public speaking final

8/7/2019 public speaking final

1/73

Public Speaking


2/73

Speaking is an important method for

communicating knowledge and expressing

ideas. Being able to verbally communicate

effectively to other individuals or to groups isessential in school, business, as well as your

personal life. Effective public speaking is INFLUENCE &

INFLUENCE IS LEADERSHIP!!


3/73

Public speaking is the process of speaking to

a group of people in a structured, deliberate

manner intended to inform, influence, orentertain the listeners.


4/73

Aristotle: Father ofrhetoric

The practice of public speaking to attain a goal by

using persuasive tactics

It was not until the 5th century BCE roots of

rhetoric were planted for it to become an artform by teachers, called Sophists (wisdom

bearer).


5/73

` Evidence in persuasive messages is most effective inthe sources

x Ethos: Credibility

x Pathos: Emotional appeal

x Logos: logical appeal


6/73

The purpose of public speaking can range

from simply transmitting information, to

motivating people to act, to simply tellinga story.

Good orators should be able to change theemotions of their listeners, not just inform

them.


7/73

Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use

for purposes such as motivation, influence,

persuasion, informing, translation, or simplyentertaining.


8/73

Promotes Critical thinking The ability to make an informed judgment based

on available evidence

Advances Career Goals

Enables Civic Discourse

Provides Sense ofEmpowerment The feeling of the ability to attain goals


9/73

Public Relations Specialist

Sales Representative

Human Resources Specialist Radio andTelevision Broadcaster

Radio andTelevision announcer

Editor

SpeechTeacher Advisor

Recruiter


10/73


11/73

Two (2) BasicTypes of Communication

Verbal communication: the practice of all varieties ofspeech and writing.

Nonverbal communication: facial expressions, body

movements, gestures, and appearance that take placeduring the transmission and reception of messages.

Most communication, or as much as 65% of communication

is nonverbal.


12/73

In public speaking, as in any form of

communication, there are five basic

elements, often expressed as "who issaying whatto whom using

what medium with what effects?"


13/73

Intrapersonal communication:Communication with or within oneself

Interpersonal communication:communication with two or more people Small group communication: communication

with a small number of persons

Public Communication: delivery of a speechto an audience Mass Communication: communication via

media


14/73

Shannon-Weaver Model of Communicationrecognizes seven elements that shape our

communication.


15/73

1. Source (speaker): transmits ideas or informationto the receiverx Encoding: t he development of information form the

thoughts, feelings, or ideas in the mind of the sourcethrough the process of selection, formulation andorganization.

x Code: verbal or nonverbal symbols

2.Message: the information or ideas conveyed to

the receiverx Decode: to be able to translate code into an understandable

language


16/73

3. Channel: the means by which the message is

sent to the receiver

4. Receiver (Audience): whom the message is

sent

5. Feedback: verbal and nonverbal response toa message


17/73

6. Noise: the interference or barriers during thetransmittal of a message

x External noise: physical impediments

x Internal noise: psychological or physiological distractionsx Semantic noise: the message that the receiver is unable to

understand because of differences in meanings of words,accents, jargons, environment, ethnicity, experiences, beliefs,or values.

7. Context:Time, space, occasion, and theenvironment of a speech


18/73

Conversations: oral communication with

members of your family, friends, and

coworkers

Many of the principles of conversation alsoapply to public speaking inclusive of

similarities and differences.


19/73

Some conversations are planned.

This planning of conversations involvescarefully choosing the right words.

Public speaking involves much more planning

from choosing a topic, to performingresearch and practicing delivery.


20/73

` Although many conversations are planned, most is spur-of-the-moment. Public speaking is different in that it is usually planned.Stick to the topic selected, researched and practiced.

` Most conversations use informal language (slang, words, clichesand jargon).

` Audiences expect speakers to use language that follows traditionalstandards of correctness.

` Proximity: physical closeness may be absent during publicspeaking.

` Back and forth exchange of messages in conversation is missingform public speaking.


21/73

Peoples Biggest Fears

3. Death

2. Snakes

1. Public Speaking


22/73

1. Physical symptoms: include dry throat, nausea,increase in heart palpitation, sweating, changing

colors, shaking of hands and/or legs, cold hands2. Psychological symptoms: include avoiding eyecontact with the audience, forgetting the speech,gazing at the floor, ceiling or other objects

3. Both Physical and psychological symptoms


23/73

Know Your Environment

Know YourAudience

Know Your Speech

Learn to Relax

Visualize a Successful Speech


24/73

` Know that theAudience Wants you to Succeed

` Do notApologize for YourApprehension

` Concentrate on the message (not your fear)

` Make your Nervousness Work for You

` Gain Experience

` Evaluate Yourself


25/73

Acknowledge Your Fear

Act Confident Channel Nervous Energy

Practice, Practice, Practice

Simulate Setting at Home

Ask Friends to Be PracticeAudience


26/73

Visualize Your Success

Use Deep-breathingTechniques Focus on Message, not Fear

Give Yourself a Mental PepTalk


27/73

PeopleThink FasterThan Hear

Have ShortAttention Span Jump to Conclusions

Easily Distracted


28/73

Keep Speech Focused

Divide Speech into Compact Segments AnalyzeAudience Carefully

Adapt to Situation


29/73

Audience

Setting


30/73

Size

Demographics Beliefs andValues

Receptive/Antagonistic


31/73

Indoor/Outdoor

Size and Shape of Room Arrangement of Seating

EquipmentAvailable

Lighting

Acoustics


32/73

Inform

Inspire / Persuade

Entertain Introduce

Accept

PayTribute


33/73

Choosing/Narrowing aTopic ResearchingTopic

Organizing Your Speech Developing an Outline Rehearsing Speech Delivering Speech


34/73

Is It Important to You?

