Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries

8/9/2019 Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries

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BMCULAK PF

MCLGLANPM UFYMXP\

PBXF]KB UXLYNPM

LAYFCYMGMAP LA

LAIXNZPX]JP]XM

PXMA@Z NA@ UFCLJ\ FUPLFAZ Af. 2

Uuhclj-Urlvntm Unrtamrsblpsifr ]rhna [ntmr ]tlcltlms

N Xmvlmw fi Mxpmrlmajms la@mvmcfplak Jfuatrlms

Ublclppm Gnrla


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Uuhclj-Urlvntm

Unrtamrsblpsifr ]rhna [ntmr]tlcltlms


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Uuhclj-Urlvntm

Unrtamrsblpsifr ]rhna [ntmr]tlcltlms

N Xmvlmw fi Mxpmrlmajms la@mvmcfplak Jfuatrlms

Ublclppm Gnrla

PXMA@Z NA@ UFCLJ\ FUPLFAZ Af. 2

BMCULAK PF

MCLGLANPM UFYMXP\

PBXF]KB UXLYNPMLAYFCYMGMAP LA

LAIXNZPX]JP]XM


6/212

855< Pbm Latmrantlfanc Hnad ifr Xmjfastrujtlfa na` @mvmcfpgmat / Pbm [frc` Hnad>2>2 B Ztrmmt A[[nsblaktfa @J 850::Pmcmpbfam? 858-0;:->555

Latmramt? www.wfrc`hnad.frkM-gnlc? imm`hnjdEwfrc`hnad.frk

Ncc rlkbts rmsmrvm`

> 8 : 0 >8 >> >5 5=


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v

JFAPMAPZ

IFXM[FX@ xl

NJDAF[CM@KGMAPZ xlll

NHF]P PBM N]PBFX xv

NHHXMYLNPLFAZ xvl

FYMXYLM[ >

Krfwtb fi [ntmr UUUs slajm >. LAPXF@]JPLFA >:

8. MYFC]PLFA FI [NPMX UUUs LA @MYMCFULAK JF]APXLMZ >;

Pbm [ntmr Zmjtfr la tbm >


8/212

Jfatmatsvl

Mnrcy Pmrglantlfa na` Mxplrntlfa fi UUU Urfomjts 89

Amw Fpmrntfrs 8>9

0. PF[NX@ GFXM Z]ZPNLANHCM [NPMX UUUs >8:

Cmssfas ifr Gfrm Mijlmat na` Zustnlanhcm [ntmr UUUs >8:

N Amw Kmamrntlfa fi UUUs ifr ]rhna [ntmr ]tlcltlms >:2

Plgm tf Xmhncnajm tbm @mhntm >0=

NUUMA@LRMZ

N. [ntmr UUUs [bfsm Umrifrgnajm [ns Xmvlmwm`

ua`mr Pbls Ztu`y >0==

HLHCLFKXNUB\ >=;;

HFRMZhfxms

8.> Uuttlak la Ucnjm n Gf`mra Xmkucntfry Irngmwfrd?

Pbm > Jfvmrnkm Xntlf? Pbm Jbnccmakm fi Mstlgntlak na

Nppnrmatcy Zlgpcm La`ljntfr 0>

:.8 ]slak Zuhsl`lzm` [ntmr Jfaamjtlfa Urfkrngs tf

Mxpna` Njjmss la Zuh-Znbnrna Nirljn 9>


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vllJfatmats

:.: Latrfùjlak Zpmjlnc Lajmatlvms ifr Mijlmajy la

Niimrgnkms la [mstmra Nirljn 28

:.0 Pbm Jfajmpt fi tbm Mjfafgljnccy Fptlgnc Cmvmc fi

Cmndnkm? Lccustrntlfa irfg Jblcm 2=:.= Xmùjlak [ntmr Cfssms hy Jfghlalak n Gnankmgmat

Jfatrnjt wltb Cnrkm Xmbnhlcltntlfa [frd la Nggna, Ofr`na 2

:.2 Xnlslak tbm [ntmr Pnrlii [blcm Latrfùjlak n Urlvntm

Fpmrntfr la Kuynan >52

:.< Guctlpcm Pnrlii Xmamkftlntlfas na` Zbnrp Lajrmnsms

ifr Justfgmrs? Pbm Jfajmsslfa la Krmntmr Humafs Nlrms,

Nrkmatlan >>:

:.>5 N Zanpsbft fi Zujjmssiuc ]rhna [ntmr UUUs la

@mvmcfplak na` Prnasltlfa Jfuatrlms >85

0.> Bfw Urlvntm Fpmrntfrs Bmcpm` Ifstmr Mijlmat Uuhclj

Lavmstgmat la Niimrgnkms la Zmamknc na` Alkmr >00

ILK]XMZ

8.> [ntmr ]tlclty UUUs Nwnr`m` na` ]rhna Ufpucntlfas

Zmrvm` la @mvmcfplak Jfuatrlms, hy Xmklfa, > Lajrmnsms la Jfvmrnkm ua`mr Ilvm Jfajmsslfas Jfgpnrm`

wltb tbm Antlfanc Lajrmnsm la Nrkmatlan 09


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Jfatmatsvlll

:.8 Lajrmnsms la [ntmr Zuppcy Jfvmrnkm ua`mr Urlvntm

Fpmrntfrs Jfgpnrm` wltb Pbnt fi Uuhclj ]tlcltlms na`

wltb tbm Antlfanc ]rhna Nvmrnkm la Jfcfghln =:

:.: Mvfcutlfa fi [ntmr Zuppcy Jfvmrnkm ua`mr UUUs laGnalcn, tbm Ublclpplams, >5 [ntmr Cfssms ua`mr Mlkbt Cfak-Pmrg UUUs, hy AX[

Cmvmc la Zuh-Znbnrna Nirljn 25

:.>> Mvfcutlfa fi [ntmr Cfssms ua`mr >0 UUUs, hy AX[

Cmvmc la Cntla Ngmrljn 2:

:.>8 [ntmr Cfssms ua`mr Zmvma UUUs, hy AX[ Cmvmc

la Zfutbmnst Nsln 29

:.>: [ntmr Cfssms ua`mr >0 Gnankmgmat Jfatrnjts,

hy AX[ Cmvmc 29

:.>0 Lajrmnsms la Hlcc Jfccmjtlfa Xntlf ua`mr UUUs

la Cntla Ngmrljn

:.>= Lgprfvmgmats la tbm Hlcc Jfccmjtlfa Xntlf ua`mr

>= Gnankmgmat Jfatrnjts 9 Mvfcutlfa fi tbm Cnhfr Urf`ujtlvlty Xntlf ifr

>; Cnrkm UUUs ; Mgpcfygmat Xm`ujtlfa Nssfjlntm` wltb Lgpcmgmatntlfa

fi >5 Cnrkm UUUs la Cntla Ngmrljn 2 Mijlmajy Knlas ua`mr Cmnsms-Niimrgnkms la Jnrtnkman,Jfcfghln na` Zmamknc >50


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lxJfatmats

:.>< Kcfhnc Mijlmajy Knlas ua`mr >8 Gnankmgmat Jfatrnjts >5=

:.85 Mxngpcm fi Mijlmajy Knlas ua`mr Gnankmgmat Jfatrnjts

la Nggna, Ofr`na na` Ofbnaamshurk, Zfutb Nirljn >59

:.8> Mvfcutlfa fi [ntmr Pnrliis nitmr Matry fi Urlvntm Fpmrntfrsla [mstmra Nirljn >>>

:.88 Jbnakms la [ntmr Pnrliis fvmr >5 \mnrs fi Jfajmsslfas

(Mnstmra na` [mstmra _fams) la Gnalcn, tbm Ublclpplams >>=

:.8: Fvmrncc Futjfgms fi [ntmr UUU Urfomjts, hy Zlzm fi

Ufpucntlfa Zmrvm`, >2

PNHCMZ

8.> Cnrkm [ntmr ]tlclty UUUs Pbnt Xmturam` tf Uuhclj

Gnankmgmat hmtwmma > [ntmr UUUs [bfsm Umrifrgnajm [ns Xmvlmwm` ua`mr

Pbls Ztu`y >=5

H.> Amw Jfaamjtlfas na` Lajrmnsm` Njjmss la :9 Cnrkm

UUU Urfomjts >=9


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xl

IFXM[FX@

La lts cffd hnjd nt gfrm tbna >= ymnrs fi mxpmrlmajm wltb puhclj-prlvntm

pnrtamrsblps (UUUs) ifr urhna wntmr utlcltlms la `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms, tbls

hffd mxnglams tbm pmrifrgnajm fi n cnrkm sngpcm fi UUUs la `liimrmat

rmklfas. @lrmjtm` nt pfcljy gndmrs la kfvmragmats ns wmcc ns `fafrs na`

ftbmr stndmbfc`mrs, lts nlg ls tf hmttmr ua`mrstna` tbm jfatrlhutlfa fi wntmr

UUUs tf bmcp lgprfvm tbm prfvlslfa fi wntmr na` snaltntlfa smrvljms tf tbm

urhna pfpucntlfas fi tbm `mvmcfplak wfrc`.Pbls rmpfrt sbfws tbnt `mspltm `lijuctlms la smvmrnc jfuatrlms, wntmr UUU

bns cnrkmcy pnssm` tbm tmst fi tlgm. Pbm urhna pfpucntlfa smrvm` hy prlvntm

wntmr fpmrntfrs la tbm `mvmcfplak wfrc` bns hmma krfwlak mvmry ymnr slajm

>


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Ifrmwfr`xll

gmat amm`s. Nctbfukb jfajmsslfas bnvm wfrdm` la n imw pcnjms, jfatrnj-

tunc nrrnakmgmats tbnt jfghlam prlvntm fpmrntlfa wltb puhclj anajlak fi

lavmstgmat nppmnr tf hm tbm gfst sustnlanhcm fptlfa la gnay jfuatrlms. Na

fhvlfus lgpcljntlfa ifr kfvmragmats na` fafrs ls tbnt tbmy amm` tf rmgnlabmnvlcy maknkm` la tbm wntmr smjtfr, mspmjlnccy la tbm pffrmst jfuatrlms.

Pbmsm a`laks nrm lgpfrtnat. [bma gfamypuhclj na` prlvntmls

sjnrjm, lgprfvmgmats la smrvljm na` mijlmajy nrm mssmatlnc, cmn`lak tf n

hmttmr iuajtlfalak fi wntmr utlcltlms na` mvmatunccy tf lgprfvm` jrm`ltwfr-

tblamss, wbljb ls mvma gfrm trum nt n tlgm fi kcfhnc anajlnc jrlsls. [mcc-

`mslkam` puhclj-prlvntm pnrtamrsblps jna bmcp. @mjlslfa gndmrs la mvmcfplak

jfuatrlms amm` tf bnvm vnrlfus fptlfas tf tnjdcm tbm gnay jbnccmakms fi

wntmr utlcltlms. Pbls rmpfrt jfargs tbnt UUUs jna hm fam fi tbmg.

Ongnc Znkblr _fuhl`n Nccnfun

@lrmjtfr @lrmjtfr

Mamrky, Prnaspfrt, na` [ntmr Ilanajm, Mjfafgljs, na` ]rhna

Jbnlr, [ntmr Zmjtfr Hfnr` @mpnrtgmat

[frc` Hnad [frc` Hnad

Jbnlr, UULNI Urfkrng Jfuajlc


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xlll

NJDAF[CM@KGMAPZ

Pbls rmpfrt prmsmats tbm dmy a`laks irfg n stu`y fi mxpmrlmajms wltb

puhclj-prlvntm pnrtamrsblps ifr wntmr suppcy la `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms. Pbm

stu`y wns jnrrlm` fut hy tbm [ntmr Najbfr fi tbm Mamrky, Prnaspfrt, na`

[ntmr `mpnrtgmat (MP[[N) fi tbm [frc` Hnad, la pnrtamrsblp wltb tbm

Uuhclj-Urlvntm Lairnstrujturm N`vlsfry Injlclty (UULNI), hmtwmma Gny 8559

na` Ouam 8552.

Pbls stu`y wns cm` hy Ublclppm Gnrla, wbf ls ncsf tbm gnla nutbfr fi tblsrmpfrt. Pbm stu`y tmng lajcu`m` Culs Na`rs (CJZZ@), Ncmxna`mr @nalcmadf

([ntmr Zuppcy na` Znaltntlfa Urfkrng), Hmrtrna` @nr`maam (jfasuctnat),

Gntnr Incc (MP[[N), Ofantbna Bncpmra (MP[[N), N`n Dnrlan Lznkulrrm

(Ilanajm, Mjfafgljs, na` ]rhna `mpnrtgmat), Ncnla Cfjussfc (jfasuctnat),

na` Ofssms Guknhl (jfasuctnat). Pbm stu`y wns supmrvlsm` hy Nhmc Gmoln

(MP[[N). Hmrtrna` @nr`maam, Ofantbna Bncpmra, N`n Dnrlan Lznkulrrm,

na` Ofssms Guknhl jfccnhfrntm` la tbm `rnitlak fi sfgm pfrtlfas fi tbm

rmpfrt. Zpmjlnc tbnads nrm um tf Oyftl Zbudcn (UULNI) na` Jcmgmajln Pfrrms`m Gstcm (UULNI) ifr jfatlaufus suppfrt `urlak tbm lgpcmgmatntlfa fi tbm

stu`y.

Gnay jfasuctnats pnrtljlpntm` njtlvmcy la tbm jfccmjtlfa na` nancysls

fi tbm `ntn jfvmrm` la tbm stu`y. Pbmy lajcu`m Hmrtrna` @nr`maam, Ofrkm

@ujjl, Bnzlg Mc-Anssmr, Omna Ulmrrm Icfrmatla, Gnurljlf Ifuralfc, Nakmcn

Kfazncmz, Ncnla Cfjussfc, Omna Ulmrrm Gns, Ofssms Guknhl, Zlcvmr Guklsbn,

[lcclng Gubnlrwm, Gnrlcms Anvnrrf, Lna Uncgmr, Knhrlmcn Urualmr, Ouclf

Glkumc Zlcvn, Ncmona`rf Yncmajln, Xljbnr` Ymrspyjd, na` Kulccmrgf \mpms.Gnay jfccmnkums la tbm [frc` Hnad Krfup bmcpm` la `ntn kntbmrlak

na` jfatrlhutm` vncunhcm imm`hnjd na` jfggmats. Pbmy lajcu`m Pbn`mu

Nhljnclc, Fsjnr Ncvnrn`f, Nc`f Hnlmttl, Ncmxna`mr Hndnclna, Znhlam

Hm``lms, Ymaturn Hmakfmjbmn, Cfrmazf Hmrtfclal, Irnajd Hfusqumt, Krmk


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Njdafwcm`kgmatsxlv

Hfw`mr, Rnvlmr Jbnuvft m Hmnujbam, Omiirmy @mcgfa, Dntbnrlan Knssamr,

Ublclppm Buj, Ylony Onknaantbna, Ona Onassmas, Zubnlc OgmNa, Ofantbna

Dngdwncncn, Hlcc Dlak`fg, Umtmr Dfcsdy, Ongms Cmlkcna`, Untrljln

Cpmz, Gl`frl Gndlaf, Jcm`na Gna`rl-Umrrftt, Zmmgn Gnakbmm, UlmrGnatfvnal, Gnaumc Gnrlf, Ncmxna`mr GjUbnlc, Lnla Gmazlms, Mustnjbm

Funyfrf, Antnclyn Uusbnd, Jntbmrlam Xmvmcs, Kustnvf Znctlmc, Gnaumc

Zjblimr, Ofr`na Zjbwnrtz, Nvommt Zlakb, @nvl` Zlscma, Gnrlf Zunr`l, Culz

Pnvnrms, Jnrfclamz vna `ma Hmrk, Gmldm vna Klaamdma, Untrljln Ymmvmrs-

Jnrtmr, Jnrcfs Ymcmz, Onam [ncdmr, na` Gljbnmc [mhstmr. Zpmjlnc tbnads nrm

`um tf Culs Na`rs, Dntbnrlan Knssamr, na` tbm tmng irfg tbm Latmrantlfanc

Hmajbgnrdlak Amtwfrd ifr [ntmr na` Znaltntlfa ]tlcltlms (LHAMP) ifr

dla`cy injlcltntlak njjmss tf tbmlr `ntn smt.

