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Public-Private Joint Efforts for
Low Carbon Emissions
in Road Transport in Japan
Yoshihiro YANO
Vice President for International Affairs
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.
The Director-General Meeting of ASEAN Member Countries
on Automobile Taxation
Chiang Mai, November 20, 2014
1
1. Continuous Increases in Vehicle Fuel Efficiency
and the Diffusion of Next-Generation Vehicles
1.1 Global Warming and the Depletion of Oil Resources
Air pollution
Energy consumption
Reducing CO2, etc.
(CO, HC, NOx, etc.)
Imp
acts
of is
su
es o
f co
nce
rn
Reduced emissions from gasoline & diesel
engines
Present
Timeline (non-specific), historic and projected Source: JAMA
Global warming
Transition to
renewable energy
Reducing toxic substances in exhaust emissions
Increased vehicle
fuel efficiency
Fuel-cell vehicles
Electric vehicles
Hybrid vehicles
Natural gas vehicles
2
Governments and industries in all countries must work on a cooperative basis
to tackle global warming and the depletion of oil resources.
1.2 Vehicle Technologies for Increased Fuel Efficiency
Certified as well as on-road vehicle fuel efficiency has increased as a result
of continuous technological progress.
Reduced aerodynamic drag Reduced vehicle weight
Reduced rolling resistance Improved powertrain performance
Other
Improved thermal efficiency:
-Direct injection
-Variable mechanisms
(variable cylinder activation,
VVT&L, etc.)
Reduction of friction loss:
-Reduction of piston and piston
ring friction loss
-Low-viscosity lubricating oil
-Expansion of lock-up area
-Expanded number of transmission
gears
-Continuously variable transmission
Low rolling-resistance tires
Improved body configuration
3
Note: In fiscal years; figures here are JC08 test cycle-based for greater real-world accuracy and apply only to domestic new
gasoline-powered passenger cars sold in Japan. Source: JAMA
km/ℓ
Year
Auto manufacturers have introduced numerous technologies to increase engine
efficiency, boost related precision control technology, improve powertrain
systems, reduce aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance, and reduce vehicle
weight. As a result, average vehicle fuel efficiency in Japan has increased yearly.
1.3 Continuous Increases in Vehicle Fuel Efficiency
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Ave
rag
e fu
el e
ffic
ien
cy o
f n
ew
pa
sse
nge
r ca
rs
Actual value 2013 (21.2) ●
4
Smaller cars of up to 2,000cc in engine capacity are the mainstay of Japan’s
domestic car market. Their share in the gasoline-powered car market reached
89.8% in 2013.
Sources: JAMA; Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association
x 1,000 units
Domestic New Passenger Car Sales, 2011-2013
(not including diesels)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
660cc & Under 661-2,000cc Over 2,000cc
2011 2012 2013
New Passenger Car Market Shares
by Engine Capacity in 2013
(not including diesels)
1.4 Trends in Japan’s New Passenger Car Market
5
1.5 Target: Expanding the Share of Next-Generation Vehicles
6
Strategies need to be developed and implemented to expand the share of next-
generation vehicles in the national vehicle fleet.
Japan’s Next-Generation Vehicle Diffusion Projections for 2020 and 2030
2020 2030
Conventional vehicles 50-80% 30-50%
Next-generation vehicles 20-50% 50-70%
Hybrid vehicles 20-30% 30-40%
Electric vehicles,
Plug-in hybrid vehicles 15-20% 20-30%
Fuel cell vehicles Under 1% Under 3%
Clean diesel vehicles Under 1% 5-10%
7
1.6 Hybrid Vehicles
Outlook • Number of hybrids in use is expected to continue to rise. While freight transport vehicles will
increase, passenger vehicles will remain the prevailing vehicle type in use.
• Improved battery performance and reduced cost are needed for the greater diffusion of hybrid
vehicles.
Status • Current number of vehicles in use (end of fiscal 2013 estimate): Approx. 3.87 million.
• Almost all are passenger vehicles, but freight transport trucks and buses are increasing.
• Hybrids have a significant impact on energy saving and CO2 reduction.
