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A presentation on accrual accounting which sets this reform in the context of the recent Neoliberal paradigm. The actual costs and benefits of accrual accounting are considered and alternative more effective public sector financial reforms are described
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public sector accounting reform is based on New Public Management and Neoliberalism
It is not based on proven good practiceIt is an ideologically contest approach to
reform – not modernisationAccrual accounting is costly & does not
provide the benefits claimed for it
OUTLINE
2
Background of Neoliberalism
The ideology of reform
4
Slide 5
Keynes to Washington consensus
Thatcher and Regan had to fight to introduce Neoliberalism (miners strike & sacking of the air traffic controllers)
third world debt gave World Bank/IMF leverage to impose structural adjustment policies (SAPs) across global south in 1980s
collapse of Berlin Wall (1989) undermined argument for state led economic development
Anti-Capitalist movement – from Seattle 1999
Global recession – from 2008 and the Arab spring.
Post 1945 consensus
State was central to economic development - direct role with state owned basic industries
economy should be actively managed to maintain full employment
The state had the following responsibilities:– provide affordable services to poor– re-distribute wealth– regulate economic activity to protect workers and the
environment The World Bank vilified by Wall Street Journal for
‘promoting socialism’ in developing countries
As Susan George said: In 1945 or 1950, if you had seriously
proposed any of the ideas and policies in today's standard neo-liberal tool-kit you would have been laughed off the stage or sent to the insane asylum.
Paradigm change
7
Requirements of Neoliberalism
• reduced government spending and greater fiscal discipline
• removing import controls and restrictions
on foreign investment
• privatisation of state enterprises
• free market for the national currency
• abolition of food subsidies and minimum wages.
New Public Management
New Public Management
Emphasises use of competitive markets & use of private sector techniques:
• out-sourcing, public private partnerships
• government financing rather than directly providing public services
• decentralisation, agencies and competition –giving managers the right to manage
• performance management
• charging and ‘cost sharing’
World Bank view of PFM
Three main objectives of PFM – (Public Expenditure Management Handbook, 1998):
aggregate fiscal discipline
resource allocation and use based on strategic priorities
efficiency and effectiveness of programs and service delivery.
MTEF, programme budgeting, IFMIS & decentralisation
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Is government debt so bad?
13
large state bureaucracies are inherently defective and wasteful; the free market is the most efficient method of allocating scarce resources; private sector management techniques are a suitable model for the public sector; and if the preferred approach of privatisation is not considered to be appropriate then commercialisation or pseudo-markets should be introduced as the second best alternative.
(Minogue in Connolly, 2009, 26)
NPM approach to public sector financial management
Accrual accounting
Cash or accrual accounting?
Cash basis is the traditional approach for the public sector
Modified as record:– debtors & creditors– financial balance sheet – debt & bank balances etc
Accrual accounting = private sector style accounts– physical assets valued in balance sheet– depreciation included in P&L account– tax recorded in year earned – so only estimate
15
Private sector – indicate level of dividend possible without reducing capital base
Public sector – indicate whether money was spent in line with parliamentary
budget
Objectives of financial statements
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Moving to accrual accounting ?
An interesting experiment by a few countries
significant costs involved
the benefits are yet unclear
17
Advantages of accrual accounting?
Financial reports prepared on an accrual basisallow users to:
Assess the accountability for all resources the entity controls and the deployment of those resources
Assess the performance, financial position and cash flows of the entity
Make decisions about providing resources to, or doing business with the entityInternational Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (2002)
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Recent Adoption of Accrual Accounting
CountryAdopted by central
governmentSpain 1989New Zealand 1993Sweden 1993Australia 1994USA 1998UK 2002Canada 2003Finland 2005France 2006
19
Top twenty economies
Accrual Not AccrualAustralia Canada France United Kingdom United States
Argentina, BrazilChina, GermanyIndia, IndonesiaItaly, JapanMexico, Russia, Saudi ArabiaSouth AfricaSouth Korea, Turkey
20
Slow train to accrual accounting ?
1850 - Birmingham City Council adopts accrual accounting
1866 – HM Treasury retains cash accounting in major reforms of public financial management
2001/02 – UK Government introduces accrual accounting (RAB) for the first time
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In Australia, the Postmaster-General’s department introduced commercial accounts (including a full profit and loss statement and balance sheet) in 1913
1996 –Australian central government adopted accrual accounting
Lost in the post?
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“accruals accounting involving allocating costs between years on the basis of resource use rather than cash funding was incompatible with parliamentary sovereignty and therefore unacceptable. Parliament voted cash funding year-on-year, so therefore the main control accounts, reports and accountability must be on an annual cash basis”
Perrin (1998,8)
HM Treasury view in 1970s
23
In 1992 Andrew said: Those who believe that private sector accounts are
superior need to bear two factors in mind. First, that there are no immutable accounting or other financial reporting rules which apply irrespective of the nature and purposes of the organisation whose activities and results are being displayed or the objectives of presentation. Second, that cash accounts, despite their crudeness, have a degree of transparency that accrual accounts cannot give and that many private sector financial reports do not seek to offer.
From 1993 to 2003 he was head of the Government Accounting Service and drove the introduction of accrual accounting in the UK
Andrew Likierman changes his mind
24
What is the objective
evidence?