Pbm prfomjt tmng wfuc` ncsf cldm tf tbnad tbm gnay rmprmsmatntlvms fi

kfvmragmats, rmkucntfry nkmajlms, na` tbm prlvntm smjtfr wbf prfvl`m` `ntn

na` laifrgntlfa ifr tbm stu`y. Zpmjlnc tbnads nrm `um tf Xljbnr` Irnajmys

(Jrnamc` ]alvmrslty), Ofs Culs Kunsjb ([frc` Hnad), Imclpm Gm`nccn

(]alvmrslty fi tbm Ublclpplams), In`mc A@nw (Glccmalug @rladlak [ntmr

na` @rnlankm TUMUNGW, Zmamknc), Kmrnr` Unyma (Nqunim`), Unuc Xmltmr

(Latmrantlfanc [ntmr Nssfjlntlfa), na` Xfhla Zlgpsfa (Jfasugmrs Latmran-

tlfanc) ifr prfvl`lak vncunhcm imm`hnjd na` jfggmats tf tbm anc `rnit fi

tbm rmpfrt. Zpmjlnc tbnads tf gy jfccmnkums Onalqum Xnjlam la UULNI4 ZtmvmDmaam`y4 na` Xljbnr` Jrnhhm, Na`rs Gmamsms, na` Onaljm Putma la tbm

[frc` Hnads Fijm fi tbm Uuhclsbmr.


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xv

NHF]P PBM N]PBFX

Ublclppm Gnrla ls n smalfr wntmr na` snaltntlfa spmjlnclst la tbm Mamrky,

Prnaspfrt, na` [ntmr mpnrtgmat fi tbm Zustnlanhcm @mvmcfpgmat Amtwfrd

fi tbm [frc` Hnad. Na mxpmrt fa wntmr utlcltlms rmifrgs na` puhclj-prlvntm

pnrtamrsblps, bm bns wfrdm` la gfrm tbna 05 `mvmcfplak na` `mvmcfpm`

jfuatrlms fa lastltutlfanc rmifrgs, lairnstrujturm anajm, na` utlcltlms gna-

nkmgmat. Bm oflam` tbm [frc` Hnad Krfup la 855> na` bns gfrm tbna

>= ymnrs fi mxpmrlmajm la tbm wntmr smjtfr, knlam` wltb tbm prlvntm smjtfr na`smvmrnc latmrantlfanc anajlnc lastltutlfas. Bm bfc`s na GZj `mkrmm la makl-

ammrlak irfg Lastltut Antlfanc Nkrfafglqum Unrls-Krlkafa na` na GHN

`mkrmm irfg LAZMN@ la Ifatnlamhcmnu, Irnajm.


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xvl

NHHXMYLNPLFAZ

HFP hulc`, fpmrntm, na` trnasimr

MP[[N Mamrky, Prnaspfrt, na` [ntmr `mpnrtgmat

(fi tbm [frc` Hnad)

KUFHN Kcfhnc Unrtamrsblp ifr Futput-Hnsm` Nl`

LHAMP Latmrantlfanc Hmajbgnrdlak Amtwfrd ifr [ntmr

na` Znaltntlfa ]tlcltlms

AX[ afa-rmvmaum wntmrF&G fpmrntlfa na` gnlatmanajm

UGM Urfkrngn `m Gf`mralznjla `m Mgprmsns (Jfcfghln)

UUL Urlvntm Unrtljlpntlfa la Lairnstrujturm

([frc` Hnad/UULNI Urfomjts @ntnhnsm)

UULNI Uuhclj-Urlvntm Lairnstrujturm N`vlsfry Injlclty

UUU puhclj-prlvntm pnrtamrsblp


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>

FYMXYLM[

Gnay kfvmragmats la tbm >


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Uuhclj-Urlvntm Unrtamrsblps ifr ]rhna [ntmr ]tlcltlms8

slglcnr nrrnakmgmats clgltm` tf tbm jfastrujtlfa na` fpmrntlfa fi trmntgmat

injlcltlms. Lt rmvlmws tbm fvmrncc sprmn` fi urhna wntmr UUUs `urlak tbm pnst

>= ymnrs na` smmds tf rmspfa` tf tbm qumstlfas fi wbmtbmr na` bfw tbmy

bnvm bmcpm` tf lgprfvm smrvljms na` tf mxpna` njjmss ifr tbm pfpucntlfasjfajmram`. Pbm stu`y nancyzms pmrifrgnajm `ntn irfg gfrm tbna 9= cnrkm

wntmr UUU prfomjts tbnt bnvm hmma la pcnjm ifr nt cmnst vm ymnrs (tbrmm ymnrs

la tbm jnsm fi gnankmgmat jfatrnjts), n sngpcm tbnt rmprmsmats n jfghlam`

pfpucntlfa fi nhfut >55 glcclfa pmfpcmjcfsm tf bnci fi tbm urhna pfpu-

cntlfa tbnt bns hmma smrvm` hy prlvntm wntmr fpmrntfrs sfgm tlgm hmtwmma

>


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:Fvmrvlmw

Njjmss

Pbm nancysls fi tbm lgpnjt fi UUUs fa njjmss tf plpm` wntmr ifjusms fa jfa-

jmsslfas (wbmrm gfst fi tbm lavmstgmat ls iua`m` hy tbm prlvntm pnrtamr) na`

cmnsms-niimrgnkms (wbmrm lt ls gfstcy iua`m` hy tbm puhclj pnrtamr). Fvmrncc,lt ls mstlgntm` tbnt wntmr UUU prfomjts bnvm prfvl`m` njjmss tf plpm` wntmr

ifr gfrm tbna 80 glcclfa pmfpcm la `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms slajm >


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la [mstmra Nirljn (Kulamn, Knhfa, Alkmr, na` Zmamknc). Zmvmrnc gnankm-

gmat jfatrnjts ncsf njblmvm` aftnhcm prfkrmss `mspltm tbmlr sbfrt ùrntlfa.

Bfwmvmr, aft ncc UUUs bnvm sujjmm`m` la lgprfvlak smrvljm jfatlaulty. Ifr

lastnajm, la Gnalcn (tbm Ublclpplams) tbm jfajmsslfanlrm la tbm [mstmra zfaminlcm` wblcm tbnt la tbm Mnstmra zfam sujjmm`m`.

Fpmrntlfanc Mijlmajy

N dmy fhomjtlvm ifr lajfrpfrntlak prlvntm fpmrntfrs ls tf lgprfvm fpmrnt-

lak mijlmajy. Nctbfukb utlclty fpmrntlfa bns guctlpcm injmts, la prnjtljm,

tbm fvmrncc mijlmajy fi na fpmrntfr jna hm hrfn`cy jnpturm` hy tbrmm gnla

la`ljntfrs? wntmr cfssms, hlcc jfccmjtlfa, na` cnhfr prfùjtlvlty.

[ntmr Cfssms. Jfatrfcclak wntmr cfssms ls n prlfrlty ifr nay wmcc-rua

utlclty. Xmjmat guctljfuatry stu`lms hy Na`rs, Kunsjb, Bnvma, na` Ifstmr(8552) na` Knssamr, Ufpfv, na` Uusbnd (8552h) ifua` tbnt prlvntm fpmrn-

tfrs wmrm miimjtlvm la rmùjlak wntmr cfssms. Jfarglak tbmlr a`laks, tbls

stu`y ifua` tbnt gnay prlvntm fpmrntfrs sujjmm`m` la rmùjlak wntmr cfssms,

aftnhcy la [mstmra Nirljn, Hrnzlc, Jfcfghln, Gfrfjjf, na` Mnstmra Gnalcn

la tbm Ublclpplams. La sfgm jnsms, prlvntm fpmrntfrs mvma rmùjm` afa-

rmvmaum wntmr (AX[) tf cmss tbna >= pmrjmat, n rntm slglcnr tf tbnt la sfgm

fi tbm hmst-pmrifrglak utlcltlms la `mvmcfpm` jfuatrlms.

Bfwmvmr, aft ncc tbm UUU prfomjts rmvlmwm` njblmvm` n slkaljnat rmùj-

tlfa la wntmr cfssms. Ifr lastnajm, la Kunynqulc (Mjun`fr), Gnputf (Gfzng-

hlqum), na` [mstmra Gnalcn (tbm Ublclpplams), af aftnhcm prfkrmss wns

njblmvm`, na` AX[ rmgnlam` nt vmry blkb cmvmcs (gfrm tbna =5 pmrjmat).

La smvmrnc jfuatrlms, lajcu`lak Nrkmatlan, trnjdlak tbm njtunc mvfcutlfa fi

wntmr cfssms ls `lijuct hmjnusm n cnrkm prfpfrtlfa fi rmsl`matlnc justfgmrs

nrm hlccm` fa mstlgntm`, aft njtunc, jfasugptlfa. Cmss tbna bnci fi tbm gna-

nkmgmat jfatrnjts ua`mr rmvlmw sbfwm` slznhcm prfkrmss.

Hlcc Jfccmjtlfa. Lt ls jfggfa ifr pffrcy pmrifrglak puhclj utlcltlms tf

bnvm cfw hlcc-jfccmjtlfa rntms hmjnusm fi cnx maifrjmgmat na` tbm injt tbntpmfpcm fitma rmsmat pnylak ifr pffr smrvljms. Hlcc jfccmjtlfa ls na nrmn la

wbljb lt ls wl`mcy nssugm` tbnt prlvntm fpmrntfrs nrm mijlmat, hmjnusm fi

`lrmjt anajlnc lajmatlvms. La`mm`, tbls stu`y ifua` tbnt, la gfst jnsms, tbm

latrfùjtlfa fi n prlvntm fpmrntfr gnrdm`cy lgprfvm` jfccmjtlfa rntms. Pbls

ls tbm `lgmaslfa la wbljb tbm pfsltlvm jfatrlhutlfa fi gnankmgmat jfa-

trnjts wns gfst jfaslstmat, wltb ncc tbm prfomjts la tbm sngpcm njblmvlak

slkaljnat lgprfvmgmats.

Cnhfr Urfùjtlvlty.Pbmrm ls strfak mvl`majm tbnt tbm latrfùjtlfa fi prl-vntm fpmrntfrs rmsuctm` la lgprfvmgmats la cnhfr prfùjtlvlty (gmnsurm`

ns tbm aughmr fi stnii pmr tbfusna` justfgmrs), njblmvm` tbrfukb hftb

stniak rmùjtlfas na` lajrmnsms la tbm justfgmr hnsm. Gnay fi tbm utlcl-

tlms jfajmram` wmrm fvmrstniim`, na` UUU prfomjts wmrm fitma njjfgpnalm`


23/212

=Fvmrvlmw

hy slkaljnat cnyfiis, rnaklak irfg 85 pmrjmat tf 9= pmrjmat fi tbm laltlnc

cnhfr ifrjm. Pbm cnyfiis wmrm fitma gftlvntm` aft oust hy fvmrstniak hut

ncsf hy tbm amm` tf jbnakm tbm fvmrncc prfcm fi mgpcfymms na` tf blrm gfrm

sdlccm` stnii.Fvmrncc Mijlmajy.[bma nancyzlak tbmsm tbrmm la`ljntfrs fi pmrifrgnajm

la jfghlantlfa, fpmrntlfanc mijlmajy nppmnrs tf hm tbm nrmn la wbljb tbm

pfsltlvm jfatrlhutlfa fi prlvntm fpmrntfrs bns hmma tbm gfst jfaslstmat. Pf

jnpturm tbm iucc lgpnjt fi n UUU fa fpmrntlfanc mijlmajy, `mtnlcm` anajlnc

nancysls fi la`lvlùnc prfomjts wfuc` bnvm hmma rmqulrm`, kflak hmyfa` tbm

sjfpm fi tbls stu`y. Afamtbmcmss, sfgm kmamrnc jfajcuslfas jna hm `rnwa.

Pbm fvmrncc mijlmajy fi jfajmsslfanlrmsls bnr` tf ou`km, hmjnusm tbmy nrm

rmspfaslhcm ifr hftb fpmrntlfas na` lavmstgmat4 tbmlr lavmstgmat mijlmajy

wns aft n``rmssm` la tbls stu`y. La tbm jnsm fi Gnalcn, n `mtnlcm` nancysls hy

tbm rmkucntfr sbfwm` tbnt tbm jfajmsslfanlrm la tbm Mnstmra zfam bn` slkal-

jnatcy lgprfvm` fpmrntlfanc mijlmajy, wblcm tbm fam la tbm [mstmra zfam

bn` aft. La tbm jnsm fi Nrkmatlan, lt ls aft jcmnr wbmtbmr jfajmsslfanlrms

njblmvm` gujb lgprfvmgmat la mijlmajy.

La cmnsms-niimrgnkms, tbm mijlmajy fi prlvntm fpmrntfrs ls mnslmr tf nssmss,

hmjnusm tbm rmspfaslhlclty ifr fpmrntlfa na` tbnt ifr lavmstgmat nrm smpn-

rntm` hmtwmma tbm prlvntm na` puhclj pnrtamrs. @mtnlcm` laifrgntlfa nvnlc-

nhcm ifr sujb prfomjts la Zmamknc na` Jnrtnkman (Jfcfghln) sbfwm` tbntjcmnr knlas la fpmrntlfanc mijlmajy wmrm njblmvm`, wbljb wmrm pnssm` tf

jfasugmrs fvmr tlgm tbrfukb tnrlii rmùjtlfas la rmnc tmrgs.

Gnankmgmat jfatrnjts matnlc facy n clgltm` trnasimr fi rmspfaslhlclty tf

prlvntm fpmrntfrs, klvlak tbmg clgltm` jfatrfc fvmr n utlcltys cnhfr ifrjm.

Mijlmajy lgprfvmgmats ua`mr gnankmgmat jfatrnjtsgmnsurm` uslak

tbm kcfhnc mijlmajy la`mx (tbm rntlf fi wntmr hlccm` na` pnl` ifr tf wntmr

prfùjm`, n gmnsurm tbnt jfghlams wntmr cfss rmùjtlfa na` lgprfvm` hlcc

jfccmjtlfa)wmrm slkaljnat la gfst jnsms ua`mr rmvlmw.Pnrlii Cmvmcs

Gfst pffrcy pmrifrglak puhclj utlcltlms la `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms bnvm wntmr

tnrliis tbnt nrm wmcc hmcfw jfst-rmjfvmry cmvmcs, na` rnlslak tbmg ls fitma n

amjmssnry jfgpfamat fi rmifrg tfwnr` anajlnc sustnlanhlclty. La prnjtljm,

tbm pftmatlnc lgpnjt fi n UUU fa tbm tnrlii `mpma`s fa bfw inr tbm laltlnc

tnrlii cmvmc ls irfg tbm jfst-rmjfvmry cmvmc na` fa tbm mxtmat fi mijlmajy

knlas tbnt jna hm gn`m hy tbm prlvntm fpmrntfrtwf injtfrs tbnt gfvm

la fppfsltm `lrmjtlfas na` jna hm fi vmry cnrkm gnkaltu`m la `mvmcfplakjfuatrlms.