8
1.7 Electric Vehicles
Outlook • The introduction of lithium-based batteries has helped reduce the number of problems, but an
expansion of charging infrastructure is necessary.
• A significant breakthrough at a basic research level for new types of batteries is essential
for expansion.
• The primary issues are cost, durability, and range.
Example models • i-MiEV (Mitsubishi) Sales to corporations began in July 2009, market sales in April 2010.
• MINICAB-MiEV (Mitsubishi) Market sales began in December 2011.
• Leaf (Nissan) Market sales began in December 2010.
• Fit (Honda) Leasing began in August 2012.
• eQ (Toyota) Limited market sales began in December 2012.
Status • Current number of vehicles in use (end of fiscal 2013 estimate): Approx. 54,000.
• EVs have seen notable growth in recent years.
9
1.8 Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles
Outlook • Primary issues are to improve battery performance (to extend travel range) and reduce cost.
Example models • Prius (Toyota) Market sales began in January 2012.
• Outlander (Mitsubishi) Market sales began in December 2012.
• Accord (Honda) Market sales began in June 2013.
Status • Current number of vehicles in use (end of fiscal 2013 estimate): Approx. 30,000.
• Charged by an external power source, giving the vehicle an extended range.
• Drives as an EV for short trips, and as a normal HV for long trips.
Engine
Motor
Fuel tank
Battery
Home power supply
10
1.9 Fuel Cell Vehicles
Status • High potential to reduce both oil dependency and CO2 emissions. Development is in
progress at various companies.
• Verification tests combining hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell vehicles are being
promoted both domestically and abroad.
Outlook • Fuel cell vehicles are shaping up to be both durable and reliable.
• A reduction in FC system costs and development of a hydrogen infrastructure are required
to bring FCs into full-scale use.
Example models • FCHV-adv (Toyota) Limited leasing began in September 2008.
• MIRAI (Toyota) Market sales are scheduled to begin in 2014.
• FCX Clarity (Honda) Limited leasing began in November 2008.
11
1.10 Clean Diesel Vehicles
Outlook • Clean diesel vehicles emit significantly fewer CO2 emissions than gasoline vehicles, but their
production costs are higher because they require an advanced purification system.
Example models • X-Trail 20GT (Nissan) Market sales began in September 2008.
• Pajero (Mitsubishi) Market sales began in September 2010.
• CX-5 XD (Mazda) Market sales began in February 2012.
Status • Current number of vehicles in use (end of fiscal 2013 estimate): Approx. 145,000.
• Clean diesel vehicles have seen notable growth in recent years.
1.11 Sales of Next-Generation Passenger Cars in Japan
Sales of next-generation passenger cars have expanded to a more than 20%
share of Japan’s new passenger car market as a result of the Japanese
government’s tax incentives and purchasing subsidies programs.
Source: JAMA 12
Clean-energy vehicle purchasing subsidies
In units
Tax incentives
1.12 Status of Next-Generation Vehicle Use in Japan
At present, the number of next-generation vehicles in use in Japan is roughly 4.1 million,
or as little as 5.4% of the total number of vehicles in use.
In the years ahead, a steady growth is expected in the in-use number of these vehicles.
Fiscal year
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
2,200,000
2,400,000
2,600,000
2,800,000
3,000,000
3,200,000
3,400,000
3,600,000
3,800,000
4,000,000
4,200,000
4,400,000
クリーンディーゼル自動車
天然ガス自動車
電気自動車
プラグインハイブリッド自動車
ハイブリッド自動車
In units
Clean diesel vehicles
Natural gas vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs)
Plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHVs)
Hybrid vehicles (HVs)
Breakdown
in FY 2013
Notes: 1. Motorcycles not included. 2. Clean diesel
vehicles here comprise passenger cars only.
Source: JAMA
Conventional Vehicles:
Approx. 72 million units
(94.6%)
Clean diesel:
Approx. 145,000 units
PHVs:
Approx.
30,000 units
HVs: Approx.
3.87 million units
Natural gas:
Approx. 41,000 units EVs: Approx.
