timing, and migration: Pierre Shale and coal/carbo naceous beds are potential sources in the Vermejo, Raton, and Poison Canyon Formations. Generation and migration probably began no earlier than Eocene.
Traps: Trinidad Sandstones, in a basin-center environment, may lack a conventional seal. Depth to production is rather shallow, rang ing between approximately 4,000 and 6,000 feet.
Exploration status and resource potential: The play is poorly ex plored. It is possible that a few new discoveries will exceed 6 BCFG. A number of small gas fields possibly could be found.
Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play (USGS 4102)
General Characteristics This is a high-risk play, and potential reservoirs are restricted to Ju rassic Morrison and Cretaceous Dakota Sandstones deposited as highly lenticular marine bars and fluvial channels (Fig. P-38). Sand stones may be fine to coarse grained, 10-40 feet thick and log-de rived porosity may reach 15-25 percent. Field pressure, determined from the now-abandoned Wagon Mound Field (Mora County, New Mexico) is low.
Reservoirs: Jurassic Morrison and Cretaceous Dakota Sandstones, deposited as highly lenticular marine bars and fluvial channels, are the potential reservoirs. Sandstones are fine to coarse grained, 10-40 feet thick. Porosity, determined from logs (Figs. 39 and 40), varies between 15 and 25 percent and permeability appears high. Field pressure is low (5.5 psi). Most of the gas has been found in the up per Dakota Sands.
Source rocks, timing, and migration: Shale and coal are possible sources within the Purgatoire-Dakota sequence, and overlying shales include potential source beds for oil and gas. Generation probably began in early Tertiary (Eo cene-time) when overlying strata were at least 10,000 feet thick. Migration probably began in the Eocene.
Traps: Gas was structurally trapped in the Dakota Sands in a low-relief, northeast-trending Laramide Anticline. Some gas was trapped in lenticular, fluvial Jurassic Morrison Sandstones. Interbedded shales probably act as traps. Depth to known occurrences is 500-5,000 feet.
Exploration status: The play is poorly explored. It is un likely that new discoveries will exceed 6 BCFG or 1 MMBO. A number of small gas fields could probably be found.
Resource potential: This is a high risk play; undiscovered resources are estimated to be of small size.
Figure P-40. Typical electric log characteristics of the Dakota Sandstone in the Raton Basin, Colfax County, New Mexico (modified after Gilbert and Asquith, 1976).
ODESSA NATURAL CORP. -MAGUIRE OIL CO. No. 2 W.S. Ranch sw nw 30 - T 30 N - R 20 E
COLFAX CO., NEW MEXICO
4900'
TOP OF DAKOTA FM.4950'
5000'
5050'
5100'
TOP OF MORRISON FM.
5150'
Figure P-39. Typical gamma-ray log of Dakota Formation in south-central Raton Basin (modified after Gilbert and Asquith, 1976).
W.J. GOURLEY No. 2 VERMEJO 16, T30N, R19E
Colfax County New Mexico
SP RESISTIVITY- +
Purgatoire
Alluvial
Meander Belt
JUR
AS
SIC
Morrison Formation
Formation
Braided
Interval
Interval
Marine Sand
Dak
ota
Sand
ston
e C
RE
TAC
EO
US
Graneros Shale
100 feet
COUT
AZ NM
Outline
Upper Cretaceous
Southern Raton Basin
Raton Basin-Sierra Grande
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Play (4102 )
Lower Tertiary Play (4101)
Coal-Bed Play (4152 )
Uplift Province Outline
Figure P-37. Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play (4101) with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
COUT
AZ NM
Outline
Upper Cretaceous
Southern Raton Basin
Raton Basin-Sierra Grande
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Play (4102 )
Lower Tertiary Play (4101)
Coal-Bed Play (4152 )
Uplift Province Outline
Figure P-38. Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play (4102) with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAYS: Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary Play and Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Play 16 NEW MEXICO
resources of the Raton Basin are estimated to be as much as 12 TCF Analog Field Within Raton BasinUNCONVENTIONAL PLAYS rocks is oriented east-west. � �Groundw ater recharges the topographically high Vermejo-Raton (Fig. P-42). (near Pueblo Indian Reservations)
Coal-Bed Gas Plays Aquifer along the western margin of the basin and flows eastward to �Some coal is produced by both under ground and surface meth
discharge at the topographically lower eastern outcrops along major ods in the Colorado and New Mexico parts of the basin. Mine-relat Sheep Mountain Field Three coal-bed gas plays are identified in the Raton Basin Province. seeps and drainage areas (Geldon, 1989; Stevens et al., 1992). The ed emissions are minor. An explosion in an underground mine near (Figure P-41)
Location of Discovery Well:�� �No .1 Faris,The Southern Raton Basin Play (4152) is relevant to the Pueblo Indi primary fracture (face cleat) trend in the Raton Basin coals is per Trinidad, Colorado, indicates that the coal beds are gassy.