Pbm mvfcutlfa fi tnrlii cmvmcs la n aughmr fi UUU prfomjts wns nancyzm` ns

pnrt fi tbm prmsmat stu`y. La gfst jnsms, tnrliis rfsm fvmr tlgm, hut tbm ua`mr-

cylak rmnsfas, ns wmcc ns wbmtbmr tbfsm lajrmnsms wmrm oustlm`, jfuc` aft hm


24/212


nssmssm`. Nancyzlak tbm lgpnjt fi UUUs fa tnrliis jna hm mnslcy glscmn`lak,

hmjnusm lt ls bmnvlcy `mpma`mat fa prmvnlclak tnrlii pfcljlms. Pnrlii lajrmnsms

nrm aft amjmssnrlcy n hn` tblak ifr justfgmrs wbma tbmy ncsf trnascntm latf

wl`mr njjmss tf hmttmr smrvljms, ns bnppmam` ua`mr gnay UUUs. La gnay`mvmcfplak jfuatrlms, cfw wntmr tnrliis gfstcy hmamt tbm jfaamjtm` gl``cm

jcnss na` wfrd nknlast tbm latmrmsts fi tbm uajfaamjtm` urhna pffr wbf

amm` tf njjmss wntmr irfg fitma uasnim na`/fr gfrm mxpmaslvm sfurjms. Lt ls

cldmcy tbnt gnay fi tbm pffr bfusmbfc`s tbnt knlam` njjmss tf plpm` wntmr

ua`mr UUU prfomjts ma`m` up pnylak n cfwmr prljm ifr wntmr tbna wbma

tbmy wmrm aft jfaamjtm` tf tbm amtwfrd. Lt gust ncsf hm aftm` tbnt la n

imw rmjfr`m` jnsms, prlvntm fpmrntfrs gn`m cnrkm mafukb mijlmajy knlas tf

nccfw ifr slkaljnat tnrlii rm`ujtlfas la rmnc tmrgs nitmr n imw ymnrs.

Pbm mvl`majm irfg tbm cltmrnturm fa tbm lgpnjt fi UUUs fa tnrliis ls ncsf

cnrkmcy lajfajcuslvm. Jfsts nrm krmntcy niimjtm` hy cfjnc injtfrs, sujb ns rnw

wntmr nvnlcnhlclty, na` jfgpnrlak tnrlii cmvmcs hmtwmma prlvntm na` puhclj

utlcltlms jna hm glscmn`lak hmjnusm fi `liimrmajms la tbm cmknc, n`glalstrn-

tlvm, na` anajlnc irngmwfrds la wbljb tbm twf smts fi utlcltlms fpmrntm. Pbm

rmjmat stu`y hy Knssamr, Ufpfv, na` Uusbnd (8552n) usms n cnrkm sngpcm tf

jfatrfc ifr tbm gnay mxfkmafus injtfrs. Lt ifua` af stntlstljnccy slkaljnat

`liimrmajm la wntmr tnrliis hmtwmma jfgpnrnhcm puhclj na` prlvntm utlcltlms.

Dmy Ila`laks

[ntmr UUUs Nrm n Ylnhcm Fptlfa la @mvmcfplak Jfuatrlms

@mspltm clgltntlfas rmcntm` tf ntn njjmsslhlclty na` rmclnhlclty, na` tbm nghl-

kulty fi la`ljntfrs, tbm nancysls fi tbm ifur `lgmaslfas fi pmrifrgnajm

(njjmss, qunclty fi smrvljm, fpmrntlfanc mijlmajy, na` tnrlii cmvmcs) sukkmsts

tbnt tbm fvmrncc pmrifrgnajm fi wntmr UUU prfomjts bns hmma kmamrnccy qultm

sntlsinjtfry. Zmvmrnc UUU prfomjts pmrifrgm` wmcc fa jfvmrnkm (njjmss), smr-

vljm qunclty, na` mijlmajy tfkmtbmr. Gfrm pmrifrgm` wmcc la fam fr twf dmynspmjts. Zfgm hrfukbt slznhcm lgprfvmgmats tf tbm pfpucntlfas tbmy smrvm`

mvma tbfukb tbmy prfvm` uasustnlanhcm na` wmrm tmrglantm` mnrcy. N imw

ftbmrs inlcm` tf njblmvm nay gmnalakiuc rmsucts hy gfst njjfuats.

Lt ls aftmwfrtby tbnt fut fi 9= `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms tbnt mghnrdm` fa

wntmr UUUs `urlak tbm pnst twf `mjn`ms, nt cmnst 0> stlcc bn` prlvntm wntmr

fpmrntfrs, na` 20 pmrjmat fi ncc nwnr`m` jfatrnjts wmrm stlcc njtlvm, hy tbm

ma` fi 855;. Pwmaty-ifur jfuatrlms bn` rmvmrtm` tf puhclj gnankmgmat,

na` smvmrnc jfatrnjts bn` hmma tmrglantm` mnrcy ifccfwlak jfaljts hmtwmmatbm pnrtlms. Pbmsm aughmrs nrm aft uarmnsfanhcm jfasl`mrlak wbnt bns la

prnjtljm hmma n gnrdmt tmst fi n wl`m vnrlmty fi jfatrnjtunc `mslkas la gnay

`liimrmat (na` fitma jbnccmaklak) mavlrfagmats. @mtnlcs f gnttmr4 tbm jbfljm


25/212

;Fvmrvlmw

fi jfatrnjtunc `mslkas, ns wmcc ns tbm wlcclakamss fi tbm puhclj na` prlvntm

pnrtamrs tf gndm lt wfrd `urlak lgpcmgmatntlfa, bnvm prfvm` tf hm gnofr

`mtmrglanats la tbm anc futjfgm.

Pf rnw n kmamrnc pljturm fi tbm fvmrncc futjfgm fi wntmr UUU prfomjts latbm `mvmcfplak wfrc`, tbls stu`y nttmgptm` n hrfn` jcnssljntlfa. N tftnc fi

85= glcclfa pmfpcm la `mvmcfplak na` mgmrklak jfuatrlms bnvm hmma smrvm`

hy wntmr UUU prfomjts nt sfgm pflat `urlak tbm pnst >= ymnrs. Fi tbmsm,

>95 glcclfa pmfpcm wmrm stlcc hmlak smrvm` nt tbm ma` fi 855;, wblcm nhfut

0= glcclfa pmfpcm bn` hmma smrvm` hy UUUs tbnt wmrm mltbmr tmrglantm` mnrcy

fr aft rmamwm` nt mxplrntlfa.

Ngfak tbm >95 glcclfa pmfpcm smrvm` hy prlvntm fpmrntfrs la 855;, nhfut

=5 glcclfa nrm smrvm` hy UUU prfomjts tbnt jna hm jcnsslm` ns hrfn`cy suj-

jmssiuc. Pbmsm nrm prfomjts tbnt bnvm hrfukbt slkaljnat hmamts tf tbm pfpu-

cntlfa na` wbmrm n wfrdlak rmcntlfasblp bns `mvmcfpm` fvmr tlgm hmtwmma

tbm puhclj na` prlvntm pnrtamrs. Zujjmssiuc UUU prfomjts mxlst la ncc rmklfas fi

tbm mvmcfplak wfrc`, lajcu`lak Cntla Ngmrljn (Jfcfghln, Jblcm, Kunynqulc

la Mjun`fr, na` smvmrnc jfajmsslfas la Hrnzlc na` Nrkmatlan), Zuh-Znbnrna

Nirljn (Jtm `Lvflrm, Knhfa, na` Zmamknc), Nsln (Mnstmra Gnalcn la tbm

Ublclpplams), Mnstmra Murfpm na` Jmatrnc Nsln (\mrmvna la Nrgmaln), na`

tbm Gl``cm Mnst na` Afrtb Nirljn (Gfrfjjf). Njtlvm UUU prfomjts wbfsm

pmrifrgnajm wns glxm` fr `lsnppflatlak nrm mstlgntm` tf rmprmsmat n pfpu-cntlfa fi nhfut 85 glcclfa. Pbm rmgnla`mr (


26/212


Jfatrnjtunc Nrrnakmgmats ifr [ntmr UUUs Bnvm Mvfcvm` @liimrmatcy

la @liimrmat Xmklfas

N cnrkm prfpfrtlfa fi tbm UUUs tbnt wmrm nwnr`m` `urlak tbm >


27/212

, prlvntm fpmrntfrs irfg `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms bnvm slkam` gfst fi tbm

amw jfatrnjts, na` sfgm latmrantlfanc fpmrntfrs bnvm ncsf trnasimrrm` tbmlr

mxlstlak jfatrnjts tf cfjnc lavmstfrs.

Zfgm ls `um tf prlvntm fpmrntfrs irfg `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms.

Hy 855;, cfjnc prlvntm wntmr fpmrntfrs smrvm` gfrm tbna 9; glcclfa pmfpcm,

fr gfrm tbna 05 pmrjmat fi tbm gnrdmt. Pbls stu`y l`matlm` ns gnay ns

82 cnrkm prlvntm fpmrntfrs irfg `mvmcfplak na` mgmrklak jfuatrlms, mnjb

smrvlak n jfghlam` pfpucntlfa fi nt cmnst 055,555 pmfpcm. La Mnst Gnalcnla tbm Ublclpplams ns wmcc ns smvmrnc UUU prfomjts la Nrkmatlan, Hrnzlc, na`

Jfcfghln, cfjnc prlvntm lavmstfrs bnvm prfvm` tbmlr jnpnjlty tf cmnra tbm

trn`m, `mclvmr kff` pmrifrgnajm, na` hmjfgm jrm`lhcm pcnymrs.

Lt wfuc` hm bnr` tf fvmrmstlgntm tbm lgpfrtnajm fi tbls amw trma`. Aft

facy `f tbmsm amw fpmrntfrs prfvl`m gujb-amm`m` jfgpmtltlfa la tbm smj-

tfr, hut tbmy ncsf gny bnvm n hmttmr jnpnjlty tf gnankm tbm vnrlfus rlsds

labmrmat la tbm urhna wntmr utlclty huslamss. Pbmlr ua`mrstna`lak fi cfjnc

jucturm jna nccfw tbmg tf gfrm mnslcy mstnhclsb n vlnhcm pnrtamrsblp wltbcfjnc nutbfrltlms na` hmttmr gltlkntm pfcltljnc rlsds. Pbmy nrm ncsf prfhnhcy

hmttmr sultm` tbna tbmlr latmrantlfanc jfgpmtltfrs tf smrvlak sgncc jltlms na`

tfwas, wbmrm tbm amm`s nrm jfasl`mrnhcm.


28/212

Uuhclj-Urlvntm Unrtamrsblps ifr ]rhna [ntmr ]tlcltlms>5

Pfwnr` n Gfrm Hncnajm` @mhntmLt ls jcmnr irfg tbm gnay mxpmrlmajms fi tbm pnst >= ymnrs tbnt puhclj-prlvntm

pnrtamrsblp ls aft n gnklj ifrgucn tf n``rmss ncc tbm guctlpcm lssums fi inlc-

lak puhclj wntmr utlcltlms la tbm `mvmcfplak wfrc`. Ifr gnay kfvmragmats la`mvmcfplak na` trnasltlfa jfuatrlms, UUU prfomjts bnvm prfvm` tf hm jfgpcmx

ua`mrtndlaks tbnt jnrry strfak pfcltljnc rlsds na` cnrkm uajmrtnlatlms ns tf

tbm gnkaltu`m na` tlglak fi tbm mxpmjtm` hmamts. Jfatrnjtunc tnrkmts nrm

`lijuct tf smt na` hnsmclam `ntn nrm smc`fg rmclnhcm4 tbmy kmamrntm gnay

fppfrtualtlms ifr jfaljt. Urlvntm fpmrntfrs `f aft ncwnys `mclvmr na` bnvm

n tma`majy tf smmd rmamkftlntlfas tf tbmlr n`vnatnkm. Xmifrgs jna hmjfgm

mnslcy suhvmrtm` hy vmstm` latmrmsts. Gnay fhstnjcms jna cmn` tf jfaljts

na` jfstcy mnrcy tmrglantlfa. Ztlcc, tbm fvmrncc pmrifrgnajm fi wntmr UUUs

ls gfrm pfsltlvm tbna ls jfggfacy hmclmvm`. UUU prfomjts ifr urhna wntmr

utlcltlms bnvm hrfukbt slkaljnat hmamts tf tmas fi glcclfas fi pmfpcm la tbm

`mvmcfplak wfrc`.

Prnasimrrlak n gnofrlty fi urhna wntmr smrvljms tf prlvntm fpmrntfrs ls

uacldmcy tf hm tbm jbfsma fptlfa ifr gfst `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms. Hut bnvlak

n imw wntmr suppcy UUUs la n jfuatry jna stlcc hm vmry hmamjlnc, hy kmamrnt-

lak gujb-amm`m` prmssurms tf gfvm tbm wbfcm smjtfr tfwnr` blkbmr cmvmcs

fi pmrifrgnajm. Pbm puhclj wntmr utlcltlms tbnt bnvm sujjmm`m` la lgprfvlak

pmrifrgnajm nrm tbfsm tbnt bnvm nppclm` sfua` jfggmrjlnc gnankmgmatprlajlpcms, mgpbnslzlak anajlnc vlnhlclty, njjfuatnhlclty, na` justfgmr smr-

vljm. Jfgpcnjmajy ls tbm wfrst mamgy fi puhclj utlcltlms, na` lt ls rfftm` la

tbm nssugptlfa tbnt pffr smrvljm bns af jfasmqumajms. Pbnt nttltu`m gndms

lt `lijuct ifr mvma tbm gfst sdlccm` na` hmst-latmatlfam` puhclj gnankmrs

tf latrf`ujm na` sustnla lgprfvmgmats la tbm injm fi tbm vnrlfus krfups

tbnt bnvm vmstm` latmrmsts la tbm stntus quf. La tbnt smasm, tbm njtunc jfa-

trlhutlfa fi wntmr UUUs gny hm krmntmr tbna tbnt njblmvm` la spmjlj prfo-

mjtstbrfukb tbm latrf`ujtlfa fi n gujb-amm`m` smasm fi jfgpmtltlfa na`njjfuatnhlclty la na mrstwblcm gfafpfclstlj smjtfr.

Gnay puhclj wntmr suppcy utlcltlms la tbm `mvmcfplak wfrc` nrm ncsf

fpmalak tbm `ffr tf tbm prlvntm smjtfr tbrfukb prnjtljms tbnt incc sbfrt fi

`mcmkntm` gnankmgmat hut fpma tbm wny ifr n amw, hrfn`mr npprfnjb ifr

prlvntm smjtfr lavfcvmgmat. Pbmsm lajcu`m ftbmr ifrgs fi prfvl`lak fpmr-

ntlfanc mxpmrtlsm, sujb ns pmrifrgnajm-hnsm` smrvljm jfatrnjts, twlaalak,

na` suhjfatrnjtlak. Pbm prlvntm smjtfr ls ncsf knlalak n amw rfcm wltb puh-

clj utlcltlms tbnads tf tbm lajrmnslak rmjfursm tf prlvntm anajlmrs la tbm

gfst n`vnajm` jfuatrlmswltb, la n``ltlfa tf afarmjfursm HFP prfomjts

ifr trmntgmat injlcltlms, tbm rmjmat `mvmcfpgmat fi suhsfvmrmlka hfrrfwlak

fr sncm fi glafrlty mqulty sbnrms tbrfukb laltlnc puhclj fiimrlaks (LUFs).

Ilanccy, puhcljcy fwam` wntmr utlcltlms nrm stnrtlak tf cffd ifr `mcmkntm`


29/212

>>Fvmrvlmw

gnankmgmat fr ftbmr jfatrnjts futsl`m fi tbmlr ourls`ljtlfa, wbmrm tbmy

jfatrnjtunccy hmjfgm prlvntm pnrtamrs. Ncc tbls gndms tbm trn`ltlfanc hfua`-

nrlms hmtwmma puhclj na` prlvntm wntmr utlcltlms lajrmnslakcy hcurrm`, ifstmr-

lak n gfrm hufynat na` jfgpmtltlvm gnrdmt na` gfrm jbfljms ifr `mjlslfagndmrs la kfvmragmat.

Pbm prlvntm smjtfr bns gujb tf fiimr, na` la gnay ifrgs. Pf tnjdcm tbm

lggmasm jbnccmakms injlak tbm urhna wntmr smjtfr la `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms,

pfcljy gndmrs amm` ncc tbm bmcp tbmy jna kmt. Lt glkbt oust hm tlgm ifr n

hrfn`mr jfajmpt fi pnrtamrsblp, fam tbnt lajcu`ms ncc na` mxjcu`ms afam.