Accrual accounting – the evidence? - 1
“In most cases it is too soon to identify any discernible benefits from better resource management”
UK National Audit Office, 2003
“there was little evidence that [accrual] information was extensively used in decision making… the costs were seen as substantial”
Connolly and Hyndman, 2005
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Accrual accounting – the evidence? - 2
“there was no evidence that the perceived benefits from the introduction of... accruals accounting... were being realised”
Mellett, Macniven & Marriott, 2008
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Accrual accounting – the evidence? - 3
“Departments have made significant progress in using accruals-based accounting and budgeting systems since our previous study. This has allowed departments to better understand how they are using their financial resources, for example by offering more detailed information to manage their assets and liabilities. Departments have used this information to help identify under-utilised assets and to dispose of those no longer required.”
UK National Audit Office, 2008
28
There are two main issues with current arrangements:
i. there is significant misalignment between the different bases on which financial information is presented to Parliament; and accordingly
ii. Government financial documents are published in different formats, and on a number of different occasions during the year, making it difficult to understand the links and inter-relationships between them.
April 2008 said to be “potentially an historic development”.
July 5th 2010 this was debated in parliament (10 years after the introduction of accrual accounting).
Clear Line of Sight Project
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“both sides of the house are agreed that the present system is broken and we should do something about it”
“in terms of effective parliamentary scrutiny we were at the bottom of the heap, together with New Zealand, ranked lower than any other democratic Parliament in the world, bar none”.
Edward Leigh – former Chair of Public Accounts Committee (July 2010)
30
“the Committee considers that the adoption of accrual accounting & budgeting has the potential for enhancing the management of the Commonwealth’s funding and expenditure and has done so to an extent.”
- 10 years after the introduction of accrual accounting(2007)
Public Administration Committee - Australia
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financial year from 1st July 2004 should have seen the Cayman Islands being “at the very forefront of financial accountability reporting among governments of the world”.
But, 2008 Auditor General’s report described:
“a very grim assessment of the state of financial accountability reporting throughout the Cayman Islands Government”.
the first accrual based accounts were 2.5 years late and the Auditor General found the “current situation deplorable”. He also believed that “the legislative assembly has lost control of the public purse”.
State of Financial Accountability Reporting - Cayman Islands (2008)
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April 2010, the Auditor General concluded that,
“the state of financial accountability reporting has gotten worse in the two years since I last reported on this matter”.
“I believe this situation has become a national crisis that could lead to tremendous consequences for the Cayman Islands Government if not addressed immediately”.
Cayman Islands – 2010 update
33
the US Government Accountability Office has been unable to provide an opinion on its accrual based consolidated financial statements for the last 14 years
Problems with US consolidated accrual accounting
34
The review of management procedures produced three major findings:
The different accounts of the state and their interaction continue to have shortcomings
Management practices affect the concepts of budget and fiscal balance.
The link between budget management and process performance is rarely established.
Annual report of Cour des Comptes - 2010
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Other opinions
OECD report on public sector reforms in Middle East and North Africa made the following comments on the introduction of accrual accounting:
Most countries, however, question whether the expected benefits have materialised. Has this reform improved the management of public resources and to what extent? Has it usefully informed the political process? Has it improved choices? These remain partly unanswered questions. Meanwhile the costs of moving to accrual accounting have been very substantial and generally much higher than expected (page 98-99).
OECD
37
GASB (US) White Paper 2006
“Governments are fundamentally different from for-profit business enterprises in several important ways. They have different purposes, processes of generating revenues, stakeholders, budgetary obligations, and propensity for longevity. These differences require separate accounting and financial reporting standards in order to provide information to meet the needs of stakeholders to assess government accountability and to make political, social, and economic decisions.”
38
Does not include:– natural resources- nationalised banks (UK)– the right to tax
Imbalance:– cost of education, but not value of workforce– pension costs, but not related future tax
Result suggests the need to reduce expenditure
Is the accrual balance sheet complete?
39
“Keep the accounts simple, but yet be able to show how the government has utilised the resources under its control. That should be the purpose of public sector accounts”
Teh Ben Chu, former Deputy Accountant General
Malaysia 2008
View from Malaysia
40
The accrual IPSASs have not been adopted, even by the key players:
US and France have their own accounting standards UK is adopting IFRS (with changes for the public sector) Australia – IFRS (with amendments), sector neutral New Zealand – IFRS with with 'public benefit entity'
amendments
Cash Basis IPSAS issued in January 2003, but core aspects yet to be implemented by a single country
What standards for the public sector?
41
Other PFM reforms
Other NPM accounting reforms
consolidated financial statements - Whole of Government Accounts
move from incremental line item budgeting to programme budgeting
medium term expenditure frameworks integrated financial management information
systems value for money auditing
43
So where do we go from
here?
Concluding thoughts
Accrual accounting may assist with:
• efficiency (reducing costs/wages) and comparison with the private sector
• the importance of a balanced budget
Direct benefits appear limited and may not justify the costs
Efficient approach:• What additional information is needed?• How can it be provided cheaply?
How do we fight Neoliberalism?
We need to fight for an alternative to cuts in public sector spending and unemployment
We need to fight against the fascist reaction of Anders Behring Breivik and the English Defence League
We also need to argue that NPM reforms like accrual accounting do not work, even on their own terms
The successes of the Arab Spring remind us that another world is possible