an Reservations (Fig. P-41). Tyler et al., 1991; Stevens et al., 1992; pendicular to the local trend of the Sangre de Cristo thrust front and Since the late 1970's, more than 110 exploration wells have been � � � � �nw se 15, T25S, R70W
Producing Formation: � � �Cretaceous Dak ota Ss;and Close and Dutcher, 1993, have described the geologic controls thus enhances groundwater flow and the potential for artesian over drilled for coal-bed gas in the Raton Basin, both in Colorado and � � � �J urassic Entrada Ss
and potential of coal-bed gas in the Raton Basin, southeastern Colo pressuring (Tyler et al., 1991). New Mexico. Production tests have been variable, but gas rates of �
rado and northeastern New Mexico. �Gas contents of coal beds in the basin are highly v ariable and more than 300 MCF/D have been reported. At present, all wells are Type of Trap:� � � �Str atigraphic (shale)
�In the Raton Basin, coal beds with potential for coal-bed g as are range from 4 to 810 Scf/t. These contents seem to correlate more shut-in because of the absence of gas pipelines in the basin. Howev Initial Production:�� � �4900 MCFD
contained within the Upper Cretaceous Vermejo and Upper Creta closely with depth below the hydrologic potentiometric surface than er, a pipeline is under construction and a pilot nitrogren injection Cumulative Production:� � �NR
ceous-Paleocene Raton Formations (Fig. P-42). The Vermejo For with depth below the ground surface. On the basis of coal thickness, project for coalbed gas wells has been approved (Rice and Finn, Gas Characteristics:� � �NR mation is as much as 350 feet thick and individual coal seams are as coal density, drillable area, and gas content, in-place coal-bed gas 1995). Type of Drive:� � � �Gas pressure much as 14 feet thick. The cumulative coal thickness for the forma
U D
UD
U D
SURFACE
TRACE OFPALU
DU
RA
THRU
STFAU
LT
+600
0
+550
0+5
000
+450
0+4
000
+35
00
+300
0
+250
0+3
000
+350
0
+4000
+5000+4500
0 +500
+5000
+4500+4000
+300
0 +3
500
+400
0
+450
0
+4000+4500
+5000+5500
+2000
+500
+2000
0
+1000 +1500
EXPLANATION
Outline of Sheep Mtn. Unit
Thrust Fault
Normal FaultU D
Axis of syncline
Average Net Pay:�� � �350 f eet, 110 feet tion ranges from 5 to 35 feet. The overlying Raton Formation is as Porosity:�� � � �NR much as 1,600 feet thick and has a net coal thickness in the range of <- Figure P-41. Structure Permeability:� � � �NR
map of the Sheep Mountain10 to 120 feet. Although the Raton Formation contains more coal, Field showing the outline ofindividual coal seams are thinner, more discontinuous, and distribut
N
24
24
20
16
12
4
8
0
12 8
4 0
0
0
4
8
Stonewall
COLORADO
NEW MEXICO
Trinidad
Raton
CO
NM
Cimarron
0
0
10mi
10km
Contour Interval: 4 BCF/sq. mi.