30/212


31/212

>:

>.

LAPXF@]JPLFA

La tbm >


32/212


jfuatrlms. @liimrlak pmrspmjtlvms bnvm kmamrntm` n cnrkm hf`y fi cltmrnturm

wltb nghlkufus na`, la sfgm jnsms, jfatrn`ljtfry a`laks. Pbm `lvmr-

kmajms stmg irfg smvmrnc injtfrs, lajcu`lak (n) vnrlntlfas la gmtbf`fcfky

(sujb ns n `mtnlcm` jnsm stu`y vmrsus jrfss-smjtlfanc mjfafgmtrlj nancysls)4(h) vnrlntlfas la `ntn nvnlcnhlclty na` rmclnhlclty4 na` (j) vnrlntlfas la mvncu-

ntlfa irngms (gnay ifjus fa n slakcm tfplj fr smt fi tfpljsifr mxngpcm,

rmkucntlfa fr tnrlii smttlak, pfvmrty tnrkmtlak, fr jfaamjtlfa jfstswbmrmns

ftbmrs lajfrpfrntm gfrm vnrlnhcms hut jfvmr n tlgm spna fi facy fam fr

twf ymnrs).

Zfgm fhsmrvmrs bnvm vlmwm` jfatrnjtlak fi tbm prfvlslfa fi sujb mssmatlnc

smrvljms ns labmrmatcy irnukbt wltb jfaljts, klvma tbm gfafpfclstlj anturm

fi tbmsm smrvljms. Ftbmrs nrm gfrm prnkgntlj hut qumstlfa wbmtbmr UUU

nrrnakmgmats jna wfrd wmcc la tbm `lvmrsm smttlaks fi `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms,

pflatlak tf wmnd lastltutlfanc jnpnjltlms, pffr kfvmranajm, na` knps la tbm

rucm fi cnw na` maifrjmgmat fi jfatrnjts. Ftbmrs pflat tf n imw blkbcy puh-

cljlzm` inlcurms ns mvl`majm tbnt UUUs ns sujb nrm aft sultm` tf tbm [ZZ smjtfr

na` tf jfa`ltlfas la `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms la pnrtljucnr. Ztlcc ftbmrs nttrlhutm

tbfsm inlcurms tf vmstm` latmrmsts na` pfcltljnc gnalpucntlfa, na` pflat tf

smcmjtm` sujjmssms ifr cmssfas fa bfw tf gndm UUUs wfrd. ]a`mrcylak gfst

stu`lms nrm knps la `ntn jfvmrnkm na` qunclty, rmmjtlak tbm injt tbnt pmrifr-

gnajm `ntn `lsjcfsm` hy wntmr utlcltlms nrm clgltm` na` rnrmcy jfgpnrnhcmngfak utlcltlms na` fvmr tlgm. Pbm sjnrjlty fi puhclsbm` pmrifrgnajm laifr-

gntlfa jfatrlhutms tf na lgprmsslfa fi smjrmjy na` cnjd fi njjfuatnhlclty,

wbmtbmr ifr puhclj utlcltlms fr prlvntm fpmrntfrs.

Pbls stu`y prfvl`ms fhomjtlvm laifrgntlfa na` nancysls fa tbm pmrifr-

gnajm fi UUU prfomjts la urhna wntmr suppcy na` snaltntlfa la `mvmcfp-

lak jfuatrlms. Lt rmvlmws tbm sprmn` fi urhna wntmr UUU prfomjts `urlak tbm

pnst >= ymnrs, na` nssmssms wbmtbmr na` bfw tbmy bnvm bmcpm` tf lgprfvm

smrvljms na` mxpna` njjmss ifr tbm pfpucntlfas jfajmram`. Pbm stu`y usmsn strujturm` irngmwfrd tf nssmss tbm pmrifrgnajm fi gfrm tbna 9= cnrkm

wntmr UUU prfomjts tbnt bnvm hmma la pcnjm ifr nt cmnst vm ymnrs (tbrmm ymnrs

la tbm jnsm fi gnankmgmat jfatrnjts) na` tbnt prfvl`m smrvljms tf n jfg-

hlam` pfpucntlfa fi ncgfst >55 glcclfa (smm nppma`lx N). Hy pfpucntlfa

slzm, tbls sngpcm rmprmsmats jcfsm tf 25 pmrjmat fi tbm wntmr UUU prfomjts

tbnt wmrm nwnr`m` hmifrm 855: na` bnvm hmma njtlvm ifr nt cmnst tbrmm ymnrs.

Pbm nancysls ifjusms fa tbm njtunc lgpnjt fi tbmsm prfomjts ifr tbm jfa-

jmram` pfpucntlfas, tbnt ls, tbm amt lgprfvmgmats njblmvm` ua`mr tbmsm pnrt-

amrsblps.>Pf tbm mxtmat tbnt tbm nvnlcnhcm `ntn pmrglt, ifur `lgmaslfas fi

>. Pbls npprfnjb `fms aft cffd nt tbm fpmrntfrs jfgpclnajm wltb jfatrnjtunc tnrkmts, wbljb lsna lgpfrtnat hut nctfkmtbmr `liimrmat lssum na` aft tbm suhomjt fi tbls stu`y.


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>=Latrf`ujtlfa

pmrifrgnajm nrm nancyzm`? njjmss na` jfvmrnkm mxpnaslfa, qunclty fi smrvljm,

fpmrntlfanc mijlmajy, na` tnrlii cmvmcs. Pbm clgltntlfas na` pltinccs labmrmat

la tbm nancysls fi mnjb pmrifrgnajm `lgmaslfa nrm n``rmssm`.

Pbm tmrgpuhclj-prlvntm pnrtamrsblp ls usm` la `liimrmat wnys la tbm cltmrn-turm, sf lt ls lgpfrtnat tf jcnrliy wbnt tbls rmpfrt ls nhfut. Pbm UUU prfomjts

nancyzm` la tbls stu`y nrm tbfsm la wbljb tbm prfvlslfa fi urhna wntmr na`

snaltntlfa smrvljms ls `mcmkntm` hy jfatrnjt tf n prlvntm fpmrntfr, wbljb usu-

nccy tndms fvmr tbm gnankmgmat fi na mxlstlak utlclty. Pbm sngpcm smt jfvmrs

`lvmstlturms (la wbljb lairnstrujturm nssmts nrm sfc` tf prlvntm lavmstfrs)4 jfa-

jmsslfas (wbmrmhy n prlvntm fpmrntfr hmjfgms rmspfaslhcm ifr hftb fpmrntlfa

na` lavmstgmat)4 cmnsms-niimrgnkms (wbmrmhy n amwcy mstnhclsbm` prlvntm utlc-

lty fpmrntms n puhcljcy fwam` systmg na` jfccmjts rmvmaums tbnt lt tbma sbnrms

wltb tbm puhclj fwamr, wbf rmgnlas la jbnrkm fi lavmstgmat)4 gnankmgmat

jfatrnjts (la wbljb tbm smrvljms nrm prfvl`m` hy n puhcljcy fwam` utlclty

tbnt ls gnankm` hy n prlvntm fpmrntfr)4 na` glxm`-fwamrsblp jfgpnalms

(la wbljb n prlvntm lavmstfr tndms n glafrlty sbnrm la n wntmr jfgpnay na`

fpmrntms lt fa hmbnci fi tbm cfjnc nutbfrltlms, sbnrlak tbm anajlnc knlas wltb

tbm puhclj pnrtamr). Pbls rmpfrt rmimrs tf wntmr UUUs ifr tbm sndm fi slgpclj-

ltyhmjnusm, la gfst jnsms, smwmrnkm smrvljms wmrm n smjfa`nry (fr nhsmat)

njtlvltyna` `ntn fa snaltntlfa nrm prfvl`m` wbmrm nvnlcnhcm.

Pbm stu`y `fms aft jfvmr smvmrnc ftbmr sjbmgms lavfcvlak tbm prlvntmsmjtfr, sujb ns jfatrnjts clgltm` tf hucd injlcltlms ifr jfastrujtlfa, anaj-

lak, na` fpmrntlfa fi wntmr purljntlfa na` wnstmwntmr trmntgmat pcnats

(hulc`, fpmrntm, na` trnasimr prfomjts, fr HFPs na` slglcnr nrrnakmgmats),

fr tmjbaljnc nsslstnajm na` smrvljm jfatrnjts. Lt ncsf `fms aft lajcu`m jnsms

la wbljb n pfrtlfa fi puhclj utlcltlms sbnrms wmrm sfc` tf prlvntm lavmstfrs

wltbfut trnasimr fi gnankmgmat jfatrfc tf n prlvntm pnrty. Ilanccy, facy

urhna wntmr suppcy na` snaltntlfa UUUs smrvlak nt cmnst 8=,555 pmfpcm nrm

rmvlmwm`, tbmrmhy mxjcu`lak tbm gnay sgncc na` fitma laifrgnc fpmrntfrstbnt prfvl`m smrvljm tf gnay bfusmbfc`s clvlak la pmrlurhna nrmns la `mvmc-

fplak jfuatrlms.

Pbls stu`y ls aft latma`m` ns n pfcljy gnaunc, afr ls lt n jmasus fi ncc UUU

prfomjts fpmrntlak la tbm urhna wntmr smjtfr. Amltbmr `fms lt prmsugm tf sys-

tmgntljnccy nssmss tbm rmcntlvm pmrifrgnajm fi puhclj vmrsus prlvntm gf`ms fi

smrvljm `mclvmry, nctbfukb la tbm imw jnsms wbmrm sujb laifrgntlfa ls nvnlc-

nhcm na` rmcmvnat, jfgpnrlsfas nrm gn`m. Ilanccy, lt ls lgpfrtnat tf dmmp

la gla` tbnt n UUU ls gmrmcy fam lastrugmat ngfak gnay ifr lgprfvlak

pmrifrgnajm futjfgms, na` lts mijnjy mpma`s fa tbm prmsmajm fi n jfastmc-

cntlfa fi ftbmr gmnsurms? smjtfrnc pfcljlms, rmkucntfry fvmrslkbt gmjbnalsgs,

anajlak lastrugmats, suhsl`lms, na` rmcntm` pfvmrty tnrkmtlak prfkrngs.

Pbfsm gmnsurms, nctbfukb lgpfrtnat, nrm aft tbm ifjus fi tbls stu`y.


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Jbnptmr 8 suggnrlzms tbm blstfrljnc `mvmcfpgmat fi wntmr UUUs la

`mvmcfplak jfuatrlms, rmvlmwlak tbm jurrmat stntm fi tbm gnrdmt, tbm rntm fi

jfatrnjt jnajmccntlfas, na` tbm mvfcutlfa fi tbm la`ustry. Jbnptmr : rmvlmws

tbm pmrifrgnajm fi UUU prfomjts la tmrgs fi njjmss, smrvljm qunclty, fpmrn-tlfanc mijlmajy, na` tnrliis. Jbnptmr 0 `rnws jfajcuslfas na` cmssfas fa

bfw tf gndm puhclj-prlvntm pnrtamrsblp n gfrm vlnhcm na` sustnlanhcm

fptlfa ifr lgprfvlak [ZZ smrvljms la tbm `mvmcfplak wfrc`.


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36/212


n dmy `mtmrglanat fi urhna pcnaalakwblcm irmmlak tbmg irfg tbm `nlcy

fpmrntlfa fi tbm utlclty.

La wbnt ls afw tbm `mvmcfplak wfrc`, tbm prlvntm smjtfr ncsf pcnym` n

gnofr rfcm la tbm `mvmcfpgmat fi tbm rst urhna wntmr systmgs, fitmatbrfukb ifrmlka lavmstfrs. @urlak tbm rst bnci fi tbm 85tb jmatury, n slglcnr

gfvmgmat fjjurrm` wltb n rmtura tf puhclj gnankmgmat na` jfatrfc fi

wntmr utlcltlms. La Nirljn, tbfukb, smvmrnc prlvntm wntmr jfgpnalms rmgnlam`

la pcnjm wmcc nitmr la`mpma`majm.

Pbm [ntmr Zmjtfr la tbm >


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>


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39/212

8>Mvfcutlfa fi [ntmr UUUs la @mvmcfplak Jfuatrlms

Pbm Ilrst [nvm fi [ntmr UUU Jfatrnjts

Hy tbm ma` fi tbm >5-ymnr niimrgnkm jfatrnjt tf ZN]X.

]a`mr tbls nrrnakmgmat, tbm prlvntm fpmrntfr wns tf hm rmspfaslhcm ifr

lgprfvlak smrvljm qunclty na` mijlmajy, na` tbm kfvmragmat wfuc` rmgnla

la jbnrkm fi lavmstgmat.

Lt wns la Cntla Ngmrljn, bfwmvmr, tbnt tbm `mvmcfpgmat fi wntmr UUUs

wfuc` kmt tbm gfst lgpmtus. Zmvmrnc cnrkm jfuatrlms la Cntla Ngmrljn bn`

ua`mrtndma wntmr smjtfr rmifrgs la tbm >


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tf tbm wntmr amtwfrd `urlak tbm rst ifur ymnrs fi prlvntm fpmrntlfa, jcfslak

tbm knp wltb tbm antlfanc jfvmrnkm nvmrnkm (@ujjl 855;).

N smrlms fi UUU jfatrnjts ifr wntmr utlcltlms ifccfwm` la tbm amxt tbrmm

ymnrs, ncc fvmr tbm `mvmcfplak wfrc`. Pbm gfst slkaljnat lajcu`m`

Jnajua (Gmxljf) na` K`nasd (Ufcna`) la >


41/212

8:Mvfcutlfa fi [ntmr UUUs la @mvmcfplak Jfuatrlms

jfuc` rm`ujm sfvmrmlka cma`lak tf tbm smjtfr na`, lastmn`, prfvl`m suppfrt

tbrfukb prlvntm anajlak lastrugmats.

Pbmsm mxpmjtntlfas `l` aft gntmrlnclzm. [bma jfgpnrm` wltb ftbmr

lairnstrujturm smjtfrs, prlvntm anajlak fi urhna wntmr utlcltlms wns clgltm`,

rmprmsmatlak facy =.0 pmrjmat fi tbm tftnc lavmstgmat jfggltgmats la prlvntm

lairnstrujturm hmtwmma >55

25

95

05

85

5

Gl``cm Mnst na` Afrtb Nirljn Murfpm na` Jmatrnc Nsln Cntla Ngmrljn

Mnst Nsln na` Unjlilj Zuh-Znbnrna Nirljn Amw UUU nwnr`s

>


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gnrdmt ifr prlvntm wntmr fpmrntfrs nt tbm tlgm. Pbm aughmr fi jfatrnjt

nwnr`s `rfppm` tbm ifccfwlak ymnr, na` la 855:5=, amw njtlvlty hmjngm

jfajmatrntm` mssmatlnccy la ifur jfuatrlms (Jblcm, Jblan, Jfcfghln, na` tbm

Xusslna Im`mrntlfa). Zlajm 8559, tbm aughmr fi jfatrnjts nwnr`m` naaunccy

bns `rfppm` sbnrpcy tf prm->;=>=5

>8=

>55

;=

=5

8=

5

:5

8=

85

>=

>5

=

5

pfpu

cntlfasmrvm`

,glcclfas

au

ghmrfinw

nr`s

>

8555

>=5,555nrm clstm` la tnhcm 8.>. La

Cntla Ngmrljn, bnci fi tbm jnajmccntlfas tffd pcnjm la Nrkmatlan, wbmrmns

tbm fvmrncc rntm fi jnajmccntlfa ifr tbm rmklfa stna`s nt >5 pmrjmat, slglcnr tf

tbm kcfhnc nvmrnkm. La Zuh-Znbnrna Nirljn, npprfxlgntmcy bnci fi tbm UUUs

Pnhcm 8.> Cnrkm [ntmr ]tlclty UUUs Pbnt Xmturam` tf Uuhclj Gnankmgmathmtwmma >=5,555 pmfpcm nrm rmjfr`m`. Pbm jfajmsslfa la [mst Gnalcn (tbm

Ublclpplams), wbljb wns tmrglantm` la 855= hut wns rm-nwnr`m` tf naftbmr prlvntm fpmrntfr tbm

ifccfwlak ymnr, ls ncsf aft kurm`.