54,000 units
Next-Generation
Vehicles:
Approx. 4.1 million units
(5.4%)
13
1.13 Japanese Government Initiatives to Promote
Increased Fuel Efficiency and Low Emissions
14
1) Tax incentives for eco-friendly and next-generation vehicles
Period in effect: For acquisition tax: April 1, 2012 through March 31, 2015
For tonnage tax: May 1, 2012 through April 30, 2015
1.13 Japanese Government Initiatives to Promote
Increased Fuel Efficiency and Low Emissions
2) Clean-energy vehicle purchasing subsidies in effect in 2014
15
Requirement (Vehicle Type) Subsidy Amounts
Plug-in hybrid vehicles, Electric vehicles JPY 850,000
Clean diesel vehicles JPY 350,000
Note: “Clean diesel vehicles” here refers to diesel-engine automobiles generating low levels of
particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other emissions in compliance with the limit
values stipulated in Japan’s “post new long-term regulations” for diesel emissions introduced in
2009.
16
2. Importance of the Integrated Approach
in CO2 Reduction in Road Transport
CO2 reduction in road transport will be most effectively achieved through an
integrated approach involving efforts by automobile manufacturers, government,
fuel and energy suppliers, and vehicle users.
2.1 The Integrated Approach to Reducing CO2 Emissions
Government
Vehicle Users
Fuel/Energy Suppliers
Automakers
- Increased vehicle fuel efficiency
- Commercialization of next-generation vehicles
- Fuel diversification - Ecodriving
- Road congestion mitigation (improved traffic flow) through infrastructure development
- Programs to accelerate
vehicle fleet replacement with fuel-efficient and low-emission vehicles
- Expansion of onboard ITS and ecodriving support systems
17
Source: Japan Automobile Research Institute
0
50
100
150
200
250
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Average vehicle speed (km/h)
CO2 emissions increase by about 40% when average vehicle speed drops from 40 km/h to 20 km/h.
CO
2 e
mis
sio
ns
(In
dex
: 4
0 k
m/h
= 1
00
) 2.2 Improving Traffic Flow
Congestion mitigation is achieved through such measures as road network
development and ITS applications.
Improved road traffic flow enables increased vehicle speed and increased fuel
efficiency, and thus contributes to CO2 reduction.
Average vehicle speed:
・Tokyo
・Paris
・London
18 km/h
18
26 km/h
30 km/h
19
2.3 Dynamic Route Guidance in Greater Tokyo* *Tokyo and its surrounding prefectures
Real-time traffic information covering greater Tokyo
This ITS spot service provides car navigation systems with real-time travel time data for
all road segments in greater Tokyo.
On the basis of that data, car navigation systems select optimum routes.
This service thus enables optimal use of the entire road network in greater Tokyo.
ITS Spot Information Service Length of road network covered: Approx. 1,000 km
■ ITS “spot” units now transmit real-time road traffic information throughout the greater Tokyo area, enabling vehicle navigation systems to provide optimal real-time route guidance.
Ecodriving by vehicle users in Japan has led to increased fuel efficiency and
lower CO2 emissions. By practicing ecodriving, the potential average rate of
decrease in CO2 emissions from passenger cars is estimated at about 10%.* * International Energy Agency Workshop on Ecodriving, 2007
2.4 Promoting Fuel-Conserving Ecodriving
Ten Tips for Fuel-Conserving Ecodriving
1. Accelerate gently. 2. Maintain a steady speed and keep your distance. 3. Slow down by releasing the accelerator. 4. Make appropriate use of your air conditioner. 5. Don’t warm up or idle your engine. 6. Plan your itinerary to avoid congested routes. 7. Check your tire pressure regularly. 8. Reduce your load. 9. Respect parking rules and regulations. 10. Check the readings on your fuel efficiency- monitoring equipment.
20
Passenger cars in Japan are increasingly being equipped with fuel efficiency
gauges and systems for real-time on-screen displays of fuel efficiency
performance. About 90% of new cars are now equipped with such devices.
2.5 Equipping Vehicles with Ecodriving Aids
21
Thank you for your attention.
22