Walsenburg
Vermejo/Trinidad contact
Purgatoire River
Rive
r
Apishapa
Riv
er
Cucharas
Riv
er
Can
adia
n
River
Vermejo
Creek
N. Ponit
R 17 E R 21 E
T 28 N
T 31 S
T 35 S
T 32 N
R 69 W R 65 W R 61 W T 27 S
the Sheep Mountain unit.ed over 1,200 feet of section. The nature of the coal seams in the two Datum is the top of the Dakotaformations is controlled by depositional environment; the Vermejo Sandstone Formation
was deposited in a lagoonal environment; whereas, the Raton was (modified after Roth, 1983).deposited in a fluvial setting. Although coal beds are as much as 4,100 feet deep in the northern part of the basin along the LaVeta Syncline, they are generally less than 1,200 feet over a large part of the basin. �The rank of coals in the Vermejo Formation ranges from high-volatile C bituminous along the margins of the basin to low-volatile bituminous in the central part of the basin. The rank generally coin cides with present-day depth of burial and structural configuration, and probably resulted from maximum depth of burial that occurred in early Tertiary time. However, the highest ranks (low-volatile bitu minous) occur along the eastward-flowing Purgatoire River where the present-day depths of burial are less than about 1,200 feet. These high ranks are interpreted to be the result of high heat flow from the crust, upper mantle, and (or) deep igneous intrusions which was transferred laterally by groundwater flow in middle Tertiary time. During this time, Vermejo and Raton coal beds commonly served as planes of weakness for igneous intrusions. However, the thermal maturity of the coal beds is only locally affected (one-dike width) by the intrusions. �Coal-bed g ases from production tests in the Raton Basin are composed mostly of methane with minor amounts of ethane, carbon Figure P-42. -> Raton dioxide, and nitrogen (each less than 1 percent). Isotopic analyses Basin coal-bed methane in indicate that the gases are predominantly of thermogenic origin and were probably generated during time of maximum burial and (or)
place, contoured in 4 BCF/mi intervals; data
heat flow. Some mixing of relatively recent biogenic gas may occur inside the 16 BCF/mi
in areas of groundwater flow. �The Raton Basin is a strongly asymmetric basin with a gently dipping eastern flank and a steeply dipping western flank that is thrust-faulted (Fig. P-9). Several major folds are located along the western margin of the basin. Minor normal faulting occurs within the basin with displacements generally less than 50 feet. The pri mary fracture permeability system in both the coals and adjoining
contour have a high degree of uncertainty (modified after Stevens et al., 1992).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS Coal-Bed Gas Plays 17 NEW MEXICO
Southern Raton Basin Play (USGS 4152)
� General Characteristics
The target area for coal-bed gas is where coal beds of the Vermejo and Raton Formations are greater than 500 feet deep. The thicker, more continuous seams of the Vermejo Formation are probably better targets for coal-bed gas production. The Southern Raton Basin Play target area (Fig. P 43) is based on depth, coal rank, and concentration of gas in place. Exploration wells have been drilled for coal-bed gas in the play, but production has not been established (as of 1996). The reserve potential of coal-bed gas from all three plays is considered very good, but production will depend on infrastructure development, particularly pipeline construction. �In the Southern Raton Basin Play (4152), coal ranks are as much as medium-volatile bituminous, but depths of burial are less than 1,400 feet. Because of these relatively shallow depths, concentra tions of gas in-place are about 8 BCF/square mile or less. The re serve potential of this play is also regarded as good (Rice and Finn, 1995).