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nwnr`m` mltbmr bnvm hmma tmrglantm` mnrcy fr bnvm mxplrm` wltb n rmtura tf

puhclj gnankmgmatn blkb rntm tbnt jna hm cladm` tf n jbnccmaklak mavl-

rfagmat ifr rmifrgs. Lt ls ncsf aftmwfrtby tbnt gfst fi tbm jnajmccm` UUUs

la Nirljn wmrm ifr jfghlam` pfwmr na` wntmr utlcltlms, la wbljb wntmr wnsn smjfa`nry njtlvlty.2Pbm rntm fi njtlvm prfomjts ifr jfghlam` wntmr na`

pfwmr utlcltlms ls facy nhfut 85 pmrjmat, wltb bnci fi tbm jfatrnjts bnv-

lak hmma tmrglantm` mnrcyjfatrnstlak sbnrpcy wltb tbm rntm ifr wntmr-facy

UUUs, ifr wbljb nhfut


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859 snw n gnofr jbnakm, wltb tbm krfwlak pnrtljlpntlfa

fi amw prlvntm fpmrntfrs irfg mgmrklak na` mvmcfplak jfuatrlms (kurm 8.0).

Zlajm 8558, tbm pfpucntlfa smrvm` hy prlvntm fpmrntfrs irfg `mvmcfplak

jfuatrlms bns hmma lajrmnslak stmn`lcy, njjfuatlak ifr gfst fi tbm krfwtb

fhsmrvm` la tbls pmrlf` (smm hfx 8.8). Pbm krfwtb la tbmlr justfgmr hnsm rmp-

rmsmats na n``ltlfanc == glcclfa pmfpcm smrvm`, njjfr`lak tf mstlgntms irfg

tbls stu`y4 la tbm gmnatlgm, tbm pfpucntlfa smrvm` hy cnrkm latmrantlfanc

fpmrntfrs bns rmgnlam` nt nt nhfut .

= pmrjmat), Ymfcln (>8 pmrjmat), Nkhnr (>> pmrjmat), na` Pbngms [ntmr (9 pmrjmat).

>;=

>=5

>8=

>55

;=

=5

8=

5

`mvmcfplak jfuatrlms ftbmr `mvmcfpm` jfuatrlms

Zpnla ]altm` Dlak`fg Irnajm

>

8555

>


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::

Mvfcutlfafi[ntmrUUUsla@m

vmcfplakJfuatrlms

Hrnzlc Ymkn 8559 Gnanus

Nkuns `f Hrnslc >


52/212

Uuhclj-Urlvntm Unrtamrsblps ifr ]rhna [ntmr ]tlcltlms:0

.= glcclfa pmfpcm smrvm`. Pbm sngm ymnr, twf fi Zumzs cnrkm gnankmgmat

jfatrnjts mxplrm`fam la Nggna (Ofr`na) na` tbm ftbmr la Ofbnaamshurk

(Zfutb Nirljn)tfkmtbmr njjfuatlak ifr na n``ltlfanc `mjrmnsm fi = glcclfa

pmfpcm smrvm`. Zumz ncsf trnasimrrm` jfatrfc fi tbm jfajmsslfas fi Jfr`fhn

(Nrkmatlan) na` Gnanus na` Clgmlrn (Hrnzlc) tf lts cfjnc pnrtamrs. Hy 855;,

Zumzs prmsmajm la mvmcfplak jfuatrlms wns gujb rmùjm`, nitmr gnay ymnrs

fi fglantlak tbls gnrdmt. Lts facy cnrkm rmgnlalak fpmrntlfas la mvmcfplak

jfuatrlms futsl`m fi Jblan wmrm la Jnsnhcnajn (Gfrfjjf), Ncklmrs (Nckmrln),

Jnajua (Gmxljf), na` [mst Ondnrtn (La`famsln).>5Makclsb wntmr jfgpnalms

ncsf slkaljnatcy rmùjm` tbmlr prmsmajm la `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms.>>

La jfatrnst, ftbmr latmrantlfanc jfgpnalms bnvm hmma qultm njtlvm, aft

oust la tbm hffglak Jblamsm gnrdmt hut ncsf la cfw-lajfgm jfuatrlms. Fvmrtbm pnst vm ymnrs Ymfcln bns slkaljnatcy mxpna`m` lts prmsmajm la mgmrklak

na` mvmcfplak jfuatrlms. Lts tftnc pfpucntlfa smrvm` krmw tbrmmifc` hmtwmma

8555 na` 855;, irfg ; glcclfa tf :5 glcclfa. Aftnhcy, lt stnrtm` tf mxpna`

lts fpmrntlfas la mgmrklak jfuatrlms gfstcy nitmr tbm sf-jnccm` gnrdmt fwa-

tura fi 855>.>8Zmvmrnc wntmr fpmrntfrs irfg [mstmra Murfpm bnvm ncsf hmma

nwnr`m` UUU jfatrnjts? angmcy Njmn (Ltncy), Kmcsmawnssmr na` Hmrclawnssmr

>5. Pbfukb Zumz bn` ncwnys hmma tbm gnla, nchmlt glafrlty, sbnrmbfc`mr la Nkhnr, lt njqulrm`jfatrfc la 855; hy tndlak n gnofrlty sbnrmbfc`lak. Nitmr jfasfcl`ntlak Nkhnr, tbm gnrdmtsbnrm fi Zumz la mvmcfplak jfuatrlms hmjngm jfgpnrnhcm tf tbnt fi Ymfcln. Hy tbm ma` fi 855;,Nkhnrs gnla jfatrnjts nhrfn` wmrm la Jnrtnkman (Jfcfghln), Cn Bnvnan (Juhn), Znctlccf(Gmxljf), Krmntmr Znatlnkf (Jblcm), na` Frna (Nckmrln).>>. Pbm cnrkmst ].D. fpmrntfr, Pbngms [ntmr, naafuajm` tbnt lt wfuc` wltb`rnw irfg `mvmc-fplak jfuatrlms, ifccfwm` hy n mjlslfa hy lts fwamr, X[M, tf rmifjus fa mamrky. Pbngms trnas-imrrm` tbm Mnstmra Ondnrtn (La`famsln) jfajmsslfa tf cfjnc lavmstfrs la 8559 na` sfc` lts Jblcmnawntmr utlcltlms (smrvlak nhfut 8.9 glcclfa pmfpcm). Nakclna [ntmr sfc` lts sbnrms la wntmr utlcltlmsla tbm Jzmjb Xmpuhclj na` Jblcm (MZYNC Yncpnrnlsf) la 855:50.>8. Ymfcln njblmvm` tbls krfwtb aft facy hy jfajmatrntlak fa blkb-ma` gnrdmts (sujb ns

Mnstmra Murfpm na` Jblan), hut ncsf hy hmlak njtlvm la pffr jfuatrlms. Lt wfa na niimrgnkmjfatrnjt la 855> ifr tbm antlfanc wntmr utlclty la Alkmr (fam fi tbm pffrmst jfuatrlms la tbmwfrc`), na` naftbmr niimrgnkm la 855= ifr tbm jlty fi \mrmvna (Nrgmaln). Lt bn` suhglttmùasujjmssiuc hl`s ifr UUUs la Gn`nknsjnr na` Kbnan (855=) na` Jngmrffa (855;), na` wfan sgncc jfajmsslfa la Cntla Ngmrljn tbrfukb lts pnrtamrsblp wltb tbm Zpnalsb krfup IJJ(Ifgmatf `m Jfastrujjlfams y Jfatrntns) la 855= (Zna Na`rms, Jfcfghln).


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:=Mvfcutlfa fi [ntmr UUUs la @mvmcfplak Jfuatrlms

(Kmrgnay), Nkuns `m Ufrtuknc (Ufrtuknc), Ztfjdbfcg [ntmr (Zwm`ma), na`

Yltmas (tbm Amtbmrcna`s). Gnay fi tbmsm fpmrntfrs nrm puhcljcy fwam` utlcl-

tlms tbnt wmrm aft latmrmstm` la tbm jfajmsslfa gf`mc fi tbm >55

25

95

05

85

5

pfpu

cntlfa

,glcclfas

>

8555

>= ymnrs `mjl`m` tf rmvmrt tf

puhclj gnankmgmat.>:Pbls ls n slkaljnat prfpfrtlfa, wbljb ua`mrclams tbm

injt tbnt UUUs nrm jfgpcmx na` rlsdy ma`mnvfrs.

Zlajm tbm cntm >


55/212

:;Mvfcutlfa fi [ntmr UUUs la @mvmcfplak Jfuatrlms

Pbls fvmrncc a`laktbnt wntmr UUUs bnvm hmma sprmn`lak jfastnatcy la

tbm `mvmcfplak wfrc` `urlak tbm pnst >= ymnrs `mspltm `lijuctlmsrnlsms n

iua`ngmatnc qumstlfa? bfw na` tf wbnt mxtmat ls tbls `mvmcfpgmat nssfjl-

ntm` fvmrncc wltb kff` pmrifrgnajm hy prlvntm fpmrntfrs6 Pbnt ls tbm suh-omjt fi tbm amxt jbnptmr.


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57/212

:0 na` glxm`-fwamrsblp jfgpnalms) la wbljb smrvljms nrm

>0. N amwcy mstnhclsbm` prlvntm utlclty fpmrntms n puhcljcy fwam` systmg na` jfccmjts rmvmaumstbnt lt tbma sbnrms wltb tbm puhclj fwamr, wbf rmgnlas la jbnrkm fi lavmstgmat.


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prfvl`m` hy n amwcy mstnhclsbm` utlclty, pnrtcy fr iuccy fwam` hy n prlvntm

fpmrntfr.

Mvl`majm irfg tbm CltmrnturmMvma tbfukb n rntbmr cnrkm hf`y fi cltmrnturm bns hmma puhclsbm` fa UUUs,tbm mxlstlak mvl`majm smmgs sfgmwbnt jfaiuslak. Unrt fi tbm jfaiuslfa stmgs

irfg tbm gnay jbnccmakms nssfjlntm` wltb nssmsslak tbm pmrifrgnajm fi prl-

vntm fpmrntfrs. Pbls stu`y n`fptm` n gmtbf`fcfky tbnt ls n gl``cm krfua`

hmtwmma la`lvl`unc jnsms stu`lms na` mjfafgmtrlj stu`lms.

Pbm Jbnccmakm fi Nssmsslak tbm Umrifrgnajm fi [ntmr UUUs

Pbm miimjt fi puhclj-prlvntm pnrtamrsblps fa tbm mxtmat na` qunclty fi wntmr

suppcy na` snaltntlfa smrvljms bns hmma gujb `mhntm`. Bnvm UUU prfomjtslgprfvm` tbm smrvljm ifr mxlstlak justfgmrs6 Bnvm tbmy mxtma`m` smrvljms tf

tbfsm prmvlfuscy cnjdlak njjmss6 Bnvm tbmy lgprfvm` fpmrntlfanc mijlmajy6

[bnt ls tbm miimjt fa tnrliis6 Pbmsm qumstlfas nrm mssmatlnc, hut tbmy nrm `li-

juct tf naswmr la prnjtljm, klvma sfgm fi tbm smjtfrs hnslj jbnrnjtmrlstljs,

wbljb lajcu`m tbm ifccfwlak?

Pbm nghlkulty fi pmrifrgnajm la`ljntfrs. Pbm clgltntlfas fi jfggfacy

usm` la`ljntfrs nrm n pmrslstmat sfurjm fi `lijucty. Pbmsm la`ljntfrs

nrm fitma hnsm` fa rfukb mstlgntms na` nrm jncjucntm` `liimrmatcy irfgfam jfuatry fr utlclty tf naftbmr. Gmnsurlak wntmr cfssms ls aftfrlfuscy

jfgpcmx, hut mvma n smmglakcy strnlkbtifrwnr` la`ljntfr sujb ns smrvljm

jfvmrnkm jna hm bnr` tf mstlgntm njjurntmcy (hfx :.>).

Pbm guctl`lgmaslfanc anturm fi pmrifrgnajm. Pbm vnrlfus jfgpfamats

fi pmrifrgnajm nrm cladm`? fam jnaaft gmnalakiuccy `lsjuss na lajrmnsm

la tbm aughmr fi jfaamjtlfas wblcm lkafrlak smrvljm latmrruptlfas, fr `ls-

juss n tnrlii rnlsm wltbfut rmimrmajm tf pfsslhcm lgprfvmgmats la njjmss

na` smrvljm qunclty. Unrngmtmrs latmrnjt ns wmcc? fam jnaaft ua`mrstna`wntmr cfssms wltbfut slguctnamfuscy jfasl`mrlak smrvljm jfatlaulty. Pbm

prmsmajm fi snaltntlfa smrvljms iurtbmr jfgpcljntms tbm pljturm, hmjnusm

`ntn tbnt `lstlakulsb hmtwmma tbm twf smrvljms nrm rnrmcy nvnlcnhcm.

Laumajm fi guctlpcm cfjnc injtfrs fa fpmrntlak jfsts na` wl`m vnrlmty

fi tnrlii strujturms. Fpmrntlak jfsts fi wntmr utlcltlms nrm cnrkmcy `mtmr-

glam` hy cfjnc injtfrs sujb ns nvnlcnhlclty fi wntmr rmsfurjms na` tfpfk-

rnpby. N wl`m vnrlmty fi tnrlii strujturms jna hm ifua` ngfak utlcltlms,

wltb jfasugptlfa hrnjdmts, xm` jbnrkms, na` hlcclak sfgmtlgms hnsm`

fa mstlgntms fi jfasugptlfa. Pbm slzm fi n utlclty ncsf pcnys n slkaljnat

rfcm tbrfukb mjfafglms fi sjncm, hmjnusm xm` jfsts rmprmsmat n cnrkm

pfrtlfa fi tbm jfst strujturm. Ncc tbmsm injtfrs krmntcy jfgpcljntm tbm tnsd

fi jfgpnrlak jfsts na` tnrliis njrfss wntmr utlcltlms.


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0>Umrifrgnajm na` Lgpnjt fi [ntmr UUU Urfomjts

Hfx :.>

Jfvmrnkm Xntlf? Pbm Jbnccmakm fi Mstlgntlak na Nppnrmatcy Zlgpcm La`ljntfr

Pbm jfvmrnkm rntlf ls jfgputm` stnrtlak irfg tbm aughmr fi njtlvm rmsl-

`matlnc jfaamjtlfas, wbljb jna hm fhtnlam` irfg tbm utlcltys justfgmr

`ntnhnsm. Pbma fam amm`s tbm kurms ifr tbm tftnc pfpucntlfa la tbm smrvljm

nrmn na` tbm aughmr fi pmfpcm pmr bfusmbfc`kurms ifr wbljb facy

hrfn` mstlgntms jna hm fhtnlam` la gfst `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms. Pbm nvmr-

nkm aughmr fi pmfpcm pmr bfusmbfc` vnrlms njrfss jfuatrlms na`, wltbla n

klvma jlty, njrfss sfjlnc jntmkfrlms (wltb pffr bfusmbfc`s tma`lak tf bnvm

n blkbmr hlrtbrntm na` n cnrkmr mxtma`m` inglcy ua`mr tbm sngm rffi). Pbm

mstlgntm fi tftnc pfpucntlfa ls ncsf usunccy n hrfn` fam? fijlnc jmasusms

nrm fitma jnrrlm` fut facy fajm n `mjn`m, na` inst urhna krfwtb gndms

sujb kurms uarmclnhcm.