Is It Important to YourAudience?

Will It HoldAudiencesAttention? Is It Manageable in theTimeAvailable?

Is ItAppropriate for Oral Presentation?

Is It Clear?


35/73

Write a one sentencesummary of speech


36/73


37/73

Introduction

Main Point

Support

Transitions

Conclusion


38/73

Types

Functions


39/73

Identification withAudience

Reference to Situation

Statement ofPurpose

Statement ofImportance ofTopic

SurpriseAudience with Claim or Statistic


40/73

Anecdotal Story

Rhetorical Question

Quotation

Humor


41/73

Do something to gain the audiences attention: Tell a joke

Pound the speakers stand

Make a loud noise

Ask a question

Tell a story

Use a quotation

Use a personal reference Create suspense

Give a compliment


42/73

GetAttention

IntroduceTopic

ProvideMotivation

Establish Credibility

Preview Speech


43/73


44/73

Summary

Quotation

Personal Reference

Challenge toAudience

OfferVision of the Future


45/73

Anecdotal Story

Rhetorical Question

Quotation

Humor


46/73

The introduction must grab the attention of

the audience, but it must also focus on the

goal of the speech.


47/73

Alls Well that Ends Well - Shakespeare The conclusion offers the speaker on ed last

opportunity to remind the audience of thespeech content.

Summarize the main points. Use a story.

Be humorous. Appeal and Make an emotional impact.


48/73

Summary

Quotation

Personal Reference

Challenge toAudience

OfferVision of the Future


49/73

Anecdotal Story

Rhetorical Question

Quotation

Humor


50/73


51/73


52/73

Walk Calmly with Confidence to Front

Establish Eye Contact

Smile Naturally

Deliver Introduction


53/73

Use Effective Eye Contact

Use Effective Language

Use Effective Gestures

Be Enthusiastic

Use Conversational Style

Use NotesAs Needed


54/73

Frame the Speech

Pause before Returning to Seat

But DontAsk for Questions

AcceptApplause Graciously


55/73

Speech Rate and Pauses

Volume

Inflection and Pitch

Quality ofVoice

Pronunciation andArticulation


56/73

Appearance

Posture

Facial Expression

Eye Contact

Movement

Gestures


57/73

Make an outline of your case Choose your evidence and arguments Arrange them in the right order Give road signs to the audience so they

know what to expect Create a strong opening and closing


58/73

Prepare your speech or notes so you can refer

to your presentation easily

Dress the way you want people to perceiveyou

Before speaking, try to find a private place tostand before a mirror, look at yourself, make

sure all is ok, and say to yourself: I can dothis.


59/73

VisualAids Kinds of visual aids

Objects

Models Photographs

Drawings

Graphs

Charts

Slides and Videotapes Computer-Generated Graphics

Transparencies

Multimedia


60/73


61/73

Ask a small group of friends or even one

friend to let you practice and to give you

useful tips about how to improve Learn your speech so you can refer to it

without reading it

Practice speaking very clearly

Practice speaking NOT reading


62/73

Practice your hand gestures so they are

natural to you

Use a timer (for example, a watch) so thatyou will know how long you have spoken.

(You may be surprised!)

Listen to your friends and try to use their

comments to improve your speech Decide whether you will use a podium


63/73


64/73

Choose to use the podium or to speak

without a podium

If you have not been introduced, introduceyourself and thank the audience for coming

Make your speech

Be sure to make some eye contact with the

audience


65/73

Draw on both reason and emotion

Be reasonable and calm so that you can appeal to

the reason of those whom you wish to persuade Be emotional so that you can move to action

those whom you wish to move to action

Try not to read your speech, but to speak with

the audience as you would speak with friends


66/73

Conclude with words that tell the audience

that you have finished:

You may summarize: For example, In conclusion,I have given you three reasons why this measureshould be adopted.

Thank them for their attention


67/73

If there is time and opportunity, invite them

to a conversation

If you receive questions, be polite and listenand then thank the questioner for the

question, even if it is hostile

When time for questions and responses is

finished, thank them again for their attention


68/73

Read directlyfrom notes

Read directlyfrom screen

Turn back on audience Slouch, hands in pockets

No um, ah, you knows

No nervous gestures

Talk too fast, Talk too quietly


69/73

Ethnocentrism:A belief in the superiority of

ones group or culture over all other groups or

cultures. Problems of Ethnocentrism

Failure to take into account differences betweenself and audience.

Failure to take steps to become more sensitive tocultural, ethnic, and racial differences of yourlisteners.


70/73

Be sure tone is clear an appropriate for audiences ofall backgrounds.

Use support material appropriate to a wide variety oflisteners.

UseVisual aids to help overcome cultural and

language barriers.

Be especially tuned to audience feedback fordifficulties in understanding speech.


71/73


72/73


73/73

A poor presentation detracts from an informedand timely message.

Nursing administrators need to communicate

effectively via public speaking to achieve theirpersonal and organizational goals. While each one develops a unique presentation,

style commonalities of public speaking apply toeach of us and include getting organized to

speak, tailoring the message to the audience,adapting to audience feedback, and, of keyimportance, delivering an appealingpresentation.

Documents

public speaking final