COUT
AZ NM
Outline
Upper Cretaceous
Southern Raton Basin
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Play (4102 )
Lower Tertiary Play (4101)
Coal-Bed Play (4152 )
Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Province Outline
South-Central New Mexico Province
This frontier petroleum province covers about 39,900 square miles, primarily in the easternmost part of the Basin and Range Physio graphic Province; it has no production (Fig. P-44). For a more com plete description of this province, see Butler, 1988; and Grant and Foster, 1989. �Small, northeast-trending rift basins are the predominant ph ys iographic feature of the South-Central New Mexico Province. As much as 10,000 feet of alluvium and volcanic rocks fill these exten sional basins, obscuring a moderately thick section of Paleozoic stra ta. �This pro vince has a complex geologic history, having been de formed by three major periods of tectonism during Phanerozoic time: (1) Late Paleozoic formation of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, (2) Laramide compression, and (3) Cenozoic relaxation and extension and volcanism. South-Central New Mexico was near the terminus of the northeast-trending transcontinental basement arch during the Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic. Within this time span, sediments were deposited in platform, shallow shelf, basinal, and alluvial plain envi ronments. Epeiric seas generally transgressed from the south, and
thus a greater thickness of strata was deposited
tion is preserved. Laramide compression from the southwest re province. They are Orogrande Basin Play (2602) and Mesilla-Mimbres juvenated older fault-bounded structures and other paleo-zones of Basins Play (2603), neither of which occur in or near the Pueblo Indian weakness (for example thrust faults) and created basement-cored up Reservations. However, limited exploration has occurred within the lifts. Plutons, with attendant rich mineralization, intruded the prov Acoma Basin Play, which underlies a segment of the Pueblo Reserva ince. Early Tertiary uplift provided cyclic alluvial-fluvial fan grav tion. A brief description of the production within the Acoma Basin is els and deltaic clastics to continental interior-drained basins and presented in the following section.� small lakes. �T wo hypothetical conventional plays were assessed in this
PUEBLO INDIAN
Oil and Gas
Gas
Santa Fe
Acoma Basin
Dry
Albuquerque
RESERVATIONS
50 miles
Figure P-44. Outline of South-Central New Mexico Geologic Province with exploration wells from 1900-1993 illustrated. The Acoma Basin is highlighted (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
during this time in the southern part of the province. During the mid-Paleozoic, general quiescence of the craton in the equatorial paleolatitudes resulted in widespread deposition of fossiliferous carbonates accompanied by basin-margin organic buildups. Convergence of the North and South American tectonic plates in the late Paleozoic resulted in intraplate defor mation. �T riassic and Jurassic strata are not well represented in the province, which depositio nally represents an erosional surface shifting from highlands to interior lowlands and coastal plains. Nascent opening of the Gulf of Mexico (Chihuahua Trough) deposited as much as 750 feet of marine Jurassic sediments in the south ernmost Mesilla Basin. Continued opening near the New Mexico-Mexico border resulted in an east-west Early Cretaceous rift, extending into southeastern Arizona. A thick Late Creta ceous section of marine sandstones and shales and continental fluvial clastics and paludal coals was deposited as seas transgressed and re gressed from the north-northeast and from the south-southwest; about 3,000 feet of this sec
Figure P-43. Southern Raton Basin Coal-Bed Play (4152), with respect to the Pueblo Indian Reservations (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS UNCONVENTIONAL PLAY: Southern Raton Basin Play and South-Central New Mexico Province 18 NEW MEXICO
Acoma Basin Play
The Acoma Basin has seen limited exploration since the 1920's (Fig. P-45). The boundary between the Acoma Basin and the San Juan Ba sin to the northwest and the eastern Baca Basin is transitional. �Three signif icant exploratory wells have been drilled in the Aco ma Basin since 1981. The Topaz Southwest Number 1 State tested Cretaceous sandstones and shales and Jurassic sandstones with no re thermally immature (Broadhead, 1989). ported shows. The Austra-Tex Numbers 1 through 7 Rio Puerco Fed eral, were drilled to test the Pennsylvanian section (Fig. P-46). �Primary reserv oir targets in the Acoma Basin are Permian lime stones and sandstones of the San Andres and Yeso Formations and Pennsylvanian sandstone and limestones (Fig. P-47). The Cretaceous Figure P-45.
ERA PERIOD
QUATERNARY
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
EPOCH
Holocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
Late
Late
Middle
Early
Early
Late
Late
Middle
Early
Late
Middle
Early
Late
Middle
Early
Late
Middle
Early
Late
Middle
Early
Late
Middle
Early
Early
Late
Early
STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT
Basin-fill alluvium and basalt flows
Dakota Sandstone
NORTH SOUTH
CE
NO
ZO
IC
TE
RT
IAR
Y
ME
SO
ZO
IC
CA
RB
ON
IFE
RO
US
PA
LEO
ZO
ICP
RO
TE
RO
Z
OIC
NONE DEFINED
NEOGENE
PALEOGENE
PENNSYLVANIAN
MISSISSIPPIAN
Camp Rice Fm.