N iurtbmr lssum ls wbnt kurm tf put la tbm augmrntfr na` `mafglantfr

wbma jncjucntlak jfvmrnkm. Lccmknc jfaamjtlfas nrm augmrfus la sfgm jltlms,

hut wbmtbmr tbmy sbfuc` hm lajcu`m` la tbm jfvmrnkm kurm ls aft fhvlfus,

na` tbmlr aughmr ls bnr` tf nssmss. Gnay jfuatrlms la Zuh-Znbnrna Nirljn

usm n rntlf fi 2>5 pmfpcm pmr la`lvl`unc jfaamjtlfa, tf njjfuat ifr plpm`

wntmr prfvl`m` tf amlkbhfrs tbrfukb rmsncm. Zfgm utlcltlms rmpfrt njjmss

hnsm` facy fa tbm pfpucntlfa la nutbfrlzm` urhna nrmns, cmnvlak fut tbm

pffr clvlak la lccmknc scugs, wbljb rmsucts la fvmrmstlgntm` jfvmrnkm kurms.

Naftbmr gnofr lssum ls wbnt ls gmnat hy njjmss. Pbm Oflat Gfaltfrlak

Urfkrng, wbljb trnjds prfkrmss tfwnr` tbm Glccmaalug @mvmcfpgmat Kfncs

(G@Ks), usms n jrltmrlfa fi lgprfvm` njjmss, gmnalak njjmss tf mltbmr

na la`lvl`unc jfaamjtlfa fr n stna`plpm cfjntm` wltbla 855 gmtmrs fi tbm

bfusmbfc`. La gnay puhclsbm` stu`lms, lt ls aft ncwnys jcmnr wbnt jrltmrlfa

ls usm``mspltm tbm fhvlfus `liimrmajms la tbm qunclty fi smrvljm prfvl`m`

na` lavmstgmat jfsts. Mstlgntlak tbm njtunc aughmr fi pmfpcm smrvm` ua`mr

tbm lgprfvm` njjmss jrltmrlfa ls mvma gfrm `lijuct tbna ifr bfusmbfc` jfa-

amjtlfas. La jltlms wbmrm n cnrkm pfrtlfa fi tbm urhna pfpucntlfa njjmssms

plpm` wntmr tbrfukb jfggualty stna`plpms fr hy purjbnsms irfg amlkb-

hfrs, tbm jfvmrnkm rntlf rmpfrtm` ls sfgmtlgms af gfrm tbna n kumss.

Pbm `lijucty fi fhtnlalak pmrifrgnajm `ntn fa wntmr smrvljms. Umrbnps

tbm gfst lgpfrtnat lgpm`lgmat tf gmnalakiuc nancysls ls tbm wl`msprmn`

`lijucty fi fhtnlalak kff` pmrifrgnajm ntn la tbm smjtfr, wbmtbmr irfg

puhclj fr prlvntm prfvl`mrs. Gnay puhclj wntmr utlcltlms la tbm `mvmcfplak

wfrc` cnjd n prfpmr irngmwfrd ifr pmrifrgnajm gfaltfrlak, na` fitma


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tbm ntn tbmy rmpfrt nrm uarmclnhcm. Ns n jfasmqumajm, gnay prfomjts bnvm

cnjdm` na npprfprlntm hnsmclam nknlast wbljb tf gmnsurm pmrifrgnajm

nitmr tbm trnasimr tf n prlvntm fpmrntfr. Amltbmr ls laifrgntlfa fa UUU

jfatrnjts ncwnys mnslcy njjmsslhcm tf tbm puhclj.Ila`laks irfg tbm Cltmrnturm

@mspltm tbm `ntn clgltntlfas, n rntbmr cnrkm hf`y fi cltmrnturm bns hmma puh-

clsbm` fa wntmr UUUs. Ztu`lms fa tbm lgpnjt fi prlvntm smjtfr pnrtljlpntlfa

incc latf twf krfups? jnsm stu`lms fi la`lvl`unc prfomjts, na` mjfafgmtrlj

nancysms fi guctlpcm utlcltlms.

Jnsm stu`lms typljnccy cffd nt bfw tbm pmrifrgnajm fi n wntmr utlclty

mvfcvms nitmr tbm matry fi n prlvntm fpmrntfr. Pbmy bnvm tma`m` tf jfajma-

trntm fa n imw jnsms (Zmamknc, Humafs Nlrms TNrkmatlanW, na` Gnalcn TtbmUblclpplamsW), cmnvlak gnay ftbmrs (sujb ns Jtm `Lvflrm, Jnsnhcnajn

TGfrfjjfW, Kunynqulc TMjun`frW, na` Ondnrtn TLa`famslnW) cnrkmcy ua`fju-

gmatm`. N `msd rmvlmw fi puhclsbm` jnsm stu`lms fa wntmr UUUs (Jcnrdm,

Dfsmj, na` [nccstma 8550) l`matlm` 8= prfomjts la `mvmcfplak jfuatrlms

na` jfajcu`m` tbnt prlvntm pnrtljlpntlfa bn` n hrfn`cy pfsltlvm lgpnjt la

>9 jnsms, n amkntlvm lgpnjt la = jnsms, na` glxm` rmsucts la 0 jnsms. Mspm-

jlnccy vlslhcm wmrm lgprfvmgmats la jfvmrnkm, cnhfr prf`ujtlvlty, na` tbm

qunclty fi smrvljms, wbljb wmrm fitma nssfjlntm` wltb tnrlii lajrmnsms.

Mjfafgmtrlj stu`lms usm cnrkmr sngpcms, fitma nttmgptlak tf jfgpnrm tbm

pmrifrgnajm fi puhclj na` prlvntm utlcltlms, hut tbmy injm tbm sngm clgl-

tntlfas fi sngpcm smcmjtlfa. Pf rmnjb gmnalakiuc jfajcuslfas, tbmy amm`

tf usm n cnrkm mafukb sngpcm tf hm nhcm tf jfatrfc ifr tbm gnay mxtmranc

injtfrs tbnt jna laumajm pmrifrgnajm, hut mnrcy stu`lms fitma bn` tf rmcy fa

sgncc sngpcms, rmprmsmatlak facy n sgncc aughmr fi jfuatrlms fr utlcltlms fvmr

sbfrt pmrlf`s fi tlgm. Pbm jrltmrln ifr jcnssliylak utlcltlms ns prlvntm ls aft

ncwnys jcmnr fr mvma rmcmvnat. Pbls niimjtm` tbm rfhustamss fi tbmlr a`laks.

N smjfa` krfup fi stu`lms trlm` tf fvmrjfgm tbm clgltntlfas tbnt wmrmlgpfsm` wbma uslak `ntn fhtnlam` irfg utlcltlms, hy rmcylak lastmn` fa

`ntn irfg antlfanc bfusmbfc` survmys, ns wltb Jcnrdm, Dfsmj, na` [nccstma

(8550) fa Nrkmatlan4 na` Kfgmz-Cfhf na` Gmcma`mz (855;) na` Hnrrmrn

na` Fclvmrn (855;) fa Jfcfghln.

Pbm a`laks fi tbmsm stu`lms nrm suggnrlzm` la tnhcm :.>. Jfasl`mrlak

mnjb `lgmaslfa smpnrntmcy, tbm a`laks rmgnla lajfajcuslvm. Fvmrncc, tbm

nvmrnkm lgpnjt fi UUUs nppmnrs amutrnc fa njjmss na` jfvmrnkm, pfsltlvm fa

smrvljm qunclty na` fpmrntlfanc mijlmajy, na` rntbmr lajfajcuslvm fa tnrliicmvmcs. Aftnhcy, afam fi tbm stu`lms jfvmrs ncc ifur fi tbm `lgmaslfas fi

utlclty pmrifrgnajmnjjmss na` jfvmrnkm, qunclty, mijlmajy, na` tnrliis.

Pwf rmjmat stu`lms hy tbm [frc` Hnad wmrm nhcm tf rmcy fa sngpcms cnrkm

mafukb tf masurm tbnt mxfkmafus injtfrs jfuc` hm prfpmrcy jfatrfccm`.


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0:

Umrifrgnajmna`Lgpnjtfi[ntmrUUUUrfomjts

Pnhcm :.> Zuggnry fi Ztu`y Ila`laks fa tbm Lgpnjt fi UUUs fa [ntmr ]tlclty Umrifrgnajm

Njjmss fr Zmrvljm

Xmklfa Ztu`y jfvmrnkm qunclty

Nirljn Mstnjbm na` Dfunssl (8558) a.n. a.n.

Nirljn Dlrdpntrljd, Unrdmr, na` _bnak (8550) a.n. a.n.

Nrkmatlan Knclnal, Kmrtcmr, na` Zjbnrkrf`sdy (855=) Ufsltlvm Ufsltlvm

Cntla Ngmrljn Jcnrdm, Dfsmj, na` [nccstma (8550) Amutrnc a.n.

(gfstcy Nrkmatlan)

Nrkmatlan Gnjmlrn, Drmgmr, na` Ilaujnam (855;) Amutrnc a.n.

Nsln Mstnjbm na` Xfssl (8558) a.n. a.n.

Hfclvln Hnron, GjDmazlm, na` ]rqulfcn (855=) Ufsltlvmn a.n. Hrnzlc Xfssl `m Fclvmlrn (8552) Lajfajcuslvm a.n.

Hrnzlc Zmrf `n Gfttn na` Gfrmlrn (8550) a.n. a.n.

Jblcm Hltrna na` Yncmazumcn (855:) a.n. a.n.

Jfcfghln Kfgmz-Cfhf na` Gmcma`mz (855;) Lajfajcuslvm Ufsltlvm

Jfcfghln Hnrrmrn na` Fclvmrn (855;) Lajfajcuslvm Ufsltlvm

Buaknry Hf`n na` ftbmrs (8552) a.n. a.n.

Gncnysln Cmm (8552) Lajfajcuslvm a.n.

[frc` Xlaksdfk, Bnggfa`, na` Cfjussfc (8559) Krmntmr Ufsltlvm Zfurjm? Nutbfr.

a.n. 7 aft nppcljnhcm.

n. Na mnrclmr puhcljntlfa hy Hnron na` ]rqulfcn (855:) ifua` lajfajcuslvm rmsucts fa tbm lgpnjt fa njjmss.


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Pbm stu`lms n`fptm` `liimrmat hut jfgpcmgmatnry npprfnjbms na` jfvmrm`

ncc `lgmaslfas fi pmrifrgnajm slguctnamfuscy. Na`rs, Kunsjb, na` ftb-

mrs (8552) ifjusm` fa Cntla Ngmrljn na` jfgpnrm` tbm pmrifrgnajm fi

0< wntmr utlcltlms la smvma jfuatrlms, hmifrm na` nitmr tbm latrf`ujtlfa fi nprlvntm fpmrntfr. Knssamr, Ufpfv, na` Uusbnd (8552n) usm` n cnrkm sngpcm

tf gndm n gmnalakiuc jfgpnrlsfa fi tbm pmrifrgnajm fi prlvntm na` puhclj

wntmr utlcltlms. Pbmy jfgpnrm` tbm pmrifrgnajm hy hulc`lak n `ntn smt fi

0> bn` sfgm ifrg

fi prlvntm pnrtljlpntlfa. Facy tbfsm UUUs wltb `ntn jfvmrlak nt cmnst tbrmm

ymnrs fi prlvntm fpmrntlfa wmrm lajcu`m`, na` tbm wntmr utlclty sngpcm jfa-

tnlam` 9,5;< rg-ymnr fhsmrvntlfas fvmr tbm >


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0=Umrifrgnajm na` Lgpnjt fi [ntmr UUU Urfomjts

pmrifrgnajm `ntn na` nancysls bnvm hmma cladm` tf wmcc-l`matlm` prfomjts,

jfatrnry tf tbm hcnjd hfx npprfnjb typljnc fi mjfafgmtrlj stu`lms. Pbm

sfurjm ifr mnjb prfomjts pmrifrgnajm `ntn ls la`ljntm` la nppma`lx N.

NjjmssPbm nancysls la tbls smjtlfa ifjusms fa cfak-tmrg UUUs, lajcu`lak cmnsms-

niimrgnkms, glxm`-fwamrsblp jfgpnalms, na` jfajmsslfas. Gnankmgmat

jfatrnjts, wbljb nrm sbfrt-tmrg nrrnakmgmats typljnccy ifjusm` fa lgprfv-

lak smrvljm qunclty na` fpmrntlfanc mijlmajy, nrm aft `lsjussm`. Pbm UUUs

rmvlmwm` la tbm stu`y rmprmsmat n jfghlam` pfpucntlfa fi gfrm tbna

9= glcclfa pmfpcm smrvm`. Pbls ls mqulvncmat tf gfrm tbna ;= pmrjmat fi tbm

pfpucntlfa smrvm` hy cfak-tmrg UUUs tbnt (n) cnjdm` njjmss tf wntmr suppcy

na` smwmrnkm smrvljms nt tbm tlgm tbm prlvntm fpmrntfr tffd fvmr, (h) wmrm

slkam` hmifrm 855:, na` (j) bn` nt cmnst tbrmm ymnrs fi prlvntm fpmrntlfa.>=

Mxpmrlmajm wltb UUUs la Cntla Ngmrljn

Cntla Ngmrljn prfvl`ms, hy inr, tbm cnrkmst sngpcm tf nancyzm tbm pmrifrgnajm

fi cfak-tmrg wntmr UUUs tf lgprfvm njjmss na` jfvmrnkm. Pbls smjtlfa rmvlmws

jnsms fi tbm vnrlfus jfajmsslfas la Nrkmatlan, tbm jfajmsslfa la Cn Unz

Mc Nctf la Hfclvln, tbm jfajmsslfa la Kunynqulc la Mjun`fr, tbm vnrlfus wntmr

jfajmsslfas la Hrnzlc, na` tbm jfajmsslfas na` glxm`-fwamrsblp sjbmgms la

Jfcfghln.

Jfajmsslfas la Nrkmatlan

Nrkmatlan wns tbm rst jfuatry la Cntla Ngmrljn tf mghrnjm prlvntm pnrtljl-

pntlfa la cnrkm-sjncm wntmr fpmrntlfas, na` hy 8555, lt bn` sfgm >; glcclfa

pmfpcm smrvm` hy prlvntm wntmr fpmrntfrs. La >9Pbm kurm ncsf sbfws tbm pmrifrgnajm la smrvljm mxpnaslfa

fi vm fi tbm smvma cnrkmst jfajmsslfas (tbfsm njtlvm ifr nt cmnst ifur ymnrs

na` smrvlak gfrm tbna bnci n glcclfa pmfpcm).>;Pbm lajrmnsm la tbm antlfanc

urhna nvmrnkm hmtwmma >9. Pbm `ntn nrm hnsm` fa tbm [BF/]ALJMI Oflat Gfaltfrlak Urfkrng ifr [ntmr Zuppcyna` Znaltntlfa. Antlfanc jfvmrnkm `ntn gmatlfam` mcsmwbmrm la tbm rmpfrt jfgm irfg tbm sngmsfurjm, uacmss ftbmrwlsm aftm`.>;. Pbm jfajmsslfas la Pujugna na` Humafs Nlrms (Nzurlx) prfvlajms, wbljb cnstm` facy nhfuttwf ymnrs na` `l` aft njblmvm nay slkaljnat mxpnaslfa la njjmss, nrm aft jfasl`mrm`.


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Ifr wntmr suppcy (kurm :.>n), ncc vm jfajmsslfas bnvm mxpna`m` njjmss

slkaljnatcy. Pbm jfajmsslfanlrms la Znatn Im, Jfr`fhn, Znctn, na` Jfrrl-

matms stna` fut ifr njblmvlak jfvmrnkm fi nhfut h), facy Znatn Im na` Jfrrlmatms stna` fut.