Ft. Hancock Fm.Santa Fe Group
Sierra Blanco Fm.
Love Ranch Fm.
Undifferentiated
Baca Fm.
Cub Mountain Fm. McRae Fm.
Mesaverde Gp. Mancos Shale
�
Sarten Fm.
Marine clastics
Chinle Fm. Dockum Grp.
Abo Fm. Hueco Fm.
Hueco Fm. Bursum Fm.
Panther Seep Fm. Bishop Cap Fm.
Berino Fm.
La Tuna Fm.
Helms Fm.
Las Cruces Fm.Caballero Fm.
Lake Valley Fm. Rancheria Fm.
Laborcita Fm. Holder Fm.
Beeman Fm.
Gobler Fm.
Magdalena Group
Percha Formation
Canutillo Formation
Fusselman Formation
Bliss Formation
Montoya Group
El Paso Group
Granite and metamorphic rocks
�
�
San Andres Fm. Glorieta Ss. Yeso Fm.
Contadero Fm. Sly Gap Fm. Onate Fm.
�
Santa Rosa Ss.
eastern part of the basin and are present only at shal
in the western part of the basin (Fig. P-48). Pennsyl
Outline of
Highlighted (modified after
COUT
AZ NM
Outline Figure P-48.et al., 1996.)
Sandstone
Zone of pink
E E'
of Gallup & Dalton
Tidal channel sands of Gallup
Measured sections in outcrop 30 miles
SCALE
Gallego Ss
(Atarque Mbr)
D-Cross
Cebollita Mesa
Ramah
Outline
Oil and Gas
Gas
50 miles
Mesaverde and Dakota Sandstones are secondary reservoir targets that have been eroded from the
low depths (less than 1500 feet {Broadhead, 1989})
vanian and Cretaceous marine shales are potential source rocks, but the Cretaceous section may be
the South-Central New Mexico Province with the
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
Pueblo Reservations
South-Central New Mexico Procince Outline
Acoma Basin Play
Location of exploration wells in Acoma Basin (modified after Gautier
Top of Gallup Sandstone
Top of Gallup
fluvial Ss complex
EXPLANATION
Marine & coastal barrier sands Nonmarine deposits (including coal beds)
Marine shale & siltstone
300 feet
Vertical exaggeration = 528
Lower Mancos Sh
Lower Gallup
Pescado Tongue Sh Tongue
Lower Mancos Sh
D-Cross Mtn.
Puertecito Carthage
Pueblo Reservations
Dry
Albuquerque
Santa Fe
Acoma Basin Play
Gautier et al., 1996).
<-Figure P-46. Stratigraphic section depicting bedding relationships within the South-Central New Mexico Geologic Province (modified after Gautier et al., 1996).
Figure P-47.-> Stratigraphic cross-section E-E' of the Acoma Basin (Fig. P-7; cross-section 5) (modified after Molenaar, 1974).
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS CONVENTIONAL PLAY-TYPE: Acoma Basin Play 19 NEW MEXICO
Pueblo Reservations of New Mexico Chapin, C.E.,1971, The Rio Grande rift, Part.I: modifications Resources Circular 150, 16p. 54. REFERENCES and additions: New Mexico Geological Society, Guide Grant, P.R., Jr. and Foster, R.W., 1989, Future petroleum prov Mellere, D., 1994, Sequential development of an eustarine valley
� book for the 22nd Field Conference, p. 191-202. inces in New Mexico-discovering new reserves: New fill: The Twowells Tongue of the Dakota Sandstone, Acoma Armstrong, R.L., 1968, The Sevier orogenic belt in Nevada Charpentier, Ronald R., et al., 1996, Tabular Data, Text, and Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, p. 57-58. Basin, New�Mexico, Journal of Sedimentary Research, v.
and Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, Graphical Images in Support of the 1995 National Assess Gries, R.R., 1985, San Juan Sag: Cretaceous rocks in a volcan B64, no. 4, p. 500-515. p. 229-258. ment of United States Oil and Gas Resources, United ic-covered basin, South-Central Colorado, The Mountain Molenaar, C.M., 1993, Albuquerque-Santa Fe-san Luis Rift Ba
Baltz, E.H., 1965, Stratigraphy and history of Raton Basin and States Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-36, Geologist, v. 22, no. 4, p. 167-179. sins Province, in Petroleum exploration plays and resource Hook, S.C., 1983, Stratigraphy, paleontology, depositional estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 3, Colorado notes on San Luis Basin, Colorado-New Mexico: AAPG CD-ROM.
Bulletin, v. 49, p. 2041-2075. Clair, J.R., and Brandish, B.B., 1956, Garcia gas field, Las framework and nomenclature of marine Upper Cretaceous Plateau and Basin and Range., R.B., Powers, ed., U.S. Geo Animas County, Colorado, in Guidebook to the Geology Rocks, Socorro County, New Mexico: New Mexico Geo logical Survey Open-File Report, p. 66-73. Baltz, E.H., 1967, Stratigraphy and regional tectonic implica logical Society Guidebook, 34th Field Conference, p. 165- Molenaar, C.M., 1987, Petroleum geology and hydrocarbon tions of part of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks, east- of Raton Basin, Colorado, p. 75-78.
central San Juan Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Close, J.C., and Dutcher, R.R., 1993, Predication of permeabil 172. plays of the Albuquerque-San Luis Rift Basin, New Mexico Survey Professional Paper 552, 101p. ity trends and origins in coal-bed methane reservoirs of Hook, S.C., Cobban, W.A., and Landis, E.R., 1980, Extension and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
of the intertongued Dakota Sandstone-Mancos Shale ter 87-450-S, 26p.Bachman, G.O., 1953, Geology of a part of northwestern Mora the Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: New Mexi minology in the Southern Zuni Basin: New Mexico Geol
County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Oil and co Geological Society, Guidebook to 41st Field Confer ogy, v. 2, p. 42-44. Molenaar, C.M., 1983, Major depositional cycles and regional
Gas Investigations Map OM-137. ence, p. 387-395. Jacka, A.D., and Brand, J.P., 1972, An analysis of the Dakota correlations of Upper Cretaceous rocks, southern Colorado
Plateau and adjacent areas, in Reynolds, M.W., and Dolly, Black, B.A., and Hiss, W.L., 1974, Structure and stratigraphy Cobban, W.A., and Hook, S.C., 1989, Mid-Cretaceous mollus Sandstone in the vicinity of Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the vicinity of the Shell Oil Co., Santa Fe Pacific No.1 can biostratigraphy and paleogeography of the southwest eastward to the Canadian River Valley: New Mexico Geo E.D., eds., Paleogeography of West-Central United States:
test well, southern Sandoval County, New Mexico, in Sie ern part of the Western Interior, United States, in Wester logical Society 23rd Annual Field Conference Guidebook, SEPM Rocky Mountain Section, p. 201-223.