Pbm jfajmsslfa la Krmntmr Humafs Nlrms (smrvlak 2 glcclfa pmfpcm) smrvm`

fam-tblr` fi tbm jfuatrys urhna pfpucntlfa. @urlak tbm rst vm ymnrs fi

tbm jfatrnjt, tbm jfajmsslfanlrm lavmstm` suhstnatlnc ngfuats la lairnstruj-turm mxpnaslfa na` rmbnhlcltntlfa. Hmtwmma > Lajrmnsms la Jfvmrnkm ua`mr Ilvm Jfajmsslfas Jfgpnrm` wltb tbmAntlfanc Lajrmnsm la Nrkmatlan

Zfurjm? [BF/]ALJMI Oflat Gfaltfrlak Urfkrng ifr [ntmr Zuppcy na` Znaltntlfa.

Aftm? Jfvmrnkm nt tndmfvmr hy tbm jfajmsslfanlrm ls jfgpnrm` wltb tbm cnst ymnr fi nvnlcnhcm ntn,

mxjmpt la tbm jnsm fi Humafs Nlrms, wbmrm tbm ma` ntn nrm ifr 855> (clttcm prfkrmss la jfvmrnkm fjjurrm`

nitmrwnr`). @ntn wmrm aft nvnlcnhcm ifr Gma`fzn (njtlvm slajm >


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0;Umrifrgnajm na` Lgpnjt fi [ntmr UUU Urfomjts

jcfsm` ns jfvmrnkm wmat up irfg ;5 pmrjmat tf 25 pmrjmat hmtwmma >.: glcclfa pmfpcm) wns

gfrm clgltm` la sjfpm na` pmrifrgm` wmcc. Zmwmrnkm smrvljms rmgnlam` wltb

tbm gualjlpnclty, na` tbm jfatrnjt gn`m tbm jfajmsslfanlrm rmspfaslhcm

ifr anajlak facy tbm prlgnry amtwfrd mxpnaslfa, wblcm tbm gualjlpnclty

na`/fr usmrs wmrm rmspfaslhcm ifr anajlak smjfa`nry amtwfrd mxpnaslfa.Jfatrnjtunc tnrkmts ifr mxpnaslfa wmrm iuccy gmt na` mvma mxjmm`m`. [ntmr

>2. Pbm jfajmsslfa wns frlklanccy `mslkam` sf tbnt tbm jfst fi smrvljm mxpnaslfa wfuc` hmhfram hy amw justfgmrs, wbf bn` tf pny na lairnstrujturm jbnrkm jfvmrlak tbm jfst fi jfaamj-tlfa pcus n pfrtlfa fi tbm jfst fi mxpnaslfa. Pbm ngfuat wns jfasl`mrnhcm, nvmrnklak ]Z$0>=ifr n amw wntmr jfaamjtlfa na` ]Z$959 ifr n amw smwmr jfaamjtlfa ([ZU 855>), na` prfvm`vmry uapfpucnr. Pbm amw gmjbnalsg rmpcnjm` tbm lairnstrujturm jbnrkm wltb n hlgfatbcy ual-vmrsnc smrvljm na` lgprfvmgmat jbnrkm (Z]GN), mqulvncmat tf n tnrlii surjbnrkm na` tf hm pnl`

hy ncc jfaamjtm` justfgmrs.>8 ymnrs fi prlvntm fpmrntlfa.@urlak tbm rst ifur ymnrs, wbma Pbngms [ntmr wns fpmrntlak tbm jfajmsslfa, jfvmrnkm rfsm irfg;5 pmrjmat tf 2= pmrjmat ifr wntmr, na` irfg :8 pmrjmat tf =9 pmrjmat ifr smwmrnkm. Pbm trma`bns hmma gnlatnlam` slajm antlfanc lavmstfrs tffd fvmr la >


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jfvmrnkm jfatlaum` tf lajrmnsm mvma nitmr tbm 855> jrlsls, rlslak irfg

tf : gualjlpncltlms wltb nhfut >.; glcclfa pmfpcm na`

bn` fam fi tbm wfrst pfvmrty rntms la tbm prfvlajm.85Pbm njjmss kurms la

8555 wmrm vmry cfw? wntmr jfvmrnkm wns := pmrjmat na` njjmss tf smwmrnkm

wns n gmrm >: pmrjmat. Pbm jfajmsslfanlrm tffd fvmr ns tbm anajlnc jrlsls

wns uarnvmclak na` ifua` ltsmci uanhcm tf hfrrfw ifr lavmstgmat. Pbm jfa-

jmsslfa wns tmrglantm` la 8559, wltb clttcm nppnrmat prfkrmss la lgprfvlak

njjmss tf wntmr na` smwmrnkm.

Lt ls `lijuct tf gndm n ou`kgmat fa tbm fvmrncc pmrifrgnajm fi prlvntm

jfajmsslfanlrms la Nrkmatlan ifr smrvljm mxpnaslfa. Pbm ma` fi tbm Nrkma-

tlam pmsf].Z. `fccnr pnrlty la 855>, na` tbm suhsmqumat mjfafglj jrlsls,

hnadruptm` tbm gnofr jfajmsslfas wbfsm `mht wns cnrkmcy `mafglantm` la

ifrmlka jurrmajlms. Pbfukb smvmrnc jfajmsslfas bnvm pmrifrgm` wmcc, tbm

cnrkmst, la Krmntmr Humafs Nlrms, inlcm` tf gndm prfkrmss nitmr > pmrjmat la Mc Nctf4 smwmr jfvmrnkm stff` nt

99 pmrjmat na` :5 pmrjmat, rmspmjtlvmcy (@ujjl 855;). Pbmsm rntms wmrm ifr

85. Pbm prfvlajm tma`mrm` ifr lts wntmr smrvljms la vm `lstlajt zfams, uslak n jfgpcmx gmtb-f`fcfky tf masurm lt wfuc` bnvm nt cmnst twf `liimrmat fpmrntfrs la smpnrntm zfams ifr iuturmhmajbgnrdlak rmkucntlfa. Pbm jfasfrtlug cm` hy Nzurlx wfa tbm jfajmsslfa la tbm ifur rljbmrzfams, wblcm n jfasfrtlug cm` hy Nkuns `m Hlchnf, n puhcljcy fwam` utlclty irfg Zpnla, wfatbm jfajmsslfa la tbm itb zfam.


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055 pmrjmat la Cn Unz na`28 pmrjmat la Mc Nctf hy 855>. La tbm sngm ymnr, tbm tnrkmt ifr smwmrnkm wns

28 pmrjmat la Cn Unz na` 0> pmrjmat la Mc Nctf (@ujjl 855;).

Pbm cmvmc fi jfvmrnkm tbnt tbm jfajmsslfanlrm njblmvm` bns hmma jfatrf-

vmrslnc, mspmjlnccy hmjnusm fi `lsnkrmmgmat fvmr wbmtbmr jfvmrnkm wns jnc-

jucntm` ifr tbm matlrm gualjlpnc hfua`nrlms fr oust ifr tbm smrvljm nrmn fi

tbm jfajmsslfa. Hfclvlns antlfanc rmkucntfr rmpfrtm` tbnt hy 855>, jfvmrnkm

wltbla tbm jfajmsslfa nrmn wns nt

@mspltm tbls kff` pmrifrgnajm, tbm njjmss lssum wns tbm gnla rmnsfa wby

tbm jfajmsslfa wns tmrglantm` la 8559. Ns gnay pmfpcm wmrm knlalak njjmss

tf tbm amtwfrd, tbfsm clvlak futsl`m tbm smrvljm nrmn fi tbm jfajmsslfa hmkna

tf prftmst nhfut hmlak mxjcu`m`, na` n jngpnlka `mvmcfpm` tf prmssurm tbm

jfajmsslfanlrm tf jfaamjt tbmg tff. Zujb jcnlgs wmrm rmlaifrjm` hy jfa-

trfvmrslms nhfut wbmtbmr tbm jfajmsslfanlrm bn` iuccy gmt lts jfatrnjtunc

fhclkntlfas (tbm aughmr fi wntmr jfaamjtlfas lastnccm` la Mc Nctf, nt =:,555,wns hmcfw tbm tma`mr prfpfsnc) na` nhfut tbm wny tbm rmkucntfr jncjucntm`

jfvmrnkm (@ujjl 855;). Pbm pfpucnr `lsjfatmat wns nkkrnvntm` hy tbm rmku-

cntfrs `mjlslfa la 8558 tf lajrmnsm jfaamjtlfa imms ifr amw justfgmrs wblcm

cmnvlak tnrliis uatfujbm`.

Pbm mnrcy tmrglantlfa fi tbm Cn UnzMc Nctf jfajmsslfa ls n pnrn`fx.

Pbm UUU pmrifrgm` rntbmr wmcc la mxpna`lak njjmss ifr tbm pffr, la fam fi

Cntla Ngmrljns pffrmst jfuatrlms na` wltbfut rmjfursm tf puhclj gfamy ifr

lavmstgmat. Pbm injt tbnt tbm pnrtamrsblp uctlgntmcy prfvm` uasustnlanhcmbfc`s lgpfrtnat cmssfas. Ilrst, tf gndm pfsslhcm tbm prlvntm anajlak fi

mxpnaslfa tbrfukb latmrantlfanc anajlnc gnrdmts, tbm pnrtlms bn` `mslkam`

tbm jfatrnjt wltb tbm justfgmr tnrlii la`mxm` tf tbm ].Z. `fccnr, hut tbls

gmjbnalsg prfvm` uasustnlanhcm. Zmjfa`, tbls mxpmrlmajm sbfwm` tbm clgl-

tntlfas fi rmcylak fa jrfss-suhsl`lms tf anajm njjmss mxpnaslfa ifr tbm pffr.

Pbm cfw tnrlii ifr sgncc rmsl`matlnc justfgmrs gmnat tbnt tbm fpmrntfr wns

smrvlak tbmg nt n cfss na`, tbmrmifrm, cnjdm` anajlnc lajmatlvms tf mxtma`

smrvljms tf sujb justfgmrs hmyfa` lts strljt jfatrnjtunc fhclkntlfas (tbnt ls,

la tbls jnsm, tbm kmfkrnpbljnc hfua`nrlms fi tbm jfajmsslfa).

8>. Pbm kurm rmpfrtm` hy @ujjl (855;) ls 955,555 pmfpcm knlalak njjmss, hut tbls ls hnsm` farntbmr hrfn` mstlgntms fi tbm aughmr fi pmfpcm pmr jfaamjtlfa, na` tbm 055,555 kurm nppmnrstf hm gfrm rmnclstlj.


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Uuhclj-Urlvntm Unrtamrsblps ifr ]rhna [ntmr ]tlcltlms=5

N Jfajmsslfa wltb Uuhclj Iua`lak la Kunynqulc, Mjun`fr

Pbm jfajmsslfa la Kunynqulc bns aft hmma gujb puhcljlzm` mvma tbfukb lt

ls, nitmr Humafs Nlrms, tbm smjfa` cnrkmst la Cntla Ngmrljn hy pfpucntlfa

smrvm`.88

Kunynqulc ls Mjun`frs mjfafglj jnpltnc na` bfgm tf 8.0 glcclfapmfpcm, fr fam-tblr` fi tbm antlfanc urhna pfpucntlfa. [bma tbm jfajms-

slfanlrm tffd fvmr la 855>, wntmr jfvmrnkm la tbm jlty cnkkm` inr hmbla` tbm

antlfanc nvmrnkm? facy 95 pmrjmat fi rmsl`mats bn` bfusmbfc` jfaamjtlfas la

8555, jfgpnrm` wltb tbm antlfanc urhna nvmrnkm fi 2> pmrjmat la >95,555 amw jfaamjtlfas la tbm rst vm

ymnrs fi fpmrntlfamqulvncmat tf gfrm tbna n >5 pmrjmat naaunc lajrmnsm

na` tbrmm tlgms tbm jfatrnjtunc tnrkmt fi ==,555. Pbfsm knlas hrfukbt wntmr

jfvmrnkm la tbm jlty up tf 28 pmrjmat la 855= na` hmamtm` nhfut 255,555

pmfpcm wbf knlam` njjmss, gfst fi tbmg clvlak la pffr amlkbhfrbff`s aft

prmvlfuscy smrvm` hy tbm amtwfrd. Pbls njblmvmgmat ls mvma gfrm aftnhcm,

hmjnusm nt tbm antlfanc cmvmc, prfkrmss la mxtma`lak urhna wntmr njjmss stnk-

antm` la tbm sngm pmrlf`. Pbm jfajmsslfanlrms pmrifrgnajm la lgprfvlak

smwmrnkm njjmss wns gfrm gf`mst, rnlslak jfvmrnkm irfg =9 pmrjmat tf98 pmrjmat.

Pbm kff` pmrifrgnajm ifr wntmr njjmss jna hm cnrkmcy nttrlhutm` tf n

spmjlnc tnx trnasimr gmjbnalsg (tbm tmcmpbfam tnx), wbljb tbm jmatrnc

kfvmragmat bn` latrf`ujm` hnjd la tbm >5 pmrjmat tnx fa tmcmpbfam

hlccs, tbm prfjmm`s fi wbljb wmrm krnatm` tf utlcltlms tf suppfrt mxpnaslfa fi

tbm wntmr amtwfrd la uajfvmrm` urhna nrmns. Amw wntmr jfaamjtlfas wmrm

prfvl`m` irmm fi jbnrkm tf bfusmbfc`s la urhna nrmns aft prmvlfuscy jfvmrm`hy tbm wntmr amtwfrd (wbmrm gfst fi tbm pfpucntlfa ls pffr), na` pnrt fi

tbm jfst ifr tbm utlclty fi mxpna`lak tbm amtwfrd wns ncsf suhsl`lzm`. Gfst

amw wntmr jfaamjtlfas lastnccm` hy tbm jfajmsslfanlrm la Kunynqulc wmrm

anajm` hy tbls gmjbnalsg.8:Zmwmr jfaamjtlfas wmrm aft mclklhcm, mxpcnla-

lak wby tbm prfkrmss tbmrm wns gujb gfrm gf`mst.

88. Znatlnkf `m Jblcm (=.: glcclfa justfgmrs) ls cnrkmr hut ls fpmrntm` ua`mr n `lvmstlturmsjbmgm (prlvntm fwamrsblp fi lairnstrujturm).8:. Fi tbm ]Z$2= glcclfa fi tbm jlvlc wfrds `fam hy tbm jfajmsslfanlrm `urlak tbm rst vmymnrs, ]Z$:< glcclfa wns iua`m` irfg tbm krnats fi tbm tmcmpbfam tnx (\mpms 855;).


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=>Umrifrgnajm na` Lgpnjt fi [ntmr UUU Urfomjts

[ntmr Jfajmsslfas la Hrnzlc

Hmtwmma > na` 855=. @ujjl (855;) rmpfrts

tbnt wntmr jfvmrnkm wltbla tbm smrvljm nrmn wns tf oust

>> pmrjmat la 8559.

Pbm smjfa`-cnrkmst prlvntm fpmrntfr la Hrnzlc ls Nkuns `f Hrnslc, n

antlfanc jfasfrtlug fi jfastrujtlfa na` maklammrlak rgs. Njjfr`lak tf

puhclj `ntn, wntmr jfvmrnkm la Altmrfl, Jngpfs, na` Umtrfpfcls (smrvlak

>.> glcclfa pmfpcm la tbm stntm fi Xlf) rfsm slkaljnatcy hmtwmma 8555

na` 855=? irfg 2= pmrjmat tf >55 pmrjmat la Altmrfl, irfg ;= pmrjmat tf


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tbm stntm utlclty Jfgpnabln `m Znamngmatf `f Unrnan (ZNAMUNX), wbfsm

jfvmrnkm stff` nt pmrjmat tf

9> pmrjmat ifr smwmrnkm.