mers, C.T., ed., Ghost Ranch, central-northern New Mexi man, G.E., ed., Jurassic-Cretaceous Biochronology and p. 105-107. Molenaar, C.M., 1974, Correlation of the Gallup Sandstone and co: New Mexico Geological Society 25th Field Confer Paleogeography of North America: Geological Associa Johnson, R.B., and Wood, G.H., Jr., 1956, Stratigraphy of Up associated formations, Upper Cretaceous, Eastern San Juan ence Guidebook, p. 365-370. tion of Canada Special Paper 27, p. 257-271. per Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of Raton Basin, Colora and Acoma Basins, New Mexico, in New Mexico Geologi
do and New Mexico: AAPG Bulletin, v. 40, p. 707-721. cal Society �Guidebook, 25th Field Conference, Ghost Black, B.A., 1982, Oil and gas exploration in the Albuquerque Cordell-Lindrith, Keller, G.R., Hildenbrand, T.G., 1982, Com Ranch (Central-Northern NM), p. 251-258.Basin, in Grambling, J.A., and Wells, S.G., eds., Albuquer plete Bouger gravity anomaly map of the Rio Grande Rift, Johnson, R.E., 1983, Bravo Dome carbon dioxide area, north
que country II: New Mexico Geological Society 33rd An Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas: U.S. Geological Sur east New Mexico, in Oil and gas fields of the Four Corners Northrop, S.A., Sullwold, H.H., Jr., McAlpin, A.J., and Rogers, nual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 59-62. vey Geophysical Investigations Map Area, vol. III, Four Corners Geological Society, p. 745- C.P., Jr., 1946, Geologic maps of a part of the Las Vegas Ba
748. sin and of the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains,Black, B.A.,1984, Oil and Gas Exploration in the Rio Grande Dane, C.H., Landis, E.R., Cobban, W.A., 1971, The Twowells San Miguel and Mora Counties, New Mexico: U.S. GeoRift, New Mexico: Oil and Gas Fields of the Four Corners Tongue of the Dakota Sandstone and the Tres Hermanos Keighin, C.W., 1995, Raton Basin-Sierra Grande Uplift Prov logical Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Preliminary Map Area, p. 799-803. Sandstone as used by Herrick (1900), Western New Mexi ince, in Gautier, D.L., et al., 1996, 1995 National Assess
co: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 750-B, p. ment of United States Oil and Gas Resources-Results, 54. Black, B.A., 1979, Oil and gas exploration in the Santa Fe-Ga B17-B22.
listeo-Hagan area of New Mexico, in New Mexico Geo Methodology, and Supporting Data, United States Geolog Nummedal, D., and Riley, G.W., 1991, Origin of Late Turonian
logical Society Guidebook, 30th Field conference, Santa Dolly, and Meissner, 1977, Oil and gas exploration in North- ical Survey Digital Data Series DDS-30, Release 2. and Coniacian unconformities in the San Juan Basin, in Van Wagoner, J.C., Nummedal, D., Jones, C.R., Taylor, D.R., Fe Country, p. 275-280. Central New Mexico, in Exploration frontiers of the Cen Kelley, V.C., 1979, Tectonics, middle Rio Grande Rift, New Jennette, D.C., and Riley, G.W., eds., Sequence Stratigraphy tral and Southern Rockies: Rocky Mountain Association Mexico, in �Riecker, R.E., ed., Rio Grande Rift, tectonics Broadhead, R.F., 1989, Petroleum production and frontier ex of Geologists, p. 23-30. and magnetism: American Geophysical Union, Washing Applications to Shelf Sandstone Reservoirs-Outcrop to Sub
ploration in New Mexico, in Energy Frontiers in the Rock ies, J.C. Lorenz and S.G. Lucas (eds.), , Albuquerque Geo Eaton, J.G., and Nations, J.G., 1991, Introduction; tectonic set ton, D.C., p. 57-70. surface Example: American Association of Petroleum Geol
logical Society, p. 35-46. ting along the margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior Kelly, V.C., 1978, Geology of the Espanola Basin, New Mexi ogists Field Conference.
Seaway, southwestern Utah and northern Arizona: Geo co: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Broadhead, R.F., 1996, Oil and gas activities in New Mexico in logical Society of America Special Paper 260, p. 1-8. Geologic Map 48. Pillmore, C.L.,1969, Geologic map of the Casa Grande quadran1996: New Mexico Geology, v.19, no.4, p. 81-88.
Gautier, D.L., et al., 1996, 1995 National Assessment of Unit Kelley, V.C., 1977, Geology of the Albuquerque Basin, New gle, Colfax County, New Mexico, and Las Animas County,
Brooks, B.J., and W.R., Clark, 1978, Wagonmound Dakota- ed States Oil and Gas Resources-Results, Methodology, Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, Memoir Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Geological Quandrangle
Morrison, in Oil and gas fields of the Four Corners Area, and Supporting Data, United States Geological Survey Map GQ-823. J.E. Fassett, and Thomadis, N.D., eds., Four Corners Geo Digital Data Series DDS-30, Release 2.
33.
logical Society, Colorado. Landis, E.R., Dane, C.H., and Cobban, W.A., 1973, StratiGeldon, A.L., 1989, Ground-water hydrology of the central graphic terminology of the Dakota Sandstone and Mancos Butler, W.C.,1988, The rationale for assessment of undiscov Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Shale, West-Central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey ered economically recoverable oil and gas in South-Cen Survey, Water-supply Paper 2288, 81p. (CBM-NM).
tral New Mexico: a geologic overview and play analysis Bulletin 372, p. J1-J44.
of two favorable areas: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Gilbert, J.L., and Asquith, G.B., 1976, Sedimentology of braid Matuszczak, R.A., 1969, Trinidad Sandstone, interpreted, eval Report 88-450-B, 134p. ed alluvial interval of Dakota Sandstone, northeastern uated, in Raton Basin, Colorado-New Mexico: U.S. Geo
New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral logical Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Preliminary Map
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF NEW MEXICO References 20 NEW MEXICO
Pueblo Tribes of New Mexico REFERENCES (continued)
Pillmore, C.L., 1991, Coal-bed methane in Raton Basin, in coal fields of New Mexico-geology and resources, in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1972, C.L. Molina, ed., p. 1533, p. 45-68, and p. 69-77.
� Rice, D.D., and Finn, T.M., 1995, Coal-bed gas plays in Gauti
er, D.L., et al., 1996, 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources-Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data, United States Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-30, Release 2.
� Roth, G., 1983, Sheep Mountain and Dike Mountain Fields,
Huerfano County, Colorado; A source of CO2 for en hanced oil recovery, in Oil and Gas Fields of the Four Corners Areas, J.E. Fassett, ed., Colorado, United States, p. 740-744.
� Simms, R.W., 1965, Geology of the Rayando area, Colfax
County, New Mexico: Master's thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 90p.
Speer, W.R., 1976, Oil and gas exploration in the Raton Basin: New Mexico Geological Society 27th Annual Field Con ference Guidebook, p. 217-226.
� Stevens, S.H., Lombardi, T.E., Kelso, B.S., and Coates, J.M.,
1992, A geologic assessment of natural gas from coal seams in the Raton and Vermejo Formations, Raton Basin: Advanced Resources International, Inc., Report GRI-92/0345, 84p.
� Tyler, R., Ambrose, W.A., Scott, A.R., and Kaiser, W.R., 1991,
Coal-bed methane potential of the Greater Green River, Piceance, Powder River, and Raton Basins: Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin, Report GRI-91/00315, 249 p.
� Van Wagoner, J.C., Mitchum, R.M., Campion, K.M., and Ra
hamani, V.D., 1990, Siliclastic sequence stratgraphy in well logs, cores, and outcrops: techniques for high reso lution correlation of time and facies, American Associa tion of Petroleum Geologists Methods in Exploration Ser ies no. 7, 55p.
�
Van Wagoner, J.C., Mitchum, R.M., Posamentier, H.W., and Vail, P.R., 1988, An overview of fundamentals of se quence stratigraphy and key definitions of sequence strat igraphy, in Wilgus, C.K., Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G.St.C., Posamentier, H.W., Ross, C.A., and Van Wag oner, J.C. (eds.), Sea Level Changes: an Integrated Ap proach: SEPM Special Publications 42, p. 38-47.
� Villien, A., and Kligfield, R.M., 1986, Thrusting and synoro
genic sedimentation in central Utah, in Peterson, J.A., ed., Paleotectonics and Sedimentation in the Rocky Mountain Region, United States: American Association of Petrole um Geologists Memoir 41, p. 281-308.
� Woodward, L.A., and Snyder, D.O., 1976, Tectonic map of the
southern Raton Basin, New Mexico: New Mexico Geo logical Society 27th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, Map.
Woodward, L.A., 1974, Tectonics of Central-Northern New Mexico, New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 25th Field Conference, Ghost Ranch (Central-Northern NM), p. 123-129.
� Woodward, L.A., 1984, Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of
the Raton Basin, New Mexico: Oil and Gas Fields of the Four Corners Area, p. 789-798.
PUEBLO INDIAN RESERVATIONS References 21 NEW MEXICO