]sm fi Byhrl` UUU Zjbmgms tf Lgprfvm Njjmss la JfcfghlnGfrm tbna 05 wntmr UUUs bnvm hmma nwnr`m` la Jfcfghln slajm >


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=:Umrifrgnajm na` Lgpnjt fi [ntmr UUU Urfomjts

tbm rst tbrmm ymnrs, kflak irfg ;0 pmrjmat tf 2; pmrjmat, hut lt bns stnk-

antm` slajm 855> (njjmss tf smwmrnkm ifccfwm` tbm sngm pnttmra). La Uncglrn

(885,555 pmfpcm) na` Klrnr`ft(>55,555 pmfpcm), iucc jfvmrnkm wns njblmvm`

ifr hftb wntmr na` smwmrnkm.Pbm jlty fi Puaon (>85,555 pmfpcm) wns tbm rst la Jfcfghln tf

nwnr` n wntmr jfajmsslfa. Hftb wntmr na` smwmr jfvmrnkm wmat up irfg

2< pmrjmat la >


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`rngntlj. Ncc tbmsm jfajmsslfas wmrm `mslkam` nrfua` n glx fi puhclj na`

prlvntm anajlak, wltb gualjlpncltlms jfatrlhutlak naaunc hu`kmt trnasimrs

irfg tbm jmatrnc kfvmragmat.

Pbm smjfa` pbnsm fi wntmr UUUs la Jfcfghln wns sbnpm` nitmr 8555 hytbm lgpcmgmatntlfa fi tbm UGM. Gfst fi tbm jltlms jfajmram` bn` blkb rntms

fi pfvmrty, na` tbm sjbmgms wmrm hnsm` fa jfajmsslfa jfatrnjts wltb puhclj

suppfrt ifr anajlak. Pbm `mslka wns hnsm` fa tbm jmatrnc kfvmragmat prf-

vl`lak krnats la tbm stnrt-up ymnrs tf spmm` tbm rmbnhlcltntlfa fi `mtmrlfrntm`

systmgs na` tf mxpna` njjmss, wblcm tbm jfatrnjtlak gualjlpnc kfvmragmat

ncsf gn`m hu`kmtnry trnasimrs fa na naaunc hnsls tf jfgpcmgmat rmvmaums.

Pbm rst jfatrnjt ua`mr tbm UGM wns nwnr`m` la 8555 la Gfatmrln

(:=5,555 pmfpcm), na` lts pmrifrgnajm la lgprfvlak wntmr njjmss bns hmma

vmry kff`. Ztnrtlak irfg cmss tbna ;5 pmrjmat, wntmr jfvmrnkm bn` ougpm`

tf


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==Umrifrgnajm na` Lgpnjt fi [ntmr UUU Urfomjts

Cfhf na` Gmcma`mz 855;). ]slak bfusmbfc` survmys lastmn` fi `ntn irfg

utlcltlms, tbmsm stu`lms `l` aft a` tbnt prlvntm fpmrntfrs sbfwm` n jcmnr

n`vnatnkm la lgprfvlak wntmr njjmss, jfgpnrm` wltb puhclj utlcltlms. Pbls

jna hm nttrlhutm` tf smvmrnc injtfrs. Pbm UGM, wbljb ifjusm` fa latrf`uj-lak prlvntm fpmrntfrs latf tbm wfrst-pmrifrglak puhclj utlcltlms, gust bnvm

bmcpm` tf lgprfvm tbm nvmrnkm pmrifrgnajm fi tbm puhclj smjtfr.89N sfcl`

rmkucntfry irngmwfrd wns put la pcnjm nt tbm antlfanc cmvmc, na` tbm rmjmat

`mvmcfpgmat fi cfjnc anajlnc gnrdmts ncsf nccfwm` gualjlpncltlms tf njjmss

n vlnhcm sfurjm fi lavmstgmat iua`lak ifr puhclj wntmr utlcltlms, bmcplak puh-

cljcy gnankm` utlcltlms tf jfgpmtm fa gfrm mqunc tmrgs wltb UUUs. Fvmrncc,

tbm prfkrmss njblmvm` la Jfcfghln ifr njjmss tf wntmr suppcy na` smwmrnkm

smrvljms gust hm jrm`ltm` tf smvmrnc kff` pmrifrgmrs la hftb tbm puhclj na`

tbm prlvntm smjtfrs na` tf n antlfanc pfcljy tbnt ifstmrs njjfuatnhlclty na`

mijlmajy fi ncc smrvljm prfvl`mrs.

Cnrkm Jfajmsslfas la Mnst Nsln

Pbm jfajmsslfas la Gnalcn (tbm Ublclpplams) na` Ondnrtn (La`famsln) bnvm

hmma la pcnjm afw ifr ncgfst n `mjn`m, smrvlak n jfghlam` pfpucntlfa fi

>2 glcclfa pmfpcm la 855;. La hftb jltlms, tbm systmgs wmrm `lvl`m` latf

twf smpnrntm jfajmsslfas, n cnrkm pfrtlfa fi tbm pfpucntlfa cnjdm` njjmss tf

plpm` wntmr wbma tbm prlvntm jfajmsslfanlrms tffd fvmr, na` tbm rst ymnrs

fi fpmrntlfa wmrm smvmrmcy niimjtm` hy tbm >


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sbfws tbm mvfcutlfa fi plpm` wntmr jfvmrnkm, aughmr fi jfaamjtlfas, na`

aughmr fi bfusmbfc`s smrvm` ifr tbm jfajmsslfas rst alam ymnrs.8;

Pbm lgpcmgmatntlfa fi tbm twf jfajmsslfas injm` gnofr `lijuctlms irfg

tbm hmklaalak. Pbm Nslna anajlnc jrlsls stnrtm` oust fam gfatb nitmr tbmjfajmsslfanlrms tffd fvmr. Pbm [mstmra zfam fpmrntfr, wbljb bn` nssugm`

gfst fi tbm ifrmlka jurrmajy`mafglantm` `mht fi tbm prmvlfus puhclj utlc-

lty, ifua` ltsmci la vlrtunc hnadruptjy ns tbm Ilclplaf pmsf cfst bnci fi lts

vncum. Hftb jfajmsslfanlrms smvmrmcy jurtnlcm` tbmlr lavmstgmats ùrlak tbm

rst vm ymnrs.

Pbfukb tbm jfatrnjtunc tnrkmt fi rmnjblak iucc jfvmrnkm hy 8559 wns

aft gmt, njjmss tf plpm` wntmr la Gnalcn mxpna`m` slkaljnatcy ùrlak tbm

`mjn`m. La tbm [mstmra jfajmsslfa (Gnyalcn`), jfvmrnkm mxpna`m` irfg

9; pmrjmat tf 29 pmrjmat. La tbm Mnstmra zfam (Gnalcn [ntmr), jfvmrnkm

ougpm` irfg 0< pmrjmat tf 95,555 amw

jfaamjtlfas la oust tbrmm ymnrs, hmtwmma 855: na` 8559, na` put la pcnjm ngnofr prfkrng tf mxpna` njjmss la pffr nrmns tbrfukb hucd-suppcy jfg-

gualty sjbmgms.

8;. Pbm jfvmrnkm cmvmc tbnt tbm jfajmsslfanlrms njblmvm` rmgnlas tbm suhomjt fi gujb `mhntm4tbm rmkucntfr bns aft ymt rucm` fa tbm gmtbf`fcfky tf hm usm`, quftlak tbm jfajmsslfanlrmsmstlgntms la lts rmpfrts. Pbmsm mstlgntms nrm tbm kurms quftm` bmrm.

82. Pbm jfajmsslfas wmrm `mslkam` wltb n `mjlslfa tf mxpna` njjmss tf snaltntlfa aft tbrfukbn smwmrnkm amtwfrd hut tbrfukb la`lvlùnc smptlj tnads wltb tbm jfajmsslfanlrms hmlak rmspfa-slhcm ifr tbm pmrlf`lj `mscu`klak fi la`lvlùnc tnads. Hmtwmma >0 pmrjmat tf >5 pmrjmat la tbm [mstmra zfam.


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=;Umrifrgnajm na` Lgpnjt fi [ntmr UUU Urfomjts

Pbm Pwf [ntmr Jfajmsslfas la Ondnrtn

Pbm twf jfajmsslfas la Ondnrtn wmrm nwnr`m` la >


76/212


>.; glcclfa pmfpcm. Gfrm tbna 9= pmrjmat fi tbm bfusmbfc`s tbnt knlam`

njjmss tbrfukb n bfusmbfc` jfaamjtlfa la tbm [mstmra zfam wmrm rmklstmrm`

ns pffr fr vmry pffr.

Fa hncnajm, tbm jfajmsslfanlrms pmrifrgnajm la mxpna`lak njjmss tfwntmr suppcy la Ondnrtn ls rntbmr glxm`. Lt ls pfsltlvm wbma jfasl`mrlak tbnt

slkaljnat prfkrmss wns gn`m la tbmsm twf jfajmsslfas, wbmrmns antlfawl`m

urhna wntmr jfvmrnkm stnkantm` nt n cfw :5 pmrjmat la tbm sngm pmrlf`.

Bfwmvmr, bnci fi tbm pfpucntlfa la tbm [mstmra zfam, na` fam-tblr` la tbm

Mnstmra zfam, wmrm stlcc aft jfaamjtm` tf tbm wntmr amtwfrd nitmr ncgfst

n `mjn`m. Fam rmnsfa ls tbm wl`msprmn` `mvmcfpgmat fi prlvntm wmccs la

Ondnrtn na` tbm nhsmajm fi rmkucntlfa na` jfatrfc fvmr tbm usm fi tbm nqulimr.

Gnay bfusmbfc`s wmrm uawlcclak tf pny n jfaamjtlfa imm pcus pmrlf`lj hlccs,

hmjnusm tbmy bn` ncrmn`y lavmstm` la pugplak mqulpgmat na` wmrm aft pny-

lak nay mxtrnjtlfa jbnrkm ifr tbm wntmr tbmy wmrm kmttlak irfg tbmlr wmccs.

Mxpmrlmajm la Nirljn

Gnay wntmr UUUs la Zuh-Znbnrna Nirljn bnvm ifccfwm` tbm niimrgnkm

gf`mc, fitma cmvmrnklak slkaljnat ngfuats fi `fafr iua`lak. Zmvmrnc niimr-

gnkms rmgnlam` la pcnjm ifr gfrm tbna vm ymnrs, smrvlak n jfghlam` urhna

pfpucntlfa fi gfrm tbna >; glcclfa (Jtm `Lvflrm, Kulamn, Alkmr, Zmam-

knc, na` Gnputf TGfznghlqumW) na` prfvl`lak n kff` sngpcm tf nancyzm

pmrifrgnajm. Naftbmr spmjljnccy Nirljna imnturm ls tbm mxlstmajm fi glxm`

wntmr na` pfwmr utlcltlms, wltb jfajmsslfas put la pcnjm la Knhfa na` Gncl

ifr antlfanc utlcltlms, na` la Gfrfjjf ifr tbm jltlms fi Jnsnhcnajn, Xnhnt,

Pnaklmrs, na` Pmtfuna (wntmr `lstrlhutlfa facy).8


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=

5;)

0;

:8

95

0>

;9

=2 05

:>

9=

0=

Jtm

`Lv

flrm

(>Pbls pmrifrgnajm ls mvma gfrm aftnhcm

wbma fam jfasl`mrs tbnt, uacldm la n typljnc niimrgnkm (wbmrm gfst lavmst-

gmat ls anajm` hy puhclj gfamy), ncgfst af kfvmragmat fr `fafr anaj-

lak wns prfvl`m` `urlak tbm pnst >= ymnrs. N wntmr `mvmcfpgmat iua` wns

mstnhclsbm` la >= ymnrs, ]Z$855 glcclfa wns jfccmjtm` irfg jus-

tfgmrs tbrfukb tbls iua` na` lavmstm` gfstcy la amtwfrd mxpnaslfa.

Nitmr Jtm `Lvflrm, tbm amxt niimrgnkm lgpcmgmatm` la [mstmra Nirljn

wns slkam` la > glcclfa pmfpcm). @urlak tbm rst slx ymnrs, tbm lgprfvm` njjmss rntlf

wmat up irfg 05 pmrjmat tf 9; pmrjmat, wltb sfgm 955,555 pmfpcm (gfstcy

la Jfandry) knlalak njjmss tf snim plpm` wntmr. Hut nitmr mnrcy prfkrmss, tbm

UUU la Kulamn majfuatmrm` `lijuctlms. ]acldm tbm jnsm fi Jtm `Lvflrm, la

Kulamn tbm jlvlc wfrds wmrm aft lgpcmgmatm` hy tbm prlvntm fpmrntfr hut

hy n amwcy mstnhclsbm` puhclj nssmt-bfc`lak jfgpnay rmspfaslhcm ifr lavmst-

gmat. Pbm jffr`lantlfa fi jlvlc wfrds hmtwmma tbm prlvntm fpmrntfr na` tbmpuhclj nssmt-bfc`lak jfgpnay prfvm` n jfatlaufus jbnccmakm, na` gnofr

`mcnys fjjurrm` wltb tbm lavmstgmat prfkrng. Irustrntm` wltb tbm scfw pnjm

fi tbm puhclj nssmt-bfc`lak jfgpnays lgpcmgmatntlfa fi lavmstgmats, tbm

prlvntm fpmrntfr `lrmjtcy nrrnakm` hlcntmrnc anajlak ifr jlvlc wfrds jfa-

trnjts, wbljb wmrm nwnr`m` tf ltsmci fa n sfcm-sfurjm hnsls. Pbfukb tbls

nrrnakmgmat cm` tf n tlgmclmr lgpcmgmatntlfa fi lavmstgmats, lt ncsf `ls-

trnjtm` tbm fpmrntfr irfg lts gnla rmspfaslhlclty fi ruaalak tbm utlclty na`

gf`lm` tbm lajmatlvms irngmwfrd. Pbm mxpmjtm` knlas la fpmrntlfanc mi-jlmajy inlcm` tf gntmrlnclzm, na` tbm jfatrnjt wns aft rmamwm` nitmr lts mxpl-

rntlfa la >


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9>Umrifrgnajm na` Lgpnjt fi [ntmr UUU Urfomjts

puhclj nssmt-bfc`lak jfgpnay prfvm` mijlmat la lgpcmgmatlak tbm lavmst-

gmat prfkrng tf rmbnhlcltntm na` mxpna` tbm systmgs, na` fvmr n `mjn`m,lgprfvm` njjmss tf plpm` wntmr la urhna nrmns ougpm` irfg 2> pmrjmat tf

ncgfst iucc jfvmrnkm. Pbm aughmr fi rmsl`matlnc justfgmrs wmat up irfg

8>;,555 tf :;=,555 pmfpcm. Pbm jfaamjtlfa rntlf wmat up irfg =2 pmrjmat

tf ;9 pmrjmat na` ls afw tbm blkbmst la [mstmra Nirljn.

Hfx :.8

]slak Zuhsl`lzm` [ntmr Jfaamjtlfa Urfkrngs tf Mxpna` Njjmss

la Zuh-Znbnrna Nirljn

N gnofr mcmgmat la tbm sujjmss fi tbm UUUs la Jtm `Lvflrm na` Zmamknc ifr

lgprfvlak njjmss tbrfukb bfusmbfc` jfaamjtlfas wns n sfjlnc jfaamjtlfa

prfkrng tf suhsl`lzm tbm jfst fi jfaamjtlfa imms. La Zmamknc, jfaamjtlfas

wmrm prfvl`m` irmm fi jbnrkm, na` tbm hmamjlnrlms bn` tf pny facy na

n`vnajm `mpfslt fa jfasugptlfa mqulvncmat tf :5 juhlj gmtmrs.

La Jtm `Lvflrm, tbm sfjlnc jfaamjtlfa prfkrng wns iua`m` tbrfukb

tbm [ntmr @mvmcfpgmat Iua` tnrlii surjbnrkm. Nhfut :05,555 sfjlnc jfa-

amjtlfas wmrm lastnccm` hmtwmma >85,555 amw jfaamjtlfas)

wns ncsf lgpcmgmatm` `urlak tbm rst tbrmm ymnrs, iua`m` tbrfukb na

Latmrantlfanc @mvmcfpgmat Nssfjlntlfa (L@N) jrm`lt na` wltb tbm

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